Cognitive and Physical Effects of Bacterial Meningitis: Difference between revisions

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==Background==
==Background==
===Historical Perspective===
===Historical Perspective===
Evidence of central nervous system (CNS) infections are one of the oldest infections known in mankind <ref name=dd>Author links open overlay panelKenneth L. Tyler, AbstractThomas Willis (1621–1675) described patients with, R.R. Carpenter, H.D. Chalke, H.V. Smith, J.H. Steele, J. Abercrombie, et al. “Chapter 28 a History of Bacterial Meningitis.” Handbook of Clinical Neurology, November 3, 2009. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0072975208021283 </ref>. In the 17th and 18th centuries, brain fever was frequently referred to as “phernitis” and “cephalitis” which today, is classified as meningitis. These patients reported symptoms like headaches, fever, and delirium.<ref name=dd>Author links open overlay panelKenneth L. Tyler, AbstractThomas Willis (1621–1675) described patients with, R.R. Carpenter, H.D. Chalke, H.V. Smith, J.H. Steele, J. Abercrombie, et al. “Chapter 28 a History of Bacterial Meningitis.” Handbook of Clinical Neurology, November 3, 2009. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0072975208021283.</ref>The clinical characterization of <i>meningococcal</i> disease outbreak in was first found in Genvea in 1805, by a general practitioner, Gaspard Vieusseux<ref name=ff>“The History of Meningitis.” Meningitis Research Foundation. Accessed April 13, 2024. https://www.meningitis.org/blogs/the-history-of-meningitis#:~:text=Diagnosis%20%26%20Treatment&text=The%20first%20outbreak%20in%20Africa,as%20a%20cause%20of%20meningitis. </ref>. The initial occurrence in Africa was
Evidence of central nervous system (CNS) infections are one of the oldest infections known in mankind <ref name=dd>Author links open overlay panelKenneth L. Tyler, AbstractThomas Willis (1621–1675) described patients with, R.R. Carpenter, H.D. Chalke, H.V. Smith, J.H. Steele, J. Abercrombie, et al. “Chapter 28 a History of Bacterial Meningitis.” Handbook of Clinical Neurology, November 3, 2009. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0072975208021283 </ref>. In the 17th and 18th centuries, brain fever was frequently referred to as “phernitis” and “cephalitis” which today, is classified as meningitis. These patients reported symptoms like headaches, fever, and delirium.<ref name=dd>Author links open overlay panelKenneth L. Tyler, AbstractThomas Willis (1621–1675) described patients with, R.R. Carpenter, H.D. Chalke, H.V. Smith, J.H. Steele, J. Abercrombie, et al. “Chapter 28 a History of Bacterial Meningitis.” Handbook of Clinical Neurology, November 3, 2009. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0072975208021283.</ref>The clinical characterization of <i>meningococcal</i> disease outbreak in was first found in Genvea in 1805, by a general practitioner, Gaspard Vieusseux<ref name=ff>“The History of Meningitis.” Meningitis Research Foundation. Accessed April 13, 2024. https://www.meningitis.org/blogs/the-history-of-meningitis#:~:text=Diagnosis%20%26%20Treatment&text=The%20first%20outbreak%20in%20Africa,as%20a%20cause%20of%20meningitis. </ref>. The initial occurrence in Africa was documented in 1840 but it wasn't identified as <i>meningococcal</i> bacteria as the causative agent of meningitis by Austrian bacteriologist Anton Vaykselbaum <ref name=ff>“The History of Meningitis.” Meningitis Research Foundation. Accessed April 13, 2024. https://www.meningitis.org/blogs/the-history-of-meningitis#:~:text=Diagnosis%20%26%20Treatment&text=The%20first%20outbreak%20in%20Africa,as%20a%20cause%20of%20meningitis. </ref>.


===Who's at Risk===
===Who's at Risk===

Revision as of 21:23, 13 April 2024

Introduction

This bacterium is called meningococcus which causes meningococcal meningitis. Photo credit CDC.

By Alyssa Gest

Meningitis, characterized by the inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord, poses a significant threat to human health, especially acute bacterial meningitis [1]. Understanding the etiology and virulence factors of bacterial meningitis is crucial for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Such pathogens include Streptococcus pneumonia, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenza, and Listeria monocytogenes [2] They demonstrate various mechanisms to break through the blood-brain barrier and invade the central nervous system[3] . These lead to altercations in the brain and spinal cord and later the infected person can develop cognitive impairment and physical consequences. These mechanisms enable bacterial colonization inside the hose cell and promote their survival. They also involve complex interactions with the virulence factors of the pathogenesis bacteria and the host cell immune mechanisms.[3] These processes help scientists and doctors develop targeted therapies and vaccines for bacterial meningitis.

Background

Historical Perspective

Evidence of central nervous system (CNS) infections are one of the oldest infections known in mankind [4]. In the 17th and 18th centuries, brain fever was frequently referred to as “phernitis” and “cephalitis” which today, is classified as meningitis. These patients reported symptoms like headaches, fever, and delirium.[4]The clinical characterization of meningococcal disease outbreak in was first found in Genvea in 1805, by a general practitioner, Gaspard Vieusseux[5]. The initial occurrence in Africa was documented in 1840 but it wasn't identified as meningococcal bacteria as the causative agent of meningitis by Austrian bacteriologist Anton Vaykselbaum [5].

Who's at Risk

Everyone is susceptible to catching bacteria meningitis. However, there are multiple pathogens that infect certain age groups more than others. Infants are most likely infected by Group B streptococcus (ex. Streptococcus agalactiae), gram-negative enteric organisms (ex. E.coli), and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes)[6]. 1 to 23 month olds are susepctiable to Streptococcus pneumonia (S. pneumonia), Neisseria meningitidis (N. meningitides), S. agalactiae, Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenza), and E.coli[6]. Children and teens are most likely infected with N. meningitidis and S. pneumoniae [7]. Those who are adults and elderly will most likely contract S. pneumoniae, and L. monocytogenes [7]. If you are over 50 years of age, N. meningitidis is also likely as well [6].

Brain Structure and Bacterial Invasion

Pathogentic Strains

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.

Cognitive and Physical Conseqences

Conclusion

References

  1. ↑ Zainel, Abdulwahed, Hana Mitchell, and Manish Sadarangani. 2021. "Bacterial Meningitis in Children: Neurological Complications, Associated Risk Factors, and Prevention" Microorganisms 9, no. 3: 535. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030535
  2. ↑ Mehlhorn, Allana, and Brandon Sucher. Chrome-Extension://EFAIDNBMNNNIBPCAJPCGLCLEFINDMKAJ/https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/nejmoa1905795?articletools=true, April 1, 2007. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA16836707_629.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Herold, Rosanna, Horst Schroten, and Christian Schwerk. 2019. "Virulence Factors of Meningitis-Causing Bacteria: Enabling Brain Entry across the Blood–Brain Barrier" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 21: 5393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215393
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Author links open overlay panelKenneth L. Tyler, AbstractThomas Willis (1621–1675) described patients with, R.R. Carpenter, H.D. Chalke, H.V. Smith, J.H. Steele, J. Abercrombie, et al. “Chapter 28 a History of Bacterial Meningitis.” Handbook of Clinical Neurology, November 3, 2009. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0072975208021283 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "dd" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 “The History of Meningitis.” Meningitis Research Foundation. Accessed April 13, 2024. https://www.meningitis.org/blogs/the-history-of-meningitis#:~:text=Diagnosis%20%26%20Treatment&text=The%20first%20outbreak%20in%20Africa,as%20a%20cause%20of%20meningitis.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Mehlhorn, Allana, and Brandon Sucher. Chrome-Extension://EFAIDNBMNNNIBPCAJPCGLCLEFINDMKAJ/https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/nejmoa1905795?articletools=true, April 1, 2007. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA16836707_629.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 YouTube. (2017, November 8). Meningitis - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIHUJs2eTHA Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ee" defined multiple times with different content



Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski,at Kenyon College,2024

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