Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxin: The Duality of a Microbe with Fatal and Therapeutic Applications: Difference between revisions

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==Section==
==Introduction==
[[Image:Mrsa_magn_lg.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Magnified 20,000X, this colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicts a grouping of methicillin resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) bacteria. See PHIL 617 for a black and white view of this image. Phoro credit: [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC.]]]
[[Image:Mrsa_magn_lg.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Magnified 20,000X, this colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicts a grouping of methicillin resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) bacteria. See PHIL 617 for a black and white view of this image. Phoro credit: [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC.]]]
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<br> The repeated citation works like this, with a forward slash.<ref name=aa/>
<br> The repeated citation works like this, with a forward slash.<ref name=aa/>


==Section 1==
==Early History of Botulinum Toxin==
Clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, and spore-forming bacterium.<ref name=Johnson>[https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-0101(01)00157-X Johnson, E.A., Bradshaw, M., (2001) “Clostridium botulinum and its neurotoxins: a metabolic and cellular perspective,” Toxicon, 39(11), 1703-1722.]</ref> C. botulinum is made up of four different groups (I-IV), related by their collective ability to produce the neurotoxin botulinum.<ref name=Brunt>[10.3389/fmicb.2016.01702 Brunt J., van Vliet A.H.M., van den Bos F., Carter A.T., Peck M.W. (2016) “Diversity of the Germination Apparatus in Clostridium botulinum Groups I, II, III, and IV,” Frontiers in Microbiology, 7.]</ref> Botulinum toxin has seven serotypes (A-G), most of which cause botulism, a neuroparalytic disease that can be fatal. There are several types of botulism, including food-borne, wound, infant, and iatrogenic botulism.<ref name=CDC>[https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. June 8, 2022. Botulism. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.]</ref>
Clostridium botulinum is an extremely biologically diverse microorganism, and can exist in a variety of different environments and conditions, especially due its highly heat resistant spores, which create the botulinum toxin. Botulinum neurotoxin is the most potent natural toxin known to science, and despite even very small doses being fatal, it also has several therapeutic applications. Its most common application is in the cosmetics industry, as botulinum toxin is the active ingredient in Botox®.<ref name=Nigam>[https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.60343 Nigam, P. K., & Nigam, A. (2010) “Botulinum toxin,” Indian journal of dermatology, 55(1), 8–14.]</ref> Overall, Clostridium botulinum is a truly unique microbe that has an extraordinary range of applications in our world.


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==Section 2==
==Cell Biology==


Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.
Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.


Clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, and spore-forming bacterium.<ref name=Johnson>[https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-0101(01)00157-X Johnson, E.A., Bradshaw, M., (2001) “Clostridium botulinum and its neurotoxins: a metabolic and cellular perspective,” Toxicon, 39(11), 1703-1722.]</ref> C. botulinum is made up of four different groups (I-IV), related by their collective ability to produce the neurotoxin botulinum.<ref name=Brunt>[10.3389/fmicb.2016.01702 Brunt J., van Vliet A.H.M., van den Bos F., Carter A.T., Peck M.W. (2016) “Diversity of the Germination Apparatus in Clostridium botulinum Groups I, II, III, and IV,” Frontiers in Microbiology, 7.]</ref> Botulinum toxin has seven serotypes (A-G), most of which cause botulism, a neuroparalytic disease that can be fatal. There are several types of botulism, including food-borne, wound, infant, and iatrogenic botulism.<ref name=CDC>[https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. June 8, 2022. Botulism. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.]</ref>
Clostridium botulinum is an extremely biologically diverse microorganism, and can exist in a variety of different environments and conditions, especially due its highly heat resistant spores, which create the botulinum toxin. Botulinum neurotoxin is the most potent natural toxin known to science, and despite even very small doses being fatal, it also has several therapeutic applications. Its most common application is in the cosmetics industry, as botulinum toxin is the active ingredient in Botox®.<ref name=Nigam>[https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.60343 Nigam, P. K., & Nigam, A. (2010) “Botulinum toxin,” Indian journal of dermatology, 55(1), 8–14.]</ref> Overall, Clostridium botulinum is a truly unique microbe that has an extraordinary range of applications in our world.


==Section 3==
 
==Botulism disease==
Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br>
Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br>
<br>
<br>


==Section 4==
==Therapeutic Applications of Botulinum Toxin==


==Conclusion==
==Conclusion==

Revision as of 00:31, 15 April 2024

Introduction

Magnified 20,000X, this colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicts a grouping of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria. See PHIL 617 for a black and white view of this image. Phoro credit: CDC.

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Clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, and spore-forming bacterium.[1] C. botulinum is made up of four different groups (I-IV), related by their collective ability to produce the neurotoxin botulinum.[2] Botulinum toxin has seven serotypes (A-G), most of which cause botulism, a neuroparalytic disease that can be fatal. There are several types of botulism, including food-borne, wound, infant, and iatrogenic botulism.[3] Clostridium botulinum is an extremely biologically diverse microorganism, and can exist in a variety of different environments and conditions, especially due its highly heat resistant spores, which create the botulinum toxin. Botulinum neurotoxin is the most potent natural toxin known to science, and despite even very small doses being fatal, it also has several therapeutic applications. Its most common application is in the cosmetics industry, as botulinum toxin is the active ingredient in Botox®.[4] Overall, Clostridium botulinum is a truly unique microbe that has an extraordinary range of applications in our world.




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Early History of Botulinum Toxin

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.

Propionibacterium acnes is a gram-positive, fairly slow-growing aerotolerant bacterium. This bacteria is typically linked to the skin condition acne vulgris, commonly known as skin acne. This species is daily commensal and highly present on healthy skin epithelium. Little is detected on the skin of adolescents, specifically those pre-pubescent. This bacterium lives on fatty acids in sebum secreted by hair sebaceous glands in hair follicles. It can also be found in the gastrointestinal biome.


Cell Biology

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Botulism disease

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Therapeutic Applications of Botulinum Toxin

Conclusion

References

  1. ↑ Johnson, E.A., Bradshaw, M., (2001) “Clostridium botulinum and its neurotoxins: a metabolic and cellular perspective,” Toxicon, 39(11), 1703-1722.
  2. ↑ [10.3389/fmicb.2016.01702 Brunt J., van Vliet A.H.M., van den Bos F., Carter A.T., Peck M.W. (2016) “Diversity of the Germination Apparatus in Clostridium botulinum Groups I, II, III, and IV,” Frontiers in Microbiology, 7.]
  3. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. June 8, 2022. Botulism. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
  4. ↑ Nigam, P. K., & Nigam, A. (2010) “Botulinum toxin,” Indian journal of dermatology, 55(1), 8–14.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Peck, M.W. (2009) “Biology and Genomic Analysis of Clostridium botulinum,” Advances in Microbial Physiology. Academic Press.Vol. 55, 183-320.
  6. ↑ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.



Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski,at Kenyon College,2024

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