Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxin: The Duality of a Microbe with Fatal and Therapeutic Applications
Introduction
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Clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, and spore-forming bacterium.[1] C. botulinum is made up of four different groups (I-IV), related by their collective ability to produce the neurotoxin botulinum.[2] Botulinum toxin has seven serotypes (A-G), most of which cause botulism, a neuroparalytic disease that can be fatal. There are several types of botulism, including food-borne, wound, infant, and iatrogenic botulism.[3] Clostridium botulinum is an extremely biologically diverse microorganism, and can exist in a variety of different environments and conditions, especially due its highly heat resistant spores, which create the botulinum toxin. Botulinum neurotoxin is the most potent natural toxin known to science, and despite even very small doses being fatal, it also has several therapeutic applications. Its most common application is in the cosmetics industry, as botulinum toxin is the active ingredient in Botox®.[4] Overall, Clostridium botulinum is a truly unique microbe that has an extraordinary range of applications in our world.
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Early History of Botulinum Toxin
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Propionibacterium acnes is a gram-positive, fairly slow-growing aerotolerant bacterium. This bacteria is typically linked to the skin condition acne vulgris, commonly known as skin acne. This species is daily commensal and highly present on healthy skin epithelium. Little is detected on the skin of adolescents, specifically those pre-pubescent. This bacterium lives on fatty acids in sebum secreted by hair sebaceous glands in hair follicles. It can also be found in the gastrointestinal biome.
Cell Biology
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Botulism disease
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Therapeutic Applications of Botulinum Toxin
Conclusion
References
- ↑ Johnson, E.A., Bradshaw, M., (2001) “Clostridium botulinum and its neurotoxins: a metabolic and cellular perspective,” Toxicon, 39(11), 1703-1722.
- ↑ [10.3389/fmicb.2016.01702 Brunt J., van Vliet A.H.M., van den Bos F., Carter A.T., Peck M.W. (2016) “Diversity of the Germination Apparatus in Clostridium botulinum Groups I, II, III, and IV,” Frontiers in Microbiology, 7.]
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. June 8, 2022. Botulism. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
- ↑ Nigam, P. K., & Nigam, A. (2010) “Botulinum toxin,” Indian journal of dermatology, 55(1), 8–14.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Peck, M.W. (2009) “Biology and Genomic Analysis of Clostridium botulinum,” Advances in Microbial Physiology. Academic Press.Vol. 55, 183-320.
- ↑ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.
Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski,at Kenyon College,2024
