Clostridium botulinum: The Duality of a Microbe: Difference between revisions

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==Section==
==Introduction==
[[Image:clostridium_SEM.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Magnified 20,000X, this colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicts a grouping of methicillin resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) bacteria. See PHIL 617 for a black and white view of this image. Photo credit: [https://pixels.com/featured/1-clostridium-botulinum-sem-eye-of-science.html/]]]
[[Image:clostridium_SEM.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Magnified 20,000X, this colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicts a grouping of Clostridium botulinum</i> bacteria. See PHIL 617 for a black and white view of this image. Photo credit: [https://pixels.com/featured/1-clostridium-botulinum-sem-eye-of-science.html/]]]
<b>By Juliette Leclerc <br>
<b>By Juliette Leclerc <br>
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<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref>
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==Section 1==
==History of the Microbe and Toxin==
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Clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium. C. botulinum produces the neurotoxin botulinum, which causes botulism, a deadly paralytic disease in mammals. The botulinum toxin is the most potent toxin known to science, with 30 nanograms being enough to kill a human adult. Its optimal growth temperature is between 35°C and 37°C, and it cannot grow below a pH of 4.6. Its heat-resistant endospores are found in soil and can survive for an extended period of time in unfavorable conditions. The different types of botulism are foodborne, infant, and wound botulism. Foodborne botulism is acquired by eating contaminated food items, usually improperly canned foods. Infant botulism is also related to foods, such as honey, as their immune systems are not developed enough to prevent the toxin’s proliferation. Wound botulism is most prevalent in heavy intravenous drug users, such as black tar heroin. Clostridium botulinum is also used to make Botox, as it blocks the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, temporarily paralyzing the muscles where it is injected. Botox is injected as a cosmetic procedure to smooth wrinkles, the effect usually lasting 3-6 months. The duality of Clostridium botulinum as a lethal neurotoxin and a cosmetic makes it exceptionally interesting to study.
==Cell Structure and Genomics==
 
==Section 2==
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==Section 3==
==Applications in Our World==
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==Section 4==
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==Conclusion==
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==References==
==References==
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<ref name=Smith>[https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01469-18]</ref>Smith, T., Williamson, C. H. D., Hill, K., Sahl, J., & Keim, P. (2018). Botulinum Neurotoxin-Producing Bacteria. Isn't It Time that We Called a Species a Species?. mBio, 9(5), e01469-18. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01469-18 <br>
<ref name=Winslow>[https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.2.5.505-566.1917]</ref>Winslow, C. E., Broadhurst, J., Buchanan, R. E., Krumwiede, C., Rogers, L. A., & Smith, G. H. (1917). The Families and Genera of the Bacteria: Preliminary Report of the Committee of the Society of American Bacteriologists on Characterization and Classification of Bacterial Types. Journal of bacteriology, 2(5), 505–566. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.2.5.505-566.1917 <br>
<br><br>Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by [https://biology.kenyon.edu/slonc/slonc.htm Joan Slonczewski,]at [http://www.kenyon.edu/index.xml Kenyon College,]2024
<br><br>Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by [https://biology.kenyon.edu/slonc/slonc.htm Joan Slonczewski,]at [http://www.kenyon.edu/index.xml Kenyon College,]2024

Latest revision as of 21:28, 12 April 2024

Introduction

Magnified 20,000X, this colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicts a grouping of Clostridium botulinum bacteria. See PHIL 617 for a black and white view of this image. Photo credit: [1]

By Juliette Leclerc

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Legend/credit: Magnified 20,000X, this colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicts a grouping of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria. Photo credit: CDC. Every image requires a link to the source.
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A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.
To repeat the citation for other statements, the reference needs to have a names: "Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tagSmith, T., Williamson, C. H. D., Hill, K., Sahl, J., & Keim, P. (2018). Botulinum Neurotoxin-Producing Bacteria. Isn't It Time that We Called a Species a Species?. mBio, 9(5), e01469-18. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01469-18
[3]Winslow, C. E., Broadhurst, J., Buchanan, R. E., Krumwiede, C., Rogers, L. A., & Smith, G. H. (1917). The Families and Genera of the Bacteria: Preliminary Report of the Committee of the Society of American Bacteriologists on Characterization and Classification of Bacterial Types. Journal of bacteriology, 2(5), 505–566. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.2.5.505-566.1917




Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski,at Kenyon College,2024

  1. ↑ Hodgkin, J. and Partridge, F.A. "Caenorhabditis elegans meets microsporidia: the nematode killers from Paris." 2008. PLoS Biology 6:2634-2637.
  2. ↑ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.
  3. ↑ [2]
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