Meningitis and Effects on Epilepsy: Difference between revisions
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== | ==Introduction== | ||
Meningitis is an infection that results in the swelling of the meninges (membranes) and fluid of the spinal cord and back.<ref name=aa>[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meningitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350508.] “Meningitis.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 1 Oct. 2020</ref> Severity of acute infection can vary from person to person. In some cases, the bacteria die off on their own and the infection fades away after a few weeks. In other cases of meningitis, immediate hospitalization is required with the treatment of IV antibiotics. <ref> [https://www.webmd.com/children/understanding-meningitis-basics.] "Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes, Transmission, and Treatment.” WebMD, WebMD</ref> However, the severity of a person’s meningitis case can vary with the mode of infection as well. There are as many as 6 different ways to contract meningitis but the most common ways are through a virus, fungus, and bacteria. Fungal infections of meningitis are rarer and fungal and viral infections cause fewer complications and are easier to treat.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/index.html] “Meningitis.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 30 Mar. 2022</ref> As always, younger and immune-compromised persons have a higher risk of serious complications with this infection. Unfortunately, not all symptoms and side effects of this disease are short-term. Long-term neurological issues such as learning disabilities, narcolepsy, and even epilepsy are being discovered and researched. | |||
Epilepsy, also known as the “chronic seizure disorder”, is exactly what the name implies. It is a disorder that is characterized by a person experiencing unprompted and reoccurring seizures.<ref>[https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/about-epilepsy-basics/what-epilepsy | |||
]“What Is Epilepsy? Disease or Disorder?” Epilepsy Foundation, 21 Jan. 2014</ref> Many affected people will experience a variety of seizures including but not limited to tonic, clonic, and absence. Tonic seizures are when the muscles in the body freeze up and become stiff, clonic seizures are characterized by uncontrolled jerking movements, and absence seizures are lapses in a person’s awareness or consciousness for short periods of time. When combined together, Tonic-Clonic seizures are also called Grand Mal.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/about/types-of-seizures.htm]“Types of Seizures.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 30 Sept. 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/petit-mal-seizure/symptoms-causes/syc-20359683]“Absence Seizure.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 24 Feb. 2021.</ref> Epilepsy is known to have several different causes such as genetic abnormalities, brain injury, and defects in development. However, recent studies show that brain infections, such as meningitis, are becoming a much more prevalent cause of epilepsy.<ref>[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20350093]“Epilepsy.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 7 Oct. 2021.</ref> | |||
Continued research into this growing field of long-lasting effects of brain infections has furthered the understanding of their effects on different parts of the brain, including those that affect epilepsy. The link between these two health problems is becoming increasingly more clear as linked cases continue to rise every day. Current information suggests and proves that meningitis patients have an increased risk of developing epilepsy than those who have not contracted meningitis.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4867498/#:~:text=Infections%20of%20the%20CNS%20are,higher%20in%20resource%2Dpoor%20countries.]Vezzani, Annamaria, et al. “Infections, Inflammation and Epilepsy.” Acta Neuropathologica, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Feb. 2016.</ref> | |||
==Viral Meningitis== | |||
Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br> | |||
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Every point of information REQUIRES CITATION using the citation tool shown above. | |||
==Bacterial Meningitis== | |||
Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br> | |||
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==Fungal Meningitis== | |||
Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br> | |||
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==<i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> and its Genome== | |||
==What Meningitis does to the Brain== | |||
==Epilepsy== | |||
==How Meningitis causes Epilepsy== | |||
==Conclusion== | |||
[[Image:PHIL_22882_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|This illustration depicts a three-dimensional (3D), computer-generated image, of a group of Gram-positive, Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus) bacteria. The photo credit for this image belongs to Alissa Eckert, who is a medical illustrator at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].]] | [[Image:PHIL_22882_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|This illustration depicts a three-dimensional (3D), computer-generated image, of a group of Gram-positive, Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus) bacteria. The photo credit for this image belongs to Alissa Eckert, who is a medical illustrator at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].]] | ||
By | <br>By <br> | ||
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<br><br>Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by [mailto:slonczewski@kenyon.edu Joan Slonczewski], 2022, [http://www.kenyon.edu/index.xml Kenyon College] | <br><br>Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by [mailto:slonczewski@kenyon.edu Joan Slonczewski], 2022, [http://www.kenyon.edu/index.xml Kenyon College] | ||
Revision as of 23:01, 18 April 2022
Introduction
Meningitis is an infection that results in the swelling of the meninges (membranes) and fluid of the spinal cord and back.[1] Severity of acute infection can vary from person to person. In some cases, the bacteria die off on their own and the infection fades away after a few weeks. In other cases of meningitis, immediate hospitalization is required with the treatment of IV antibiotics. [2] However, the severity of a person’s meningitis case can vary with the mode of infection as well. There are as many as 6 different ways to contract meningitis but the most common ways are through a virus, fungus, and bacteria. Fungal infections of meningitis are rarer and fungal and viral infections cause fewer complications and are easier to treat.[3] As always, younger and immune-compromised persons have a higher risk of serious complications with this infection. Unfortunately, not all symptoms and side effects of this disease are short-term. Long-term neurological issues such as learning disabilities, narcolepsy, and even epilepsy are being discovered and researched.
Epilepsy, also known as the “chronic seizure disorder”, is exactly what the name implies. It is a disorder that is characterized by a person experiencing unprompted and reoccurring seizures.[4] Many affected people will experience a variety of seizures including but not limited to tonic, clonic, and absence. Tonic seizures are when the muscles in the body freeze up and become stiff, clonic seizures are characterized by uncontrolled jerking movements, and absence seizures are lapses in a person’s awareness or consciousness for short periods of time. When combined together, Tonic-Clonic seizures are also called Grand Mal.[5][6] Epilepsy is known to have several different causes such as genetic abnormalities, brain injury, and defects in development. However, recent studies show that brain infections, such as meningitis, are becoming a much more prevalent cause of epilepsy.[7]
Continued research into this growing field of long-lasting effects of brain infections has furthered the understanding of their effects on different parts of the brain, including those that affect epilepsy. The link between these two health problems is becoming increasingly more clear as linked cases continue to rise every day. Current information suggests and proves that meningitis patients have an increased risk of developing epilepsy than those who have not contracted meningitis.[8]
Viral Meningitis
Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.
Every point of information REQUIRES CITATION using the citation tool shown above.
Bacterial Meningitis
Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.
Fungal Meningitis
Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.
Neisseria meningitidis and its Genome
What Meningitis does to the Brain
Epilepsy
How Meningitis causes Epilepsy
Conclusion
By
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 [1] “Meningitis.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 1 Oct. 2020
- ↑ [2] "Meningitis: Symptoms, Causes, Transmission, and Treatment.” WebMD, WebMD
- ↑ [3] “Meningitis.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 30 Mar. 2022
- ↑ [https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/about-epilepsy-basics/what-epilepsy ]“What Is Epilepsy? Disease or Disorder?” Epilepsy Foundation, 21 Jan. 2014
- ↑ [4]“Types of Seizures.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 30 Sept. 2020.
- ↑ [5]“Absence Seizure.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 24 Feb. 2021.
- ↑ [6]“Epilepsy.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 7 Oct. 2021.
- ↑ [7]Vezzani, Annamaria, et al. “Infections, Inflammation and Epilepsy.” Acta Neuropathologica, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Feb. 2016.
Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski, 2022, Kenyon College
