Nosema Ceranae
Nosema Ceranae
Classification
Nosema Microsporidia can be divided into further, more distinct classifications: Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis. Nosema ceranae is currently the largest threat to bees worldwide.
Domain: Eukaryote; Phylum: Microsporidia; Class: Dihaplophasea; Order: Dissociodihaplophasida; Family: Nosematidae, Species: N. Ceranae [Others may be used. Use NCBI link to find]
Domain
Eukarya
Phylum
Microsporidia
Class
Dihpalophasea
Order
Dissociodihaplophasida
Suborder
Apansporoblastina
Family
Nosematidae
Genus Species
Nosema Ceranae
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NCBI: Taxonomy |
Description and Significance
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the microbe. Why is this microbe important?
Genome
This microsporidian is an obligate intracellular parasite of adult honey bees. A substantial fraction of the "diminutive N. ceranae proteome consists of novel and transposable-element proteins." The proteins that are in N. ceranae include the following: NcORF-00033, NcORF-00145, NcORF-00146, NcORF-00663, NcORF-00705, NcORF-00710, NcORF-00711, NcORF-00832, NcORF-01760, NcORF-00417, NcORF-00673, NcORF-01632, NcORF-01880, and more, all of which explain the behavior of the parasite itself and explain what causes this behavior. For example, some of the proteins descriptions are as follows: heat shock protein that plays a role in protein translocation, putative transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family, implicated in pleiotropic drug resistane, mitochondril superoxide dismutase and protects cells against oxygen toxicity, and a protein of the mitrochondrial outer surface that binds to an promotes degradtion of mRNAs for select nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins. Some proteins listed above interact with host proteins and host tissue. Researchers identified 2.624 putative protein-coding genes, and their predicted number of proteins-coding genes is between 1,996 and 3,804. The recorded average density of genes on the 100 largest N. ceranae contigs was 0.60 genes/kb, which is lower than what was found in E. cuniculi, which is microsporidian parasite that affects rabbits, (0.94 genes/kb) and Antonospora locustae, which is another closely related microsporidian parasite, (0.97 genes/kb). In regards to gene sequence, N. ceranae is AT and CCC rich and low in GC, which seems to be a common feature among microsporidians. N. ceranae also appears to be very low in G and C, individually (around 12%), and high in A and T, individually. [3]
Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle
Interesting features of the microbe's cell structure and metabolism. Does it make interesting or important molecules? What is it's life cycle like?
Ecology and Known Roles in Symbiosis
In what habitat(s) do you find this microbe? What roles (if known) does this microbe play in symbiosis with other organisms? What role or contribution does this microbe contribute to the environment.
Fun Facts
List interesting facts about this microbe that would appeal to a general audience. Does the microbe play an important role in a process relevant to society?
References
[2] Chen,Y., Evans,J., Murphy,C., Gutell,R., Zuker,M., Gundensen-Rindal,D and Pettis,J. 2009. Morphological, molecular, and phylogenetic characterization of Nosema ceranae, a microsporidian parasite isolated from the European honey bee, Apis mellifera. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 56: 142-147. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19457054)
[3] Cornman, R. S., Chen, Y. P., Schatz, M. C., Street, C., Zhao, Y., Desany, B., … Evans, J. D. (2009). Genomic Analyses of the Microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an Emergent Pathogen of Honey Bees. PLoS Pathogens, 5(6). (https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.100046)
[4] Higes,M., Salvador, A., Garrido-Bailón, E., Martín-Hernández,R., Meana, A. and Prieto, L. 2007. Outcome of Colonization of Nosema ceranae by Apis mellifera. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73(20):6331. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17675417)
[5] Smith, M. L. (2012). The Honey Bee Parasite Nosema ceranae: Transmissible via Food Exchange? PLoS One, 7(8).
[6] Jack, C. J., Lucas, H. M., Webster, T. C., & Sagili, R. R. (2016). Colony Level Prevalence and Intensity of Nosema ceranae in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.). PLoS One, 11(9).
[7] Goblirsch, M., Huang, Z. Y., & Spivak, M. (2013). Physiological and Behavioral Changes in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) Induced by Nosema ceranae Infection. PLoS One, 8(3).
Author
This page was authored by Kristin Barnett as part of the 2020 UM Study USA led by Dr. Erik Hom at the University of Mississippi.
