Pseudo-nitzschia australis

fig. 1 Scanning electron microsope image of P.australis (Woods Hole University)

Classification

Higher order taxa

Domain: Eukarya

Phylum: Gyrista

Class: Bacillariophyceae

Order: Bacillariales

Family: Bacillariaceae

Genus: Pseudo-nitzschia

Species

Pseudo-nitzschia australis

Description and significance

P. australis is a species of marine diatom capable of causing harmful algae blooms (HABs) via its production of the toxic domoic acid (Nishimura et al, 2021). Due to this toxin's buildup in shellfish, P. australis is known to cause Amnesiac Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) in humans that consume infected shellfish, which can cause long-lasting neurological symptoms such as amnesia and dementia (Figueroa et al, 2018). ASP is known to result in symptoms ranging from gastrointestinal disturbances in light cases to neuronal degeneration and necrosis in the hippocampus in serious ones, and domoic acid ingestion of 1mg/kg is enough to induce illness (Jeffery et al, 2004). Due to this toxicity, P. australis populations are highly monitored using large-subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU rRNA)-targeted probes in both whole-cell and sandwich hybridization array (SHA) formats, though the SHA method was determined to be the most efficient detection method (Scholin et al, 2003 and Bowers et al, 2017).

16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Information

P. australis has been shown to be related to P. seriata at 95% and P. multistriata at 60%. It is also closely related to P. obtusa (Quijano-Scheggia et al, 2020).

fig. 2 phylogenetic tree of Psuedo-nitzchia genus (Ouijano-Scheggia et al, 2020)

Genome Structure (if the genome exists)

Whole-transcriptome RNA-sequencing was done via Illumina HiSeq 2000 technology with the strain P. australis 10249 10AB as a representative, using a sample collected from a coastal bay of the Pacific Ocean. The organism has 3,351,476,500 bases and a GC content of 48.4% (Smith, 2015).

Cell structure and metabolism

P. australis is a photosynthetic organism as it is classified as phytoplankton (Bates et al, 2018). They are bilaterally symmetrical, and their silica-based cell walls are known as frustrules. They are categorized by their relatively wide lanceolate valve, at 5.5 to 8 micrometers and their two rows of poroids, differing from the closely related P. seriata's 4 denser rows (Kociolek et al, 2023).

Ecology and Pathogenesis

P. australis is a marine diatom that resides at the top of the water column in temperate and sub-tropical oceans, commonly found in the waters bordering the west coast of the UNited States, Australia, New Zealand, and in the northern Atlantic Ocean (Kociolek et al, 2023). While itself not pathogenic, the domoic acid output by P. australis is toxic, and the level fluctuates based on environment. While P. australis itself flourishes best at a salinity of 30-40, domoic acid output was found to be highest at a salinity of 20 (Ayache et al, 2019). Similarly, nitrate and ammonium are the optimal nitrogen sources for P. australis, but samples grown on soley urea have been shown to produce more of the toxic domoic acid (Howard et al, 2007). Due to the threat of human illness due to its toxicity, monitoring protocols have been implemented using sandwich-hybridization arrays (SHAs) used to detect P. australis as well as other Pseudo-nitzchia species (Bowers et al, 2017).

References

Ayache N, Hervé F, Lundholm N, Amzil Z, Caruana AMN. Acclimation of the Marine Diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis to Different Salinity Conditions: Effects on Growth, Photosynthetic Activity, and Domoic Acid Content1. J Phycol. 2020 Feb;56(1):97-109. doi: 10.1111/jpy.12929. Epub 2019 Nov 15. PMID: 31591715.

Bates, Stephen, Hubbard, Katharine, Lundholm, Nina, Montresor, Marina, Leaw, Chui. Pseudo-nitzschia, Nitzschia, and domoic acid: New research since 2011. Harmful Algae. Volume 79.2018. Pages 3-43. ISSN 1568-9883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.001.

Bowers, H, Marin, R, Birch, J, Scholin, C. Sandwich hybridization probes for the detection of Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) species: An update to existing probes and a description of new probes, Harmful Algae, Volume 70, 2017, Pages 37-51, ISSN 1568-9883, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2017.10.005.

Jeffery B., Barlow, T., Moizer, K., Paul, S., Boyle, C. Amnesic shellfish poison. Food and Chemical Toxicology. Volume 42, Issue 4. 2004. Pages 545-557. ISSN 0278-6915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2003.11.010.

Kociolek, J.P.; Blanco, S.; Coste, M.; Ector, L.; Liu, Y.; Karthick, B.; Kulikovskiy, M.; Lundholm, N.; Ludwig, T.; Potapova, M.; Rimet, F.; Sabbe, K.; Sala, S.; Sar, E.; Taylor, J.; Van de Vijver, B.; Wetzel, C.E.; Williams, D.M.; Witkowski, A.; Witkowski, J. (2023). DiatomBase. Pseudo-nitzschia australis Frenguelli, 1939. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=246604 on 2023-03-20

Nishimura T, Murray JS, Boundy MJ, Balci M, Bowers HA, Smith KF, Harwood DT, Rhodes LL. Update of the Planktonic Diatom Genus Pseudo-nitzschia in Aotearoa New Zealand Coastal Waters: Genetic Diversity and Toxin Production. Toxins (Basel). 2021 Sep 10;13(9):637. doi: 10.3390/toxins13090637. PMID: 34564641; PMCID: PMC8473122.

Figueroa, Rosa, Estrada, Marta, Garcés, Esther. Life histories of microalgal species causing harmful blooms: Haploids, diploids and the relevance of benthic stages. Harmful Algae,Volume 73. 2018. Pages 44-57. ISSN 1568-9883. doi: /10.1016/j.hal.2018.01.006. uijano-Scheggia et al., 2020

Scholin, Christopher, Miller, Peter, Buck, Kurt, Chavez, Francisco, Harris, Paul, Haydock, Paul, Howard, Judith, Cangelosi, Gerard, (1997), Detection and quantification of Pseudo-nitzschia australis in cultured and natural populations using LSU rRNA-targeted probes, Limnology and Oceanography, 42, doi: 10.4319/lo.1997.42.5_part_2.1265.

Smith, J. Marine Microbial Eukaryote Transcriptome Sequencing Project. National Center for Genome Resources, 2015.

S. Quijano-Scheggia, A. Olivos-Ortiz, E. Garcia-Mendoza, Y. Sánchez-Bravo, R. Sosa-Avalos, N. Salas Marias, H. Lim. Phylogenetic relationships of Pseudo-nitzschia subpacifica (Bacillariophyceae) from the Mexican Pacific, and its production of domoic acid in culture. PLoS One, 15 (4) (2020), Article e0231902

Author

Page created by Caroline Holtz, a student of Dr. Hidetoshi Urakawa of Florida Gulf Coast University