Reptile-Exotic-Pet-Associated-Salmonellosis: Difference between revisions

From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 4: Line 4:
<i>Salmonella</i> spp. are rod-shaped, flagellated, and facultative anaerobic bacteria which belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae, and as apart of the phylum Proteobacteria are Gram-negative. The genus <i>Salmonella</i> consists of two species <i>S. enterica</i> and <I> S. bongori </i>, the majority of the diversity lies within the more than 2,600 servovars of the species <i>S. enterica </i>. The three main servers within this species are (1) <i>S. typhi</i>, the cause of systemic infections and typhoid fever, (2)  <i>S. Enteritidis</i>, a major food cause of food poisoning associated with poultry farming, and (3)  <i>S. typhimurium</i>, which is not fatal in humans, but may cause gastroenteritis, but also more serious cases including septicemia, meningitis, and subnormal empyema. (Rabsch et, al, “The Zoonotic agent Salmonellosis).
<i>Salmonella</i> spp. are rod-shaped, flagellated, and facultative anaerobic bacteria which belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae, and as apart of the phylum Proteobacteria are Gram-negative. The genus <i>Salmonella</i> consists of two species <i>S. enterica</i> and <I> S. bongori </i>, the majority of the diversity lies within the more than 2,600 servovars of the species <i>S. enterica </i>. The three main servers within this species are (1) <i>S. typhi</i>, the cause of systemic infections and typhoid fever, (2)  <i>S. Enteritidis</i>, a major food cause of food poisoning associated with poultry farming, and (3)  <i>S. typhimurium</i>, which is not fatal in humans, but may cause gastroenteritis, but also more serious cases including septicemia, meningitis, and subnormal empyema. (Rabsch et, al, “The Zoonotic agent Salmonellosis).
[[Image:fig142x.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''Salmonella''. Courtesy of [http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/orfpath/images/fig135x.jpg LUMEN.]]]
[[Image:fig142x.jpg|thumb|350px|right|''Salmonella''. Courtesy of [http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/orfpath/images/fig135x.jpg LUMEN.]]]
<br>Salmonellosis is one of the most common foodbourne diseases and can be caused by the various serovars of the species <i>S. enterica </i>, and is found worldwide, causing 93.8 million cases of gastroenteritis and over 155,00 deaths annually worldwide (Noellie et el 2014). Understanding the pathology of foodbourne Salmonellosis is important however, there is an increasing concern for <b>Reptile-Exotic-Pet-Associated-Salmonellosis (REPAS </b>) , a major agent of infection through direct or indirect animal contact in people’s homes, veterinary clinics, farms, zoological gardens, and other professional, public and private settings. (Rabsch et, al, “The Zoonotic agent Salmonellosis) . There are a number of reports that describe the prevalence of  <i>Salmonella</i> spp. in reptiles ranging from lizards, snakes, and turtles, and multiple serovars have been identified and shown to be associated with each of these organisms (Sylvester et al, 2014). (INSERT) Figure showing prevalence of Salmonella by Species </br>
<br>Salmonellosis is one of the most common foodbourne diseases and can be caused by the various serovars of the species <i>S. enterica </i>, and is found worldwide, causing 93.8 million cases of gastroenteritis and over 155,00 deaths annually worldwide (Noellie et el 2014). Understanding the pathology of foodbourne Salmonellosis is important however, there is an increasing concern for <b>Reptile-Exotic-Pet-Associated-Salmonellosis (REPAS </b>), in which <i>Salmonella</i> serovars act as major zoonotic agents of infection through direct or indirect animal contact in people’s homes, veterinary clinics, farms, zoological gardens, and other professional, public and private settings. (Rabsch et, al, “The Zoonotic agent Salmonellosis) . There are a number of reports that describe the prevalence of  <i>Salmonella</i> spp. in reptiles ranging from lizards, snakes, and turtles, and multiple serovars have been identified and shown to be associated with each of these organisms (Sylvester et al, 2014). (INSERT) Figure showing prevalence of Salmonella by Species </br>


<br>At right is a sample image insertion.  It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki.  The insertion code consists of:
<br>At right is a sample image insertion.  It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki.  The insertion code consists of:

Revision as of 04:33, 18 April 2015


By Tomas Grant

Introduction

Introduce the topic of your paper. What microorganisms are of interest? Habitat? Applications for medicine and/or environment?
Salmonella spp. are rod-shaped, flagellated, and facultative anaerobic bacteria which belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae, and as apart of the phylum Proteobacteria are Gram-negative. The genus Salmonella consists of two species S. enterica and S. bongori , the majority of the diversity lies within the more than 2,600 servovars of the species S. enterica . The three main servers within this species are (1) S. typhi, the cause of systemic infections and typhoid fever, (2) S. Enteritidis, a major food cause of food poisoning associated with poultry farming, and (3) S. typhimurium, which is not fatal in humans, but may cause gastroenteritis, but also more serious cases including septicemia, meningitis, and subnormal empyema. (Rabsch et, al, “The Zoonotic agent Salmonellosis).

Salmonella. Courtesy of LUMEN.


Salmonellosis is one of the most common foodbourne diseases and can be caused by the various serovars of the species S. enterica , and is found worldwide, causing 93.8 million cases of gastroenteritis and over 155,00 deaths annually worldwide (Noellie et el 2014). Understanding the pathology of foodbourne Salmonellosis is important however, there is an increasing concern for Reptile-Exotic-Pet-Associated-Salmonellosis (REPAS ), in which Salmonella serovars act as major zoonotic agents of infection through direct or indirect animal contact in people’s homes, veterinary clinics, farms, zoological gardens, and other professional, public and private settings. (Rabsch et, al, “The Zoonotic agent Salmonellosis) . There are a number of reports that describe the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in reptiles ranging from lizards, snakes, and turtles, and multiple serovars have been identified and shown to be associated with each of these organisms (Sylvester et al, 2014). (INSERT) Figure showing prevalence of Salmonella by Species


At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki. The insertion code consists of:
Double brackets: [[
Filename: PHIL_1181_lores.jpg
Thumbnail status: |thumb|
Pixel size: |300px|
Placement on page: |right|
Legend/credit: Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.
Closed double brackets: ]]

Other examples:
Bold
Italic
Subscript: H2O
Superscript: Fe3+

Classification

Higher order taxa:

Kingdom:Bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Order: Gammaproteobacteria
Suborder: Enterobacteriales
Family: Enterobacteriaceae
Genus: Salmonella

Species:

Salmonella enterica subsp. I serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium LT2), S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi (S. typhi CT18), S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi Ty2 (S. typhi Ty2)

NCBI: Taxonomy Genome: S. typhi CT18 S. typhi Ty2 S. typhimurium|}
Pathogenesis model of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. From American Society for Microbiology

Epidemiology

Transmission of Salmonella

Pathology and Immune Response

Salmonella typhimurium (red) invading cultured human cells. From Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH.

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.

Risks Associated With S. enterica infections

Diversity of Serovars

Antibiotic Resistance and Health Risks

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.

Disease Prevention Measures

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.

References

[1] Fàbrega, Anna, and Jordi Vila. "Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium Skills to Succeed in the Host: Virulence and Regulation." Clinical microbiology reviews 26.2 (2013): 308-41.

Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski, 2015, Kenyon College.