User:Samcenti

Providencia rettgeri

Classification

Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Pseudomonadota Class: Gammaproteobacteria Order: Enterobacterales Family: Morganellaceae Genus: Providencia Species P. rettgeri

History

History: Isolated in 1904 by Rettger. Hadley studied it in detail in 1918 where he named it Bacterium rettgeri, but in 1943 Rustigen and Stuart categorized it as a Proteus because of its physical biochemical properties. Finally in 1978 Brenner, recategorized it to its modern name of Providencia rettgeri after DNA hybridization research.

Description and Significance

P. rettgeri is a gram-negative bacterium which appears as a rod-shaped cell with flagella. P. rettgeri exists in habitats such as soil, water, or the intestinal tract of animals and humans. P. rettgeri is important because it can cause infections in animals or humans and play a role in soil fertility. Providencia strains have been tied to urinary tract infections, and Providencia Rettgeri has been studied to be causes of nosocomial diseases due to their biofilm production and resistance to mainstream antibiotics.

Genome Structure

Providencia rettgeri has a genome that ranges from 4 to 5 million base pairs and is a single circular chromosome. It has a genome that consists of many methods of adaptability, through mechanisms or pathways. Transposable elements and horizontal gene transfer allow the genetic information to be moved in bacterial organisms, but these mechanisms lead to antibacterial resistance in P. rettgeri. Providencia species are also able to phenotype switch which leads to rapid evolution, and P. rettgeri is no exception.

Cell Structure, Metabolism and Lifecycle

Providencia rettgeri is a typical bacterial cell with a cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, and nucleoid. It also has a flagella for mobility. Providencia rettgeri has the ability for aerobic and anaerobic respiration, but is mainly anaerobic, and gathers energy through carbon sources.

Ecology and Pathogenesis

Providencia rettgeri can establish symbiotic relationships with plants, contributing to soil fertility. P. rettgeri has biogeochemical significance because it affects nutrient cycling in ecosystems. It can cause infections in animals, humans, and plants. Providencia rettgeri infection in human hosts can cause Urinary Tract Infections, with symptoms from burning or pain while urinating and cramping or pressure in the groin or lower abdomen. Because of P. rettgeri being a biofilm producer, it is a threat to infect catheters. It is also a urease producing pathogen which makes it a threatening bacteria especially in hospitals.

Pathogenesis ext.

Many studies have found that it has major health implications in catheters. Prolonged catheterization has lead to infections of P. rettgeri in hospitalized individuals. This nosocomial infection is becoming an increasing problem for this bacterium due to its increased resistance to many antibiotics. Studieds have found substantial increases in resistance and believe that further tests should be done to assess resistance in the future.

References

Sagar, Siddharth et al. “Providencia Rettgeri: An Emerging Nosocomial Uropathogen in an Indwelling Urinary Catheterised Patient.” Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR vol. 11,6 (2017): DD01-DD02. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/25740.10026 Marquez-Ortiz, R Alejandro et al. “First Complete Providencia rettgeri Genome Sequence, the NDM-1-Producing Clinical Strain RB151.” Genome announcements vol. 5,3 e01472-16. 19 Jan. 2017, doi:10.1128/genomeA.01472-16 Sapkota, Shabal et al. “Providencia rettgeri infection complicating cranial surgery: illustrative cases.” Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons vol. 2,8 CASE21318. 23 Au Unckless, Robert L et al. “Convergent Balancing Selection on an Antimicrobial Peptide in Drosophila.” Current biology : CB vol. 26,2 (2016): 257-262. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.063g. 2021, doi:10.3171/CASE21318