https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Icho&feedformat=atommicrobewiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T21:17:36ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=19296Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-12T20:29:55Z<p>Icho: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' [6].<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species [1,5].<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours [7].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs. The infection rate between genders have been equal and there is no bias toward one gender or the other.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
There are two observations in which multiple sclerosis (MS)is known to cause disease. The first observation sudden death of oligodendrites by the degredation of the myelin sheath. Another observation is that many bacteria, including ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', have been closely associated with MS. The mechanism of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the human body is discussed [7].<br />
<br />
There is a hypothesis that carotid disease symptomatology is closely related to the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''. Carotid disease was tested alongside the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' to see if they are in correlation with each other. It turns out that Cerebrovascular disease is strongly related to not only the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' and a factor called the TNF-alpha factor [8].<br />
<br />
It has been widely accepted that the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is very closely related to multiple sclerosis (MS). In order to test and reproof this thought, scientists ran PCR checks and DNA extraction methods on those with multiple sclerosis. After these checks, it was indeed proved that the high concentration of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the CSF is associated with MS [9].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
7. Stratton CW, Wheldon DB. Multiple sclerosis: an infectious syndrome involving Chlamydophila pneumoniae.. Trends Microbiol. (2006) 14(11):474-9.<br />
<br />
8. Stratton CW, Sriram S. Association of Chlamydia pneumoniae with central nervous system disease.. Microbes Infect. (2003) 5(13):1249-1253.<br />
<br />
9. Sriram S, Yao S, Mitchell WM, Calibresi P, Stratton CW, Ikejima H, Yamamoto Y. Comparative study of the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cerebrospinal fluid from clinically definite and monosympomatic muliple sclerosis patinets. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology )2003) 9:1332-1337.<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ 10. The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ 11. Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm 12. Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by icho of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=19084Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-05T22:35:50Z<p>Icho: /* Ecology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' [6].<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species [1,5].<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours [7].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs. The infection rate between genders have been equal and there is no bias toward one gender or the other.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
There are two observations in which multiple sclerosis (MS)is known to cause disease. The first observation sudden death of oligodendrites by the degredation of the myelin sheath. Another observation is that many bacteria, including ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', have been closely associated with MS. The mechanism of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the human body is discussed [7].<br />
<br />
There is a hypothesis that carotid disease symptomatology is closely related to the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''. Carotid disease was tested alongside the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' to see if they are in correlation with each other. It turns out that Cerebrovascular disease is strongly related to not only the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' and a factor called the TNF-alpha factor [8].<br />
<br />
It has been widely accepted that the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is very closely related to multiple sclerosis (MS). In order to test and reproof this thought, scientists ran PCR checks and DNA extraction methods on those with multiple sclerosis. After these checks, it was indeed proved that the high concentration of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the CSF is associated with MS [9].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
7. Stratton CW, Wheldon DB. Multiple sclerosis: an infectious syndrome involving Chlamydophila pneumoniae.. Trends Microbiol. (2006) 14(11):474-9.<br />
<br />
8. Stratton CW, Sriram S. Association of Chlamydia pneumoniae with central nervous system disease.. Microbes Infect. (2003) 5(13):1249-1253.<br />
<br />
9. Sriram S, Yao S, Mitchell WM, Calibresi P, Stratton CW, Ikejima H, Yamamoto Y. Comparative study of the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cerebrospinal fluid from clinically definite and monosympomatic muliple sclerosis patinets. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology )2003) 9:1332-1337.<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ 10. The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ 11. Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm 12. Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=19083Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-05T22:35:42Z<p>Icho: /* Genome Structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' [6].<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species [1,5].<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours [7].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs. The infection rate between genders have been equal and there is no bias toward one gender or the other.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:chlamgrowthcycle.gif|thumb|300px|right|Image of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' courtesy of [http://www.ncbi./nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=77 chlamydia.com]]]<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
There are two observations in which multiple sclerosis (MS)is known to cause disease. The first observation sudden death of oligodendrites by the degredation of the myelin sheath. Another observation is that many bacteria, including ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', have been closely associated with MS. The mechanism of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the human body is discussed [7].<br />
<br />
There is a hypothesis that carotid disease symptomatology is closely related to the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''. Carotid disease was tested alongside the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' to see if they are in correlation with each other. It turns out that Cerebrovascular disease is strongly related to not only the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' and a factor called the TNF-alpha factor [8].<br />
<br />
It has been widely accepted that the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is very closely related to multiple sclerosis (MS). In order to test and reproof this thought, scientists ran PCR checks and DNA extraction methods on those with multiple sclerosis. After these checks, it was indeed proved that the high concentration of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the CSF is associated with MS [9].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
7. Stratton CW, Wheldon DB. Multiple sclerosis: an infectious syndrome involving Chlamydophila pneumoniae.. Trends Microbiol. (2006) 14(11):474-9.<br />
<br />
8. Stratton CW, Sriram S. Association of Chlamydia pneumoniae with central nervous system disease.. Microbes Infect. (2003) 5(13):1249-1253.<br />
<br />
9. Sriram S, Yao S, Mitchell WM, Calibresi P, Stratton CW, Ikejima H, Yamamoto Y. Comparative study of the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cerebrospinal fluid from clinically definite and monosympomatic muliple sclerosis patinets. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology )2003) 9:1332-1337.<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ 10. The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ 11. Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm 12. Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=19082Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-05T22:35:35Z<p>Icho: /* Species */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' [6].<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species [1,5].<br />
<br />
[[Image:Mature_rb.gif|thumb|300px|right|Image of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' courtesy of [http://www.ncbi./nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=77 Michael Ward.]]]<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours [7].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs. The infection rate between genders have been equal and there is no bias toward one gender or the other.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:chlamgrowthcycle.gif|thumb|300px|right|Image of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' courtesy of [http://www.ncbi./nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=77 chlamydia.com]]]<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
There are two observations in which multiple sclerosis (MS)is known to cause disease. The first observation sudden death of oligodendrites by the degredation of the myelin sheath. Another observation is that many bacteria, including ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', have been closely associated with MS. The mechanism of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the human body is discussed [7].<br />
<br />
There is a hypothesis that carotid disease symptomatology is closely related to the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''. Carotid disease was tested alongside the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' to see if they are in correlation with each other. It turns out that Cerebrovascular disease is strongly related to not only the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' and a factor called the TNF-alpha factor [8].<br />
<br />
It has been widely accepted that the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is very closely related to multiple sclerosis (MS). In order to test and reproof this thought, scientists ran PCR checks and DNA extraction methods on those with multiple sclerosis. After these checks, it was indeed proved that the high concentration of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the CSF is associated with MS [9].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
7. Stratton CW, Wheldon DB. Multiple sclerosis: an infectious syndrome involving Chlamydophila pneumoniae.. Trends Microbiol. (2006) 14(11):474-9.<br />
<br />
8. Stratton CW, Sriram S. Association of Chlamydia pneumoniae with central nervous system disease.. Microbes Infect. (2003) 5(13):1249-1253.<br />
<br />
9. Sriram S, Yao S, Mitchell WM, Calibresi P, Stratton CW, Ikejima H, Yamamoto Y. Comparative study of the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cerebrospinal fluid from clinically definite and monosympomatic muliple sclerosis patinets. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology )2003) 9:1332-1337.<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ 10. The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ 11. Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm 12. Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=18951Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-05T19:23:50Z<p>Icho: /* Ecology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Fig12amats.gif|thumb|300px|right|Image of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' courtesy of [http://www.ncbi./nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=77 Prof. A. Matsumoto.]]]<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' [6].<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species [1,5].<br />
<br />
[[Image:Mature_rb.gif|thumb|300px|right|Image of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' courtesy of [http://www.ncbi./nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=77 Michael Ward.]]]<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours [7].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs. The infection rate between genders have been equal and there is no bias toward one gender or the other.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:chlamgrowthcycle.gif|thumb|300px|right|Image of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' courtesy of [http://www.ncbi./nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=77 chlamydia.com]]]<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
There are two observations in which multiple sclerosis (MS)is known to cause disease. The first observation sudden death of oligodendrites by the degredation of the myelin sheath. Another observation is that many bacteria, including ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', have been closely associated with MS. The mechanism of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the human body is discussed [7].<br />
<br />
There is a hypothesis that carotid disease symptomatology is closely related to the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''. Carotid disease was tested alongside the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' to see if they are in correlation with each other. It turns out that Cerebrovascular disease is strongly related to not only the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' and a factor called the TNF-alpha factor [8].<br />
<br />
It has been widely accepted that the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is very closely related to multiple sclerosis (MS). In order to test and reproof this thought, scientists ran PCR checks and DNA extraction methods on those with multiple sclerosis. After these checks, it was indeed proved that the high concentration of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the CSF is associated with MS [9].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
7. Stratton CW, Wheldon DB. Multiple sclerosis: an infectious syndrome involving Chlamydophila pneumoniae.. Trends Microbiol. (2006) 14(11):474-9.<br />
<br />
8. Stratton CW, Sriram S. Association of Chlamydia pneumoniae with central nervous system disease.. Microbes Infect. (2003) 5(13):1249-1253.<br />
<br />
9. Sriram S, Yao S, Mitchell WM, Calibresi P, Stratton CW, Ikejima H, Yamamoto Y. Comparative study of the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cerebrospinal fluid from clinically definite and monosympomatic muliple sclerosis patinets. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology )2003) 9:1332-1337.<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ 10. The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ 11. Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm 12. Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=18942Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-05T19:21:48Z<p>Icho: /* Genome Structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Fig12amats.gif|thumb|300px|right|Image of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' courtesy of [http://www.ncbi./nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=77 Prof. A. Matsumoto.]]]<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' [6].<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species [1,5].<br />
<br />
[[Image:Mature_rb.gif|thumb|300px|right|Image of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' courtesy of [http://www.ncbi./nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=77 Michael Ward.]]]<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours [7].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs. The infection rate between genders have been equal and there is no bias toward one gender or the other.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
There are two observations in which multiple sclerosis (MS)is known to cause disease. The first observation sudden death of oligodendrites by the degredation of the myelin sheath. Another observation is that many bacteria, including ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', have been closely associated with MS. The mechanism of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the human body is discussed [7].<br />
<br />
There is a hypothesis that carotid disease symptomatology is closely related to the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''. Carotid disease was tested alongside the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' to see if they are in correlation with each other. It turns out that Cerebrovascular disease is strongly related to not only the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' and a factor called the TNF-alpha factor [8].<br />
<br />
It has been widely accepted that the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is very closely related to multiple sclerosis (MS). In order to test and reproof this thought, scientists ran PCR checks and DNA extraction methods on those with multiple sclerosis. After these checks, it was indeed proved that the high concentration of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the CSF is associated with MS [9].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
7. Stratton CW, Wheldon DB. Multiple sclerosis: an infectious syndrome involving Chlamydophila pneumoniae.. Trends Microbiol. (2006) 14(11):474-9.<br />
<br />
8. Stratton CW, Sriram S. Association of Chlamydia pneumoniae with central nervous system disease.. Microbes Infect. (2003) 5(13):1249-1253.<br />
<br />
9. Sriram S, Yao S, Mitchell WM, Calibresi P, Stratton CW, Ikejima H, Yamamoto Y. Comparative study of the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cerebrospinal fluid from clinically definite and monosympomatic muliple sclerosis patinets. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology )2003) 9:1332-1337.<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ 10. The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ 11. Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm 12. Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=18941Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-05T19:21:41Z<p>Icho: /* Cell Structure and Metabolism */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Fig12amats.gif|thumb|300px|right|Image of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' courtesy of [http://www.ncbi./nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=77 Prof. A. Matsumoto.]]]<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' [6].<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species [1,5].<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours [7].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs. The infection rate between genders have been equal and there is no bias toward one gender or the other.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
There are two observations in which multiple sclerosis (MS)is known to cause disease. The first observation sudden death of oligodendrites by the degredation of the myelin sheath. Another observation is that many bacteria, including ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', have been closely associated with MS. The mechanism of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the human body is discussed [7].<br />
<br />
There is a hypothesis that carotid disease symptomatology is closely related to the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''. Carotid disease was tested alongside the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' to see if they are in correlation with each other. It turns out that Cerebrovascular disease is strongly related to not only the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' and a factor called the TNF-alpha factor [8].<br />
<br />
It has been widely accepted that the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is very closely related to multiple sclerosis (MS). In order to test and reproof this thought, scientists ran PCR checks and DNA extraction methods on those with multiple sclerosis. After these checks, it was indeed proved that the high concentration of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the CSF is associated with MS [9].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
7. Stratton CW, Wheldon DB. Multiple sclerosis: an infectious syndrome involving Chlamydophila pneumoniae.. Trends Microbiol. (2006) 14(11):474-9.<br />
<br />
8. Stratton CW, Sriram S. Association of Chlamydia pneumoniae with central nervous system disease.. Microbes Infect. (2003) 5(13):1249-1253.<br />
<br />
9. Sriram S, Yao S, Mitchell WM, Calibresi P, Stratton CW, Ikejima H, Yamamoto Y. Comparative study of the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cerebrospinal fluid from clinically definite and monosympomatic muliple sclerosis patinets. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology )2003) 9:1332-1337.<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ 10. The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ 11. Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm 12. Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=18939Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-05T19:21:16Z<p>Icho: /* Cell Structure and Metabolism */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Fig12amats.gif|thumb|300px|right|Image of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' courtesy of [http://www.ncbi./nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=77 Prof. A. Matsumoto.]]]<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' [6].<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species [1,5].<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours [7].<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Mature_rb.gif|thumb|300px|right|Image of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' courtesy of [http://www.ncbi./nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=77 Prof. A. Matsumoto.]]]<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs. The infection rate between genders have been equal and there is no bias toward one gender or the other.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
There are two observations in which multiple sclerosis (MS)is known to cause disease. The first observation sudden death of oligodendrites by the degredation of the myelin sheath. Another observation is that many bacteria, including ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', have been closely associated with MS. The mechanism of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the human body is discussed [7].<br />
<br />
There is a hypothesis that carotid disease symptomatology is closely related to the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''. Carotid disease was tested alongside the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' to see if they are in correlation with each other. It turns out that Cerebrovascular disease is strongly related to not only the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' and a factor called the TNF-alpha factor [8].<br />
<br />
It has been widely accepted that the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is very closely related to multiple sclerosis (MS). In order to test and reproof this thought, scientists ran PCR checks and DNA extraction methods on those with multiple sclerosis. After these checks, it was indeed proved that the high concentration of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the CSF is associated with MS [9].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
7. Stratton CW, Wheldon DB. Multiple sclerosis: an infectious syndrome involving Chlamydophila pneumoniae.. Trends Microbiol. (2006) 14(11):474-9.<br />
<br />
8. Stratton CW, Sriram S. Association of Chlamydia pneumoniae with central nervous system disease.. Microbes Infect. (2003) 5(13):1249-1253.<br />
<br />
9. Sriram S, Yao S, Mitchell WM, Calibresi P, Stratton CW, Ikejima H, Yamamoto Y. Comparative study of the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cerebrospinal fluid from clinically definite and monosympomatic muliple sclerosis patinets. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology )2003) 9:1332-1337.<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ 10. The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ 11. Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm 12. Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=18935Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-05T19:20:34Z<p>Icho: /* Species */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Fig12amats.gif|thumb|300px|right|Image of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' courtesy of [http://www.ncbi./nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=77 Prof. A. Matsumoto.]]]<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' [6].<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species [1,5].<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours [7].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs. The infection rate between genders have been equal and there is no bias toward one gender or the other.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
There are two observations in which multiple sclerosis (MS)is known to cause disease. The first observation sudden death of oligodendrites by the degredation of the myelin sheath. Another observation is that many bacteria, including ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', have been closely associated with MS. The mechanism of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the human body is discussed [7].<br />
<br />
There is a hypothesis that carotid disease symptomatology is closely related to the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''. Carotid disease was tested alongside the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' to see if they are in correlation with each other. It turns out that Cerebrovascular disease is strongly related to not only the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' and a factor called the TNF-alpha factor [8].<br />
<br />
It has been widely accepted that the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is very closely related to multiple sclerosis (MS). In order to test and reproof this thought, scientists ran PCR checks and DNA extraction methods on those with multiple sclerosis. After these checks, it was indeed proved that the high concentration of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the CSF is associated with MS [9].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
7. Stratton CW, Wheldon DB. Multiple sclerosis: an infectious syndrome involving Chlamydophila pneumoniae.. Trends Microbiol. (2006) 14(11):474-9.<br />
<br />
8. Stratton CW, Sriram S. Association of Chlamydia pneumoniae with central nervous system disease.. Microbes Infect. (2003) 5(13):1249-1253.<br />
<br />
9. Sriram S, Yao S, Mitchell WM, Calibresi P, Stratton CW, Ikejima H, Yamamoto Y. Comparative study of the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cerebrospinal fluid from clinically definite and monosympomatic muliple sclerosis patinets. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology )2003) 9:1332-1337.<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ 10. The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ 11. Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm 12. Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=18933Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-05T19:20:16Z<p>Icho: /* Species */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Fig2amats.gif|thumb|300px|right|Image of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' courtesy of [http://www.ncbi./nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=77 Prof. A. Matsumoto.]]]<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' [6].<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species [1,5].<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours [7].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs. The infection rate between genders have been equal and there is no bias toward one gender or the other.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
There are two observations in which multiple sclerosis (MS)is known to cause disease. The first observation sudden death of oligodendrites by the degredation of the myelin sheath. Another observation is that many bacteria, including ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', have been closely associated with MS. The mechanism of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the human body is discussed [7].<br />
<br />
There is a hypothesis that carotid disease symptomatology is closely related to the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''. Carotid disease was tested alongside the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' to see if they are in correlation with each other. It turns out that Cerebrovascular disease is strongly related to not only the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' and a factor called the TNF-alpha factor [8].<br />
<br />
It has been widely accepted that the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is very closely related to multiple sclerosis (MS). In order to test and reproof this thought, scientists ran PCR checks and DNA extraction methods on those with multiple sclerosis. After these checks, it was indeed proved that the high concentration of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the CSF is associated with MS [9].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
7. Stratton CW, Wheldon DB. Multiple sclerosis: an infectious syndrome involving Chlamydophila pneumoniae.. Trends Microbiol. (2006) 14(11):474-9.<br />
<br />
8. Stratton CW, Sriram S. Association of Chlamydia pneumoniae with central nervous system disease.. Microbes Infect. (2003) 5(13):1249-1253.<br />
<br />
9. Sriram S, Yao S, Mitchell WM, Calibresi P, Stratton CW, Ikejima H, Yamamoto Y. Comparative study of the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cerebrospinal fluid from clinically definite and monosympomatic muliple sclerosis patinets. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology )2003) 9:1332-1337.<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ 10. The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ 11. Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm 12. Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=18923Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-05T19:18:25Z<p>Icho: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' [6].<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species [1,5].<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours [7].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs. The infection rate between genders have been equal and there is no bias toward one gender or the other.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
There are two observations in which multiple sclerosis (MS)is known to cause disease. The first observation sudden death of oligodendrites by the degredation of the myelin sheath. Another observation is that many bacteria, including ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', have been closely associated with MS. The mechanism of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the human body is discussed [7].<br />
<br />
There is a hypothesis that carotid disease symptomatology is closely related to the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''. Carotid disease was tested alongside the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' to see if they are in correlation with each other. It turns out that Cerebrovascular disease is strongly related to not only the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' and a factor called the TNF-alpha factor [8].<br />
<br />
It has been widely accepted that the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is very closely related to multiple sclerosis (MS). In order to test and reproof this thought, scientists ran PCR checks and DNA extraction methods on those with multiple sclerosis. After these checks, it was indeed proved that the high concentration of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the CSF is associated with MS [9].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
7. Stratton CW, Wheldon DB. Multiple sclerosis: an infectious syndrome involving Chlamydophila pneumoniae.. Trends Microbiol. (2006) 14(11):474-9.<br />
<br />
8. Stratton CW, Sriram S. Association of Chlamydia pneumoniae with central nervous system disease.. Microbes Infect. (2003) 5(13):1249-1253.<br />
<br />
9. Sriram S, Yao S, Mitchell WM, Calibresi P, Stratton CW, Ikejima H, Yamamoto Y. Comparative study of the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cerebrospinal fluid from clinically definite and monosympomatic muliple sclerosis patinets. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology )2003) 9:1332-1337.<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ 10. The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ 11. Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm 12. Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=18916Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-05T19:14:40Z<p>Icho: /* Current Research */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' [6].<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species [1,5].<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours [7].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs. The infection rate between genders have been equal and there is no bias toward one gender or the other.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
There are two observations in which multiple sclerosis (MS)is known to cause disease. The first observation sudden death of oligodendrites by the degredation of the myelin sheath. Another observation is that many bacteria, including ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', have been closely associated with MS. The mechanism of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the human body is discussed [7].<br />
<br />
There is a hypothesis that carotid disease symptomatology is closely related to the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''. Carotid disease was tested alongside the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' to see if they are in correlation with each other. It turns out that Cerebrovascular disease is strongly related to not only the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' and a factor called the TNF-alpha factor [8].<br />
<br />
It has been widely accepted that the presence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is very closely related to multiple sclerosis (MS). In order to test and reproof this thought, scientists ran PCR checks and DNA extraction methods on those with multiple sclerosis. After these checks, it was indeed proved that the high concentration of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' in the CSF is associated with MS [9].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ 7. The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ 8. Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm 9. Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=18864Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-05T19:03:00Z<p>Icho: /* Current Research */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' [6].<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species [1,5].<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours [7].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs. The infection rate between genders have been equal and there is no bias toward one gender or the other.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
The concept of autoimmune myelinopathy as the primary pathology in multiple sclerosis (MS) is problematic. Vasculitis is seen in the MS brain, both within lesions and in adjacent normal-appearing white matter. The first observation in acute relapse is the sudden, orderly death of oligodendrocytes; inflammatory removal of unsupported myelin seems to be a secondary process. An alternative explanation for these findings is that oligodendrocyte infection might trigger an inflammatory response. Many pathogens, including Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae, have been associated with MS. MS might be an infectious syndrome in which C. pneumoniae has a role in a subset of patients. Mechanisms by which such a cryptic infection could engender relapsing–remitting and, ultimately, progressive disease patterns are discussed.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ 7. The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ 8. Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm 9. Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=18855Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-05T18:59:27Z<p>Icho: /* Ecology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' [6].<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species [1,5].<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours [7].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs. The infection rate between genders have been equal and there is no bias toward one gender or the other.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ 7. The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ 8. Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm 9. Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=14105Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-04T08:53:17Z<p>Icho: /* Species */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' [6].<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species [1,5].<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours [7].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ 7. The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ 8. Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm 9. Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=14104Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-04T08:53:07Z<p>Icho: /* Species */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
\\[[Image:Fig12amats.gif|thumb|300px|right|Chlamydophila pneumoniae, courtesy of \\[http://www.chlamydiae.com/docs/biology/biol_EB.asp Prof. A. Matsumoto]]]<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' [6].<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species [1,5].<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours [7].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ 7. The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ 8. Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm 9. Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=14099Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-04T08:52:35Z<p>Icho: /* Species */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
[[Image:Fig12amats.gif|thumb|300px|right|Chlamydophila pneumoniae, courtesy of [http://www.chlamydiae.com/docs/biology/biol_EB.asp Prof. A. Matsumoto]]]<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' [6].<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species [1,5].<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours [7].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ 7. The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ 8. Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm 9. Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=14093Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-04T08:50:52Z<p>Icho: /* Species */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
[[Image:Fig2amats.gif|thumb|300px|right|Chlamydophila pneumoniae, courtesy of [http://www.chlamydiae.com/docs/biology/biol_EB.asp Prof. A. Matsumoto]]]<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' [6].<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species [1,5].<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours [7].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ 7. The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ 8. Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm 9. Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=File:Mature_rb.gif&diff=14089File:Mature rb.gif2007-06-04T08:49:33Z<p>Icho: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=File:Fig12amats.gif&diff=14088File:Fig12amats.gif2007-06-04T08:49:21Z<p>Icho: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=File:Chlamgrowthcycle.gif&diff=14087File:Chlamgrowthcycle.gif2007-06-04T08:49:09Z<p>Icho: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=14086Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-04T08:47:06Z<p>Icho: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' [6].<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species [1,5].<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours [7].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ 7. The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ 8. Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm 9. Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=13914Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-04T07:07:16Z<p>Icho: /* Cell Structure and Metabolism */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' [6].<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species [1,5].<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours [7].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ 7. The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ 8. Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm 9. Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=13912Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-04T07:07:00Z<p>Icho: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' [6].<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species [1,5].<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ 7. The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ 8. Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm 9. Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=13906Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-04T07:05:36Z<p>Icho: /* Genome Structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' [6].<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species [1,5].<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=13904Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-04T07:04:41Z<p>Icho: /* Genome Structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' [6].<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species [1].<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=13902Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-04T07:04:18Z<p>Icho: /* Description and Significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' [6].<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=13900Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-04T07:04:07Z<p>Icho: /* Description and Significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' (6).<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=13898Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-04T07:03:49Z<p>Icho: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
6. Grayston, J T., Kuo, C. C., Campbell, L. A. & Wang, S. P. Chlamydia pneumoniae sp-nov for Chlamydia sp strain TWAR. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (1989) 39:88 - 90.<br />
<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=13887Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-04T06:56:25Z<p>Icho: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3724806&dopt=Abstract 6. Grayston, J. T., Kuo, C. C., Wang, S. P. & Altman, J. A new Chlamydia psittaci strain, TWAR, isolated in acute respiratory tract infections. New England Journal of Medicine. (1986) 315:19161 - 168.]<br />
<br />
<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=13886Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-04T06:56:10Z<p>Icho: /* Current Research */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=13860Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-04T06:43:23Z<p>Icho: /* Current Research */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 1. Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 2. Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract 3. Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal. (1998) 11:345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 4. Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 5. Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3724806&dopt=Abstract 6. Grayston, J. T., Kuo, C. C., Wang, S. P. & Altman, J. A new Chlamydia psittaci strain, TWAR, isolated in acute respiratory tract infections. New England Journal of Medicine. (1986) 315:19161 - 168.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=13857Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-04T06:38:43Z<p>Icho: /* Current Research */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. (1998). Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal 11, 345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3724806&dopt=Abstract Grayston, J. T., Kuo, C. C., Wang, S. P. & Altman, J. (1986). A new Chlamydia psittaci strain, TWAR, isolated in acute respiratory tract infections. New England Journal of Medicine 315, 161 - 168.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=13853Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-04T06:37:13Z<p>Icho: /* Description and Significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced into the family: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. (1998). Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal 11, 345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=13851Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-04T06:36:54Z<p>Icho: /* Description and Significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, after finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. (1998). Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal 11, 345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=13849Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-04T06:36:33Z<p>Icho: /* Description and Significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
Before more advanced research tools that compared DNA and antigenic material were invented, there was only one genus under the family ''Chlamydiaceae''. That genus was ''Chlamydia''. However, After finding very different DNA and antigenic material, another genus was introduced: ''Chlamydophila'' which means "Clamydia-like". Thus, the previously named ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' was renamed ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. (1998). Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal 11, 345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=13815Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-04T06:26:09Z<p>Icho: /* Description and Significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infection, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. (1998). Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal 11, 345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=13792Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-04T06:18:29Z<p>Icho: /* Current Research */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, bronchitis, respiratory infection, heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. (1998). Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal 11, 345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=13790Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-04T06:17:57Z<p>Icho: /* Current Research */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, bronchitis, respiratory infection, heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9551736&dopt=Abstract<br />
Cunningham, A. F., Johnston, S. L., Julious, S. A., Lampe, F. C. Ward, M. E. (1998). Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and asthma exacerbations in children. European Respiratory Journal 11, 345 - 349.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=13400Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-04T01:22:10Z<p>Icho: /* Description and Significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, bronchitis, respiratory infection, heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is therefore dependent on the health of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=13398Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-06-04T01:20:27Z<p>Icho: /* Description and Significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, bronchitis, respiratory infection, heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is thus dependent on the integrity of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=10671Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-05-07T06:18:55Z<p>Icho: /* Application to Biotechnology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, gram negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, bronchitis, respiratory infection, heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is thus dependent on the integrity of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin, doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=10301Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-05-03T17:19:06Z<p>Icho: /* Pathology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, gram negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, bronchitis, respiratory infection, heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is thus dependent on the integrity of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed into cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=10300Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-05-03T17:18:53Z<p>Icho: /* Pathology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, gram negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, bronchitis, respiratory infection, heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is thus dependent on the integrity of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is phagtocytosed by endosomes in cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=10297Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-05-03T17:18:31Z<p>Icho: /* Pathology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, gram negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, bronchitis, respiratory infection, heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is thus dependent on the integrity of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is taken in by endosomes in cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=10277Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-05-03T17:14:20Z<p>Icho: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, gram negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, bronchitis, respiratory infection, heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is thus dependent on the integrity of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is taken in by endosomes in lung cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=10276Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-05-03T17:14:10Z<p>Icho: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, gram negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, bronchitis, respiratory infection, heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is thus dependent on the integrity of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is taken in by endosomes in lung cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=10273Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-05-03T17:13:45Z<p>Icho: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, gram negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, bronchitis, respiratory infection, heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is thus dependent on the integrity of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is taken in by endosomes in lung cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
[http://www.immuno-sci-lab.com/html/chlamydia_pneumoniae.html The Role of Chlamydia Pneumoniae<br />
in Atherosclerosis]<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=10270Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-05-03T17:13:07Z<p>Icho: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, gram negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, bronchitis, respiratory infection, heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is thus dependent on the integrity of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is taken in by endosomes in lung cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The Comprehensive Reference and Education Site to Chlamydia and the Chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
[http://www.immuno-sci-lab.com/html/chlamydia_pneumoniae.html The Role of Chlamydia Pneumoniae<br />
in Atherosclerosis]<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Ichohttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlamydophila_pneumoniae&diff=10268Chlamydophila pneumoniae2007-05-03T17:12:45Z<p>Icho: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Chlamydiae; Order: Chlamydiales; Genus: Chlamydophila; Species: C. pneumoniae; <br />
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=83558&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a species of rod-shaped, gram negative bacteria that is known to be a major cause of pneumonia, bronchitis, respiratory infection, heart disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. It is an airborne bacteria and about 50% of adults in the United States have evidence of previous infection by the age of 20. Similar to viruses, ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is a parasitic organism that cannot reproduce outside of the host cell and is thus dependent on the integrity of the host cell for survival.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
The gene sequence of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029'', the strain most common in the United States, has been fully sequenced, as with many other strains, in 1999. The genome contains 1,230,230 base pairs of circular DNA. There are 1,052 protein genes and 43 RNA genes. There are no plasmids that have been identified as of yet with this species.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' exists in a stationary, non-infectious state inbetween hosts known as a elementary body (EB). Although the elementary body is not infectious, it has the ability to withstand environmental stresses until it reaches a new host where it transforms into a reticulate body (RB). The bacteria undergoes aerobic respiration. ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' has an incubation period from 7-21 days within it's host and divides every 2-3 hours.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is known and is seen in human hosts all around the world. Many studies have been conducted in the United States and Japan. It was shown that these two isolated strains of ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 (Japan)'' and ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL029 (US)'' are very similar to each other in overall function, with only a difference in about 3,600 base pairs.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
The elementary form of the bacteria is transferred via small water droplets into another host's lungs where it is taken in by endosomes in lung cells. Once the elementary body is taken in, it transforms into the reticulate body, where it replicates itself within the cell. With numerous copies of itself within the cell, the reticulate body reverts back to its elementary form, lyses the cell, and begins the cycle of infection again. Being a mesophile, the optimum temperature of replication of this bacteria is 37 degrees Celsius.<br />
<br />
''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is also known to infect reptiles such as snakes, iguanas, frogs, turtles, and mammals such as koalas.<br />
<br />
Symptoms include dry cough, fatigue, pain the side of the chest, fever, loss of appetite, and aches.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Although ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae'' is not known to produce any useful enzymes or compounds directly, because of its widespread infection world-wide, antibiotics against this bacteria have been produced indirectly. However, these antibiotics are only shown to be useful in the very early stages of infection. Three types of antibiotics that are commonly used are azithromycin doxycycline, and clarithromycin.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10871362 Shirai, M., Hirakawa, H., Kimoto, M., Tabuchi, M., Kishi, F., Ouchi, K., Shiba, T., Ishii, K., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., and Nakazawa, T. "Comparison of whole genome sequences of Chlamydia pneumoniae J138 from Japan and CWL029 from USA." Nucleic Acids Res.(2000) 28:2311-2314.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10319462 Everett, K.D., Bush, R.M., Andersen, A.A. "Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1999) 49:415-440..]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8102247 Fukushi, H., and Hirai, K. "Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of rRNA as genetic markers to differentiate Chlamydia spp." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:613-617.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=8347519 Gaydos, C.A., Palmer, L., Quinn, T.C., Falkow, S., and Eiden, J.J. "Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences." Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. (1993) 43:610-612.]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[http://www.chlamydiae.com/ The comprehensive reference and education site to Chlamydia and the chlamydiae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cpnhelp.org/ Chlamydia Pneumoniae Help and Treatment]<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/chlamydiapneumonia_t.htm Center of Disease Control and Prevention]<br />
<br />
[http://www.immuno-sci-lab.com/html/chlamydia_pneumoniae.html The Role of Chlamydia Pneumoniae<br />
in Atherosclerosis]<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div>Icho