https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Ladell&feedformat=atommicrobewiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T08:33:25ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132324Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-08T20:34:42Z<p>Ladell: /* Habitat Information */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
Date: September 6, 2017<br />
<br><br />
Humidity: 37%<br />
<br><br />
Air Temp: 82 F<br />
<br><br />
24 Hr Rainfall: 0<br />
<br><br />
Pressure: 1017.3 mb at sea level<br />
<br><br />
Wind 4am: 2.06 mph<br />
<br><br />
Wind 4pm: 2.77mph<br />
<br><br />
Solar Radiation: 22.49 mJ/m2<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
At 6.3 million base pairs [http://vertassets.blob.core.windows.net/image/6a49c891/6a49c891-7ec0-11d4-8c5d-009027de0829/image1.jpg]- coding for 5,570 genes - this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced primarily due to its complexity, rather than any significant number of gene duplications. Fluorescent microscopy has verified that chromosomes within this bacterium are located longitudinally with replication forks located primarily in the middle of the cell. In addition, DNA supercoiling (over- or under-winding of a DNA strand) allows these chromosomes to fit into the nucleoid within the cell - this particular organization can strongly affect DNA metabolism and even gene expression.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
S Ribosomal sequence: Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1 <br />
<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is typically found in water and soil environments with an ability to infect a variety of hosts, including plants, invertebrates as well as humans. Given its adaptability, it is considered one of the top three opportunistic pathogens and is known for a wide range of virulence factors. It requires very little in regards to nutrition and while it prefers to grow in the presence of oxygen, it is a facultative anaerobe that can utilize nitrate (NO3) as an electron acceptor. P. aeruginosa has capsules, produces biofilms and is motile using a single, polar flagellum [https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2015%2f5%2fCDC_image_-_PLEASE_CREDIT.jpg]<br />
<br> which adds to its virulence allowing it to evade the body’s immune response. In addition, it utilizes pili and protease enzymes to attach to epithelial cells while also produceing extracellular toxins Exoenzyme S (induces apoptosis) and Exotoxin A (most toxic virulence factor) to invade host cells.<br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Biochemical characteristics and Enzymes Made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. "Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen". 2000. [https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079]<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br><br />
7. Vallet-Gely, Isabelle. "Chromosomal Organization and Segregation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa". 2013. [http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003492]<br />
<br><br />
8. Weigel, Christoph. "Chromosome Organization the Pseudomonas Way, Part 1". 2014. [http://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2014/10/chromosome-organization-the-pseudomonas-way-part-1.html]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Krause, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132322Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-08T20:34:22Z<p>Ladell: /* Habitat Information */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
Date: September 6, 2017<br />
<br><br />
Humidity: 37%<br />
<br><br />
Air Temp: 82 F<br />
<br><br />
24 Hr Rainfall: 0<br />
<br><br />
Pressure: 1017.3 mb at sea level<br />
<br><br />
Wind 4am: 2.06 mpg<br />
<br><br />
Wind 4pm: 2.77mph<br />
<br><br />
Solar Radiation: 22.49 mJ/m2<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
At 6.3 million base pairs [http://vertassets.blob.core.windows.net/image/6a49c891/6a49c891-7ec0-11d4-8c5d-009027de0829/image1.jpg]- coding for 5,570 genes - this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced primarily due to its complexity, rather than any significant number of gene duplications. Fluorescent microscopy has verified that chromosomes within this bacterium are located longitudinally with replication forks located primarily in the middle of the cell. In addition, DNA supercoiling (over- or under-winding of a DNA strand) allows these chromosomes to fit into the nucleoid within the cell - this particular organization can strongly affect DNA metabolism and even gene expression.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
S Ribosomal sequence: Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1 <br />
<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is typically found in water and soil environments with an ability to infect a variety of hosts, including plants, invertebrates as well as humans. Given its adaptability, it is considered one of the top three opportunistic pathogens and is known for a wide range of virulence factors. It requires very little in regards to nutrition and while it prefers to grow in the presence of oxygen, it is a facultative anaerobe that can utilize nitrate (NO3) as an electron acceptor. P. aeruginosa has capsules, produces biofilms and is motile using a single, polar flagellum [https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2015%2f5%2fCDC_image_-_PLEASE_CREDIT.jpg]<br />
<br> which adds to its virulence allowing it to evade the body’s immune response. In addition, it utilizes pili and protease enzymes to attach to epithelial cells while also produceing extracellular toxins Exoenzyme S (induces apoptosis) and Exotoxin A (most toxic virulence factor) to invade host cells.<br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Biochemical characteristics and Enzymes Made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. "Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen". 2000. [https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079]<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br><br />
7. Vallet-Gely, Isabelle. "Chromosomal Organization and Segregation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa". 2013. [http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003492]<br />
<br><br />
8. Weigel, Christoph. "Chromosome Organization the Pseudomonas Way, Part 1". 2014. [http://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2014/10/chromosome-organization-the-pseudomonas-way-part-1.html]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Krause, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132321Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-08T20:33:26Z<p>Ladell: /* Habitat Information */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
Humidity: 37%<br />
<br><br />
Air Temp: 82 F<br />
<br><br />
24 Hr Rainfall: 0<br />
<br><br />
Pressure: 1017.3 mb at sea level<br />
<br><br />
Wind 4am: 2.06 mpg<br />
<br><br />
Wind 4pm: 2.77mph<br />
<br><br />
Solar Radiation: 22.49 mJ/m2<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
At 6.3 million base pairs [http://vertassets.blob.core.windows.net/image/6a49c891/6a49c891-7ec0-11d4-8c5d-009027de0829/image1.jpg]- coding for 5,570 genes - this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced primarily due to its complexity, rather than any significant number of gene duplications. Fluorescent microscopy has verified that chromosomes within this bacterium are located longitudinally with replication forks located primarily in the middle of the cell. In addition, DNA supercoiling (over- or under-winding of a DNA strand) allows these chromosomes to fit into the nucleoid within the cell - this particular organization can strongly affect DNA metabolism and even gene expression.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
S Ribosomal sequence: Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1 <br />
<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is typically found in water and soil environments with an ability to infect a variety of hosts, including plants, invertebrates as well as humans. Given its adaptability, it is considered one of the top three opportunistic pathogens and is known for a wide range of virulence factors. It requires very little in regards to nutrition and while it prefers to grow in the presence of oxygen, it is a facultative anaerobe that can utilize nitrate (NO3) as an electron acceptor. P. aeruginosa has capsules, produces biofilms and is motile using a single, polar flagellum [https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2015%2f5%2fCDC_image_-_PLEASE_CREDIT.jpg]<br />
<br> which adds to its virulence allowing it to evade the body’s immune response. In addition, it utilizes pili and protease enzymes to attach to epithelial cells while also produceing extracellular toxins Exoenzyme S (induces apoptosis) and Exotoxin A (most toxic virulence factor) to invade host cells.<br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Biochemical characteristics and Enzymes Made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. "Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen". 2000. [https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079]<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br><br />
7. Vallet-Gely, Isabelle. "Chromosomal Organization and Segregation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa". 2013. [http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003492]<br />
<br><br />
8. Weigel, Christoph. "Chromosome Organization the Pseudomonas Way, Part 1". 2014. [http://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2014/10/chromosome-organization-the-pseudomonas-way-part-1.html]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Krause, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132319Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-08T20:32:22Z<p>Ladell: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
Humidity: 37%<br />
Air Temp: 82 F<br />
24 Hr Rainfall: 0<br />
Pressure: 1017.3 mb at sea level<br />
Wind 4am: 2.06 mpg<br />
Wind 4pm: 2.77mph<br />
Solar Radiation: <br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
At 6.3 million base pairs [http://vertassets.blob.core.windows.net/image/6a49c891/6a49c891-7ec0-11d4-8c5d-009027de0829/image1.jpg]- coding for 5,570 genes - this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced primarily due to its complexity, rather than any significant number of gene duplications. Fluorescent microscopy has verified that chromosomes within this bacterium are located longitudinally with replication forks located primarily in the middle of the cell. In addition, DNA supercoiling (over- or under-winding of a DNA strand) allows these chromosomes to fit into the nucleoid within the cell - this particular organization can strongly affect DNA metabolism and even gene expression.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
S Ribosomal sequence: Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1 <br />
<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is typically found in water and soil environments with an ability to infect a variety of hosts, including plants, invertebrates as well as humans. Given its adaptability, it is considered one of the top three opportunistic pathogens and is known for a wide range of virulence factors. It requires very little in regards to nutrition and while it prefers to grow in the presence of oxygen, it is a facultative anaerobe that can utilize nitrate (NO3) as an electron acceptor. P. aeruginosa has capsules, produces biofilms and is motile using a single, polar flagellum [https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2015%2f5%2fCDC_image_-_PLEASE_CREDIT.jpg]<br />
<br> which adds to its virulence allowing it to evade the body’s immune response. In addition, it utilizes pili and protease enzymes to attach to epithelial cells while also produceing extracellular toxins Exoenzyme S (induces apoptosis) and Exotoxin A (most toxic virulence factor) to invade host cells.<br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Biochemical characteristics and Enzymes Made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. "Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen". 2000. [https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079]<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br><br />
7. Vallet-Gely, Isabelle. "Chromosomal Organization and Segregation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa". 2013. [http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003492]<br />
<br><br />
8. Weigel, Christoph. "Chromosome Organization the Pseudomonas Way, Part 1". 2014. [http://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2014/10/chromosome-organization-the-pseudomonas-way-part-1.html]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Krause, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132244Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-08T17:03:40Z<p>Ladell: /* Genome Structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
At 6.3 million base pairs [http://vertassets.blob.core.windows.net/image/6a49c891/6a49c891-7ec0-11d4-8c5d-009027de0829/image1.jpg]- coding for 5,570 genes - this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced primarily due to its complexity, rather than any significant number of gene duplications. Fluorescent microscopy has verified that chromosomes within this bacterium are located longitudinally with replication forks located primarily in the middle of the cell. In addition, DNA supercoiling (over- or under-winding of a DNA strand) allows these chromosomes to fit into the nucleoid within the cell - this particular organization can strongly affect DNA metabolism and even gene expression.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
S Ribosomal sequence: Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1 <br />
<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is typically found in water and soil environments with an ability to infect a variety of hosts, including plants, invertebrates as well as humans. Given its adaptability, it is considered one of the top three opportunistic pathogens and is known for a wide range of virulence factors. It requires very little in regards to nutrition and while it prefers to grow in the presence of oxygen, it is a facultative anaerobe that can utilize nitrate (NO3) as an electron acceptor. P. aeruginosa has capsules, produces biofilms and is motile using a single, polar flagellum [https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2015%2f5%2fCDC_image_-_PLEASE_CREDIT.jpg]<br />
<br> which adds to its virulence allowing it to evade the body’s immune response. In addition, it utilizes pili and protease enzymes to attach to epithelial cells while also produceing extracellular toxins Exoenzyme S (induces apoptosis) and Exotoxin A (most toxic virulence factor) to invade host cells.<br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Biochemical characteristics and Enzymes Made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. "Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen". 2000. [https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079]<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br><br />
7. Vallet-Gely, Isabelle. "Chromosomal Organization and Segregation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa". 2013. [http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003492]<br />
<br><br />
8. Weigel, Christoph. "Chromosome Organization the Pseudomonas Way, Part 1". 2014. [http://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2014/10/chromosome-organization-the-pseudomonas-way-part-1.html]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Krause, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132243Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-08T17:03:23Z<p>Ladell: /* Genome Structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
At 6.3 million base pairs [[File:http://vertassets.blob.core.windows.net/image/6a49c891/6a49c891-7ec0-11d4-8c5d-009027de0829/image1.jpg]]- coding for 5,570 genes - this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced primarily due to its complexity, rather than any significant number of gene duplications. Fluorescent microscopy has verified that chromosomes within this bacterium are located longitudinally with replication forks located primarily in the middle of the cell. In addition, DNA supercoiling (over- or under-winding of a DNA strand) allows these chromosomes to fit into the nucleoid within the cell - this particular organization can strongly affect DNA metabolism and even gene expression.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
S Ribosomal sequence: Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1 <br />
<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is typically found in water and soil environments with an ability to infect a variety of hosts, including plants, invertebrates as well as humans. Given its adaptability, it is considered one of the top three opportunistic pathogens and is known for a wide range of virulence factors. It requires very little in regards to nutrition and while it prefers to grow in the presence of oxygen, it is a facultative anaerobe that can utilize nitrate (NO3) as an electron acceptor. P. aeruginosa has capsules, produces biofilms and is motile using a single, polar flagellum [https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2015%2f5%2fCDC_image_-_PLEASE_CREDIT.jpg]<br />
<br> which adds to its virulence allowing it to evade the body’s immune response. In addition, it utilizes pili and protease enzymes to attach to epithelial cells while also produceing extracellular toxins Exoenzyme S (induces apoptosis) and Exotoxin A (most toxic virulence factor) to invade host cells.<br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Biochemical characteristics and Enzymes Made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. "Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen". 2000. [https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079]<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br><br />
7. Vallet-Gely, Isabelle. "Chromosomal Organization and Segregation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa". 2013. [http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003492]<br />
<br><br />
8. Weigel, Christoph. "Chromosome Organization the Pseudomonas Way, Part 1". 2014. [http://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2014/10/chromosome-organization-the-pseudomonas-way-part-1.html]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Krause, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132242Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-08T16:59:03Z<p>Ladell: /* Description and Significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
At 6.3 million base pairs - coding for 5,570 genes - this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced primarily due to its complexity, rather than any significant number of gene duplications. Fluorescent microscopy has verified that chromosomes within this bacterium are located longitudinally with replication forks located primarily in the middle of the cell. In addition, DNA supercoiling (over- or under-winding of a DNA strand) allows these chromosomes to fit into the nucleoid within the cell - this particular organization can strongly affect DNA metabolism and even gene expression.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
S Ribosomal sequence: Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1 <br />
<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is typically found in water and soil environments with an ability to infect a variety of hosts, including plants, invertebrates as well as humans. Given its adaptability, it is considered one of the top three opportunistic pathogens and is known for a wide range of virulence factors. It requires very little in regards to nutrition and while it prefers to grow in the presence of oxygen, it is a facultative anaerobe that can utilize nitrate (NO3) as an electron acceptor. P. aeruginosa has capsules, produces biofilms and is motile using a single, polar flagellum [https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2015%2f5%2fCDC_image_-_PLEASE_CREDIT.jpg]<br />
<br> which adds to its virulence allowing it to evade the body’s immune response. In addition, it utilizes pili and protease enzymes to attach to epithelial cells while also produceing extracellular toxins Exoenzyme S (induces apoptosis) and Exotoxin A (most toxic virulence factor) to invade host cells.<br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Biochemical characteristics and Enzymes Made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. "Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen". 2000. [https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079]<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br><br />
7. Vallet-Gely, Isabelle. "Chromosomal Organization and Segregation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa". 2013. [http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003492]<br />
<br><br />
8. Weigel, Christoph. "Chromosome Organization the Pseudomonas Way, Part 1". 2014. [http://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2014/10/chromosome-organization-the-pseudomonas-way-part-1.html]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Krause, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132241Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-08T16:58:46Z<p>Ladell: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|left| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
At 6.3 million base pairs - coding for 5,570 genes - this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced primarily due to its complexity, rather than any significant number of gene duplications. Fluorescent microscopy has verified that chromosomes within this bacterium are located longitudinally with replication forks located primarily in the middle of the cell. In addition, DNA supercoiling (over- or under-winding of a DNA strand) allows these chromosomes to fit into the nucleoid within the cell - this particular organization can strongly affect DNA metabolism and even gene expression.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
S Ribosomal sequence: Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1 <br />
<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is typically found in water and soil environments with an ability to infect a variety of hosts, including plants, invertebrates as well as humans. Given its adaptability, it is considered one of the top three opportunistic pathogens and is known for a wide range of virulence factors. It requires very little in regards to nutrition and while it prefers to grow in the presence of oxygen, it is a facultative anaerobe that can utilize nitrate (NO3) as an electron acceptor. P. aeruginosa has capsules, produces biofilms and is motile using a single, polar flagellum [https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2015%2f5%2fCDC_image_-_PLEASE_CREDIT.jpg]<br />
<br> which adds to its virulence allowing it to evade the body’s immune response. In addition, it utilizes pili and protease enzymes to attach to epithelial cells while also produceing extracellular toxins Exoenzyme S (induces apoptosis) and Exotoxin A (most toxic virulence factor) to invade host cells.<br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Biochemical characteristics and Enzymes Made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. "Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen". 2000. [https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079]<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br><br />
7. Vallet-Gely, Isabelle. "Chromosomal Organization and Segregation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa". 2013. [http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003492]<br />
<br><br />
8. Weigel, Christoph. "Chromosome Organization the Pseudomonas Way, Part 1". 2014. [http://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2014/10/chromosome-organization-the-pseudomonas-way-part-1.html]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Krause, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132240Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-08T16:56:14Z<p>Ladell: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
At 6.3 million base pairs - coding for 5,570 genes - this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced primarily due to its complexity, rather than any significant number of gene duplications. Fluorescent microscopy has verified that chromosomes within this bacterium are located longitudinally with replication forks located primarily in the middle of the cell. In addition, DNA supercoiling (over- or under-winding of a DNA strand) allows these chromosomes to fit into the nucleoid within the cell - this particular organization can strongly affect DNA metabolism and even gene expression.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
S Ribosomal sequence: Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1 <br />
<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is typically found in water and soil environments with an ability to infect a variety of hosts, including plants, invertebrates as well as humans. Given its adaptability, it is considered one of the top three opportunistic pathogens and is known for a wide range of virulence factors. It requires very little in regards to nutrition and while it prefers to grow in the presence of oxygen, it is a facultative anaerobe that can utilize nitrate (NO3) as an electron acceptor. P. aeruginosa has capsules, produces biofilms and is motile using a single, polar flagellum [https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2015%2f5%2fCDC_image_-_PLEASE_CREDIT.jpg]<br />
<br> which adds to its virulence allowing it to evade the body’s immune response. In addition, it utilizes pili and protease enzymes to attach to epithelial cells while also produceing extracellular toxins Exoenzyme S (induces apoptosis) and Exotoxin A (most toxic virulence factor) to invade host cells.<br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Biochemical characteristics and Enzymes Made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. "Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen". 2000. [https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079]<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br><br />
7. Vallet-Gely, Isabelle. "Chromosomal Organization and Segregation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa". 2013. [http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003492]<br />
<br><br />
8. Weigel, Christoph. "Chromosome Organization the Pseudomonas Way, Part 1". 2014. [http://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2014/10/chromosome-organization-the-pseudomonas-way-part-1.html]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Krause, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132238Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-08T16:55:33Z<p>Ladell: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
At 6.3 million base pairs - coding for 5,570 genes - this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced primarily due to its complexity, rather than any significant number of gene duplications. Fluorescent microscopy has verified that chromosomes within this bacterium are located longitudinally with replication forks located primarily in the middle of the cell. In addition, DNA supercoiling (over- or under-winding of a DNA strand) allows these chromosomes to fit into the nucleoid within the cell - this particular organization can strongly affect DNA metabolism and even gene expression.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
S Ribosomal sequence: Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1 <br />
<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is typically found in water and soil environments with an ability to infect a variety of hosts, including plants, invertebrates as well as humans. Given its adaptability, it is considered one of the top three opportunistic pathogens and is known for a wide range of virulence factors. <br />
<br />
<br />
It requires very little in regards to nutrition and while it prefers to grow in the presence of oxygen, it is a facultative anaerobe that can utilize nitrate (NO3) as an electron acceptor. <br />
<br />
<br />
P. aeruginosa has capsules, produces biofilms and is motile using a single, polar flagellum which adds to its virulence allowing it to evade the body’s immune response. In addition, it utilizes pili and protease enzymes to attach to epithelial cells while also produceing extracellular toxins Exoenzyme S (induces apoptosis) and Exotoxin A (most toxic virulence factor) to invade host cells.<br />
<br />
[https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2015%2f5%2fCDC_image_-_PLEASE_CREDIT.jpg]<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Biochemical characteristics and Enzymes Made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. "Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen". 2000. [https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079]<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br><br />
7. Vallet-Gely, Isabelle. "Chromosomal Organization and Segregation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa". 2013. [http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003492]<br />
<br><br />
8. Weigel, Christoph. "Chromosome Organization the Pseudomonas Way, Part 1". 2014. [http://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2014/10/chromosome-organization-the-pseudomonas-way-part-1.html]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Krause, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132237Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-08T16:55:15Z<p>Ladell: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
At 6.3 million base pairs - coding for 5,570 genes - this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced primarily due to its complexity, rather than any significant number of gene duplications. Fluorescent microscopy has verified that chromosomes within this bacterium are located longitudinally with replication forks located primarily in the middle of the cell. In addition, DNA supercoiling (over- or under-winding of a DNA strand) allows these chromosomes to fit into the nucleoid within the cell - this particular organization can strongly affect DNA metabolism and even gene expression.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
S Ribosomal sequence: Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1 <br />
<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is typically found in water and soil environments with an ability to infect a variety of hosts, including plants, invertebrates as well as humans. Given its adaptability, it is considered one of the top three opportunistic pathogens and is known for a wide range of virulence factors. <br />
<br><br />
It requires very little in regards to nutrition and while it prefers to grow in the presence of oxygen, it is a facultative anaerobe that can utilize nitrate (NO3) as an electron acceptor. <br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa has capsules, produces biofilms and is motile using a single, polar flagellum which adds to its virulence allowing it to evade the body’s immune response. In addition, it utilizes pili and protease enzymes to attach to epithelial cells while also produceing extracellular toxins Exoenzyme S (induces apoptosis) and Exotoxin A (most toxic virulence factor) to invade host cells.<br />
<br />
[https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2015%2f5%2fCDC_image_-_PLEASE_CREDIT.jpg]<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Biochemical characteristics and Enzymes Made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. "Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen". 2000. [https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079]<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br><br />
7. Vallet-Gely, Isabelle. "Chromosomal Organization and Segregation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa". 2013. [http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003492]<br />
<br><br />
8. Weigel, Christoph. "Chromosome Organization the Pseudomonas Way, Part 1". 2014. [http://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2014/10/chromosome-organization-the-pseudomonas-way-part-1.html]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Krause, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132236Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-08T16:54:53Z<p>Ladell: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
At 6.3 million base pairs - coding for 5,570 genes - this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced primarily due to its complexity, rather than any significant number of gene duplications. Fluorescent microscopy has verified that chromosomes within this bacterium are located longitudinally with replication forks located primarily in the middle of the cell. In addition, DNA supercoiling (over- or under-winding of a DNA strand) allows these chromosomes to fit into the nucleoid within the cell - this particular organization can strongly affect DNA metabolism and even gene expression.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
S Ribosomal sequence: Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1 <br />
<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is typically found in water and soil environments with an ability to infect a variety of hosts, including plants, invertebrates as well as humans. Given its adaptability, it is considered one of the top three opportunistic pathogens and is known for a wide range of virulence factors. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
It requires very little in regards to nutrition and while it prefers to grow in the presence of oxygen, it is a facultative anaerobe that can utilize nitrate (NO3) as an electron acceptor. <br />
<br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa has capsules, produces biofilms and is motile using a single, polar flagellum which adds to its virulence allowing it to evade the body’s immune response. In addition, it utilizes pili and protease enzymes to attach to epithelial cells while also produceing extracellular toxins Exoenzyme S (induces apoptosis) and Exotoxin A (most toxic virulence factor) to invade host cells.<br />
<br />
[https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2015%2f5%2fCDC_image_-_PLEASE_CREDIT.jpg]<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Biochemical characteristics and Enzymes Made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. "Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen". 2000. [https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079]<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br><br />
7. Vallet-Gely, Isabelle. "Chromosomal Organization and Segregation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa". 2013. [http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003492]<br />
<br><br />
8. Weigel, Christoph. "Chromosome Organization the Pseudomonas Way, Part 1". 2014. [http://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2014/10/chromosome-organization-the-pseudomonas-way-part-1.html]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Krause, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132234Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-08T16:53:02Z<p>Ladell: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
At 6.3 million base pairs - coding for 5,570 genes - this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced primarily due to its complexity, rather than any significant number of gene duplications. Fluorescent microscopy has verified that chromosomes within this bacterium are located longitudinally with replication forks located primarily in the middle of the cell. In addition, DNA supercoiling (over- or under-winding of a DNA strand) allows these chromosomes to fit into the nucleoid within the cell - this particular organization can strongly affect DNA metabolism and even gene expression.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
S Ribosomal sequence: Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1 <br />
<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is typically found in water and soil environments with an ability to infect a variety of hosts, including plants, invertebrates as well as humans. Given its adaptability, it is considered one of the top three opportunistic pathogens and is known for a wide range of virulence factors. <br />
<br><br />
It requires very little in regards to nutrition and while it prefers to grow in the presence of oxygen, it is a facultative anaerobe that can utilize nitrate (NO3) as an electron acceptor. <br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa has capsules, produces biofilms and is motile using a single, polar flagellum which adds to its virulence allowing it to evade the body’s immune response. In addition, it utilizes pili and protease enzymes to attach to epithelial cells while also produceing extracellular toxins Exoenzyme S (induces apoptosis) and Exotoxin A (most toxic virulence factor) to invade host cells.<br />
<br />
[https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2015%2f5%2fCDC_image_-_PLEASE_CREDIT.jpg]<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Biochemical characteristics and Enzymes Made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. "Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen". 2000. [https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079]<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br><br />
7. Vallet-Gely, Isabelle. "Chromosomal Organization and Segregation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa". 2013. [http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003492]<br />
<br><br />
8. Weigel, Christoph. "Chromosome Organization the Pseudomonas Way, Part 1". 2014. [http://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2014/10/chromosome-organization-the-pseudomonas-way-part-1.html]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Krause, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132233Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-08T16:52:27Z<p>Ladell: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
At 6.3 million base pairs - coding for 5,570 genes - this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced primarily due to its complexity, rather than any significant number of gene duplications. Fluorescent microscopy has verified that chromosomes within this bacterium are located longitudinally with replication forks located primarily in the middle of the cell. In addition, DNA supercoiling (over- or under-winding of a DNA strand) allows these chromosomes to fit into the nucleoid within the cell - this particular organization can strongly affect DNA metabolism and even gene expression.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
S Ribosomal sequence: Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1 <br />
<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is typically found in water and soil environments with an ability to infect a variety of hosts, including plants, invertebrates as well as humans. Given its adaptability, it is considered one of the top three opportunistic pathogens and is known for a wide range of virulence factors. <br />
<br />
It requires very little in regards to nutrition and while it prefers to grow in the presence of oxygen, it is a facultative anaerobe that can utilize nitrate (NO3) as an electron acceptor. <br />
<br />
P. aeruginosa has capsules, produces biofilms and is motile using a single, polar flagellum which adds to its virulence allowing it to evade the body’s immune response. In addition, it utilizes pili and protease enzymes to attach to epithelial cells while also produceing extracellular toxins Exoenzyme S (induces apoptosis) and Exotoxin A (most toxic virulence factor) to invade host cells.<br />
<br />
[https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2015%2f5%2fCDC_image_-_PLEASE_CREDIT.jpg]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Biochemical characteristics and Enzymes Made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. "Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen". 2000. [https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079]<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br><br />
7. Vallet-Gely, Isabelle. "Chromosomal Organization and Segregation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa". 2013. [http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003492]<br />
<br><br />
8. Weigel, Christoph. "Chromosome Organization the Pseudomonas Way, Part 1". 2014. [http://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2014/10/chromosome-organization-the-pseudomonas-way-part-1.html]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Krause, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132232Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-08T16:50:32Z<p>Ladell: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
At 6.3 million base pairs - coding for 5,570 genes - this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced primarily due to its complexity, rather than any significant number of gene duplications. Fluorescent microscopy has verified that chromosomes within this bacterium are located longitudinally with replication forks located primarily in the middle of the cell. In addition, DNA supercoiling (over- or under-winding of a DNA strand) allows these chromosomes to fit into the nucleoid within the cell - this particular organization can strongly affect DNA metabolism and even gene expression.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
S Ribosomal sequence: Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1 <br />
<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock<br />
<br />
[https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2015%2f5%2fCDC_image_-_PLEASE_CREDIT.jpg]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Biochemical characteristics and Enzymes Made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. "Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen". 2000. [https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079]<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br><br />
7. Vallet-Gely, Isabelle. "Chromosomal Organization and Segregation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa". 2013. [http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003492]<br />
<br><br />
8. Weigel, Christoph. "Chromosome Organization the Pseudomonas Way, Part 1". 2014. [http://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2014/10/chromosome-organization-the-pseudomonas-way-part-1.html]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Krause, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132231Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-08T16:49:40Z<p>Ladell: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
At 6.3 million base pairs - coding for 5,570 genes - this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced primarily due to its complexity, rather than any significant number of gene duplications. Fluorescent microscopy has verified that chromosomes within this bacterium are located longitudinally with replication forks located primarily in the middle of the cell. In addition, DNA supercoiling (over- or under-winding of a DNA strand) allows these chromosomes to fit into the nucleoid within the cell - this particular organization can strongly affect DNA metabolism and even gene expression.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
S Ribosomal sequence: Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1 <br />
<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock<br />
<br />
[https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2015%2f5%2fCDC_image_-_PLEASE_CREDIT.jpg]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Biochemical characteristics and Enzymes Made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. "Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen". 2000. [https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079]<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br><br />
7. Vallet-Gely, Isabelle. "Chromosomal Organization and Segregation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa". 2013. [http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003492]<br />
<br><br />
8. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_supercoil#Occurrence_of_DNA_supercoiling]<br />
<br><br />
9. Weigel, Christoph. "Chromosome Organization the Pseudomonas Way, Part 1". 2014. [http://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2014/10/chromosome-organization-the-pseudomonas-way-part-1.html]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Krause, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132229Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-08T16:46:24Z<p>Ladell: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
At 6.3 million base pairs - coding for 5,570 genes - this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced primarily due to its complexity, rather than any significant number of gene duplications. Fluorescent microscopy has verified that chromosomes within this bacterium are located longitudinally with replication forks located primarily in the middle of the cell. In addition, DNA supercoiling (over- or under-winding of a DNA strand) allows these chromosomes to fit into the nucleoid within the cell - this particular organization can strongly affect DNA metabolism and even gene expression.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
S Ribosomal sequence: Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1 <br />
<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock<br />
<br />
[https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2015%2f5%2fCDC_image_-_PLEASE_CREDIT.jpg]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Biochemical characteristics and Enzymes Made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br><br />
7. Vallet-Gely, Isabelle. "Chromosomal Organization and Segregation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa". 2013. http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003492<br />
<br><br />
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_supercoil#Occurrence_of_DNA_supercoiling<br />
<br><br />
9. http://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2014/10/chromosome-organization-the-pseudomonas-way-part-1.html<br />
<br><br />
10. https://web.mst.edu/~microbio/BIO221_2009/P_aeruginosa.html<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Krause, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132228Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-08T16:42:55Z<p>Ladell: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
At 6.3 million base pairs - coding for 5,570 genes - this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced primarily due to its complexity, rather than any significant number of gene duplications. Fluorescent microscopy has verified that chromosomes within this bacterium are located longitudinally with replication forks located primarily in the middle of the cell. In addition, DNA supercoiling (over- or under-winding of a DNA strand) allows these chromosomes to fit into the nucleoid within the cell - this particular organization can strongly affect DNA metabolism and even gene expression.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
S Ribosomal sequence: Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1 <br />
<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock<br />
<br />
[https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2015%2f5%2fCDC_image_-_PLEASE_CREDIT.jpg]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Biochemical characteristics and Enzymes Made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br><br />
7. http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1003492<br />
<br><br />
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_supercoil#Occurrence_of_DNA_supercoiling<br />
<br><br />
9. http://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2014/10/chromosome-organization-the-pseudomonas-way-part-1.html<br />
<br><br />
10. https://web.mst.edu/~microbio/BIO221_2009/P_aeruginosa.html<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Krause, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132223Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-08T16:30:58Z<p>Ladell: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
At 6.3 million base pairs - coding for 5,570 genes - this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced primarily due to its complexity, rather than any significant number of gene duplications. Fluorescent microscopy has verified that chromosomes within this bacterium are located longitudinally with replication forks located primarily in the middle of the cell. In addition, DNA supercoiling (over- or under-winding of a DNA strand) allows these chromosomes to fit into the nucleoid within the cell - this particular organization can strongly affect DNA metabolism and even gene expression.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
S Ribosomal sequence: Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1 <br />
<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock<br />
<br />
[https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2015%2f5%2fCDC_image_-_PLEASE_CREDIT.jpg]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Biochemical characteristics and Enzymes Made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Krause, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132221Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-08T16:29:58Z<p>Ladell: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
At 6.3 million base pairs - coding for 5,570 genes - this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced primarily due to its complexity, rather than any significant number of gene duplications. Fluorescent microscopy has verified that chromosomes within this bacterium are located longitudinally with replication forks located primarily in the middle of the cell. In addition, DNA supercoiling (over- or under-winding of a DNA strand) allows these chromosomes to fit into the nucleoid within the cell. This particular organization can strongly affect DNA metabolism and even gene expression.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
S Ribosomal sequence: Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1 <br />
<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock<br />
<br />
[https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2015%2f5%2fCDC_image_-_PLEASE_CREDIT.jpg]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Biochemical characteristics and Enzymes Made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Krause, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132219Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-08T15:35:23Z<p>Ladell: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
At 6.3 million base pairs, this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced. <br />
<br />
S Ribosomal sequence:<br />
Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT<br />
GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC<br />
AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA<br />
GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA<br />
CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC<br />
CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC<br />
GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG<br />
CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG<br />
ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC<br />
NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock<br />
<br />
[https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2015%2f5%2fCDC_image_-_PLEASE_CREDIT.jpg]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Biochemical characteristics and Enzymes Made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Krause, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132081Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-07T02:38:18Z<p>Ladell: /* Author */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
At 6.3 million base pairs, this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced. <br />
<br />
S Ribosomal sequence:<br />
Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT<br />
GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC<br />
AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA<br />
GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA<br />
CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC<br />
CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC<br />
GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG<br />
CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG<br />
ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC<br />
NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Biochemical characteristics and Enzymes Made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Krause, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132080Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-07T02:37:43Z<p>Ladell: /* Physiology and Pathogenesis */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
At 6.3 million base pairs, this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced. <br />
<br />
S Ribosomal sequence:<br />
Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT<br />
GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC<br />
AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA<br />
GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA<br />
CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC<br />
CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC<br />
GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG<br />
CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG<br />
ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC<br />
NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Biochemical characteristics and Enzymes Made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Kelinske, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132079Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-07T02:34:27Z<p>Ladell: /* Description and Significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
At 6.3 million base pairs, this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced. <br />
<br />
S Ribosomal sequence:<br />
Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT<br />
GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC<br />
AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA<br />
GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA<br />
CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC<br />
CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC<br />
GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG<br />
CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG<br />
ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC<br />
NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Identifying biochemical characteristics and enzymes made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? <br><br><br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Kelinske, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132078Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-07T02:33:50Z<p>Ladell: /* Description and Significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant.<br />
<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|center| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] At the cellular level, ''P. aeruginosa'' is a Gram Negative bacilli. At the colonial level, ''P. aeruginosa'' colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
At 6.3 million base pairs, this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced. <br />
<br />
S Ribosomal sequence:<br />
Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT<br />
GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC<br />
AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA<br />
GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA<br />
CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC<br />
CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC<br />
GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG<br />
CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG<br />
ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC<br />
NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Identifying biochemical characteristics and enzymes made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? <br><br><br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Kelinske, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132077Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-07T02:28:48Z<p>Ladell: /* Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant.<br />
<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
At 6.3 million base pairs, this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced. <br />
<br />
S Ribosomal sequence:<br />
Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT<br />
GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC<br />
AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA<br />
GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA<br />
CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC<br />
CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC<br />
GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG<br />
CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG<br />
ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC<br />
NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Identifying biochemical characteristics and enzymes made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? <br><br><br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Kelinske, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132076Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-07T02:26:50Z<p>Ladell: /* Description and Significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant.<br />
<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary. (1)<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
At 6.3 million base pairs, this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced. <br />
<br />
S Ribosomal sequence:<br />
Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT<br />
GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC<br />
AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA<br />
GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA<br />
CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC<br />
CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC<br />
GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG<br />
CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG<br />
ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC<br />
NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|left| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] <br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Identifying biochemical characteristics and enzymes made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? <br><br><br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Kelinske, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132075Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-07T02:25:57Z<p>Ladell: /* Physiology and Pathogenesis */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant.<br />
<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
At 6.3 million base pairs, this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced. <br />
<br />
S Ribosomal sequence:<br />
Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT<br />
GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC<br />
AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA<br />
GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA<br />
CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC<br />
CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC<br />
GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG<br />
CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG<br />
ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC<br />
NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|left| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] <br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Identifying biochemical characteristics and enzymes made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|right| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? <br><br><br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Kelinske, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132074Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-07T02:20:29Z<p>Ladell: /* Physiology and Pathogenesis */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant.<br />
<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
At 6.3 million base pairs, this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced. <br />
<br />
S Ribosomal sequence:<br />
Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT<br />
GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC<br />
AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA<br />
GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA<br />
CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC<br />
CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC<br />
GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG<br />
CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG<br />
ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC<br />
NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|left| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] <br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Identifying biochemical characteristics and enzymes made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|left| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? <br><br><br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! MR-VP Tests<br />
| Negative MR: does not ferment glucose. Negative VP: does not use butylene glycol pathway<br />
|-<br />
! Nitrate Reduction Test<br />
| Positive: denitrification took place<br />
|-<br />
! Hektoen Enteric Agar<br />
| Negative: Non-Lactose Fermenting (NLF)<br />
|-<br />
! MacConkey Agar<br />
| Negative: NLF<br />
|-<br />
! Oxidase Test<br />
| Negative: does not produce cytochrome oxidase<br />
|-<br />
! Eosin Methylene Blue Agar<br />
| Weak positive: Indicates weak lactose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment lactose.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Arganine<br />
| Positive: produces arginine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Lysine<br />
| Negative: does not produce lysine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Decarboxylation Test: Ornithine<br />
| Negative: does not produce ornithine decarboxylase<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Blood Agar<br />
| Alpha hydrolysis: partial hemolysis<br />
|-<br />
! Bacitracin & Optichin Susceptibility <br />
| Negative: Neither inhibited growth<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar <br />
| Very slow growth: not a Gram Positive organism<br />
|-<br />
! Mannitol Salt Agar <br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! 6.5% Salt Tolerance Test<br />
| Negative: Inhibited by salt<br />
|-<br />
! Bile Esculin Test<br />
| Negative: does not hydrolyze esculin<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Kelinske, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132073Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-07T01:49:50Z<p>Ladell: /* Physiology and Pathogenesis */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant.<br />
<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
At 6.3 million base pairs, this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced. <br />
<br />
S Ribosomal sequence:<br />
Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT<br />
GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC<br />
AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA<br />
GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA<br />
CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC<br />
CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC<br />
GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG<br />
CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG<br />
ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC<br />
NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|left| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] <br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Identifying biochemical characteristics and enzymes made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|left| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? <br><br><br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction. Indole production: negative<br />
|-<br />
! TSI Test<br />
| K/NC, H2S: Negative fermentation, Positive H2S reduction<br />
|-<br />
! Citrate Test<br />
| Positive: Citrate as a carbon source<br />
|-<br />
! Urease Test<br />
| Negative: no Urease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Kelinske, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132072Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-07T01:32:15Z<p>Ladell: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant.<br />
<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
At 6.3 million base pairs, this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced. <br />
<br />
S Ribosomal sequence:<br />
Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT<br />
GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC<br />
AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA<br />
GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA<br />
CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC<br />
CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC<br />
GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG<br />
CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG<br />
ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC<br />
NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|left| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] <br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Identifying biochemical characteristics and enzymes made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|left| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? <br><br><br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Gram Stain<br />
| Negative<br />
|-<br />
! Motility Test<br />
| Positive<br />
|-<br />
! Gelatinase Test<br />
| Positive: produces gelatinase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! DNA Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Negative: no deoxyribonuclease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Lipid Hydrolysis Test<br />
| Positive: Presence of Lipase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Glucose<br />
| Orange (shows some glucose fermentation, though ''P .aeruginosa'' does not ferment glucose.)<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Sucrose<br />
| Red: no Sucrose fermentation<br />
|-<br />
! Phenol Red Lactose<br />
| Red: no Lactose fermentation.<br />
|-<br />
! Starch Hydrolysis<br />
| Negative: no Amylase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Casein Hydrolysis<br />
| Positive: Casease enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! SIM Medium<br />
| Positive for Motility and Sulfur Reduction.<br />
|-<br />
! Phenylalanine Deaminase<br />
| Negative: no Deaminase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
! Catalase Test<br />
| Positive: Catalase enzyme<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Kelinske, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132071Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-07T01:05:26Z<p>Ladell: /* Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant.<br />
<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
At 6.3 million base pairs, this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced. <br />
<br />
S Ribosomal sequence:<br />
Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT<br />
GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC<br />
AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA<br />
GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA<br />
CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC<br />
CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC<br />
GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG<br />
CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG<br />
ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC<br />
NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|left| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] <br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Identifying biochemical characteristics and enzymes made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|left| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? <br><br><br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Kelinske, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=File:GramNeg.jpg&diff=132070File:GramNeg.jpg2017-12-07T01:04:59Z<p>Ladell: Ladell uploaded a new version of File:GramNeg.jpg</p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132069Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-07T00:54:22Z<p>Ladell: /* Physiology and Pathogenesis */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant.<br />
<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
At 6.3 million base pairs, this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced. <br />
<br />
S Ribosomal sequence:<br />
Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT<br />
GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC<br />
AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA<br />
GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA<br />
CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC<br />
CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC<br />
GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG<br />
CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG<br />
ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC<br />
NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|left| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] <br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Identifying biochemical characteristics and enzymes made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|left| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? <br><br><br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Kelinske, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132068Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-07T00:53:22Z<p>Ladell: /* Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant.<br />
<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
At 6.3 million base pairs, this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced. <br />
<br />
S Ribosomal sequence:<br />
Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT<br />
GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC<br />
AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA<br />
GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA<br />
CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC<br />
CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC<br />
GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG<br />
CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG<br />
ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC<br />
NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|left| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] <br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock<br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Identifying biochemical characteristics and enzymes made'''<br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|left| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] <br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|left| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? <br><br><br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Kelinske, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132067Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-07T00:52:13Z<p>Ladell: /* Physiology and Pathogenesis */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant.<br />
<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
At 6.3 million base pairs, this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced. <br />
<br />
S Ribosomal sequence:<br />
Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT<br />
GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC<br />
AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA<br />
GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA<br />
CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC<br />
CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC<br />
GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG<br />
CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG<br />
ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC<br />
NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock <br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Identifying biochemical characteristics and enzymes made'''<br />
[[Image: GramNeg.jpg|thumb|left| Gram Stain: Gram Negative Rods]] <br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|left| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? <br><br><br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Kelinske, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=File:GramNeg.jpg&diff=132066File:GramNeg.jpg2017-12-07T00:51:43Z<p>Ladell: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132065Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-07T00:49:26Z<p>Ladell: /* Physiology and Pathogenesis */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant.<br />
<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
At 6.3 million base pairs, this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced. <br />
<br />
S Ribosomal sequence:<br />
Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT<br />
GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC<br />
AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA<br />
GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA<br />
CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC<br />
CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC<br />
GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG<br />
CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG<br />
ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC<br />
NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock <br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Identifying biochemical characteristics and enzymes made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
[[Image: MacConkeyneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative MacConkey Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Hektoenentericneg.jpg|thumb|left| Negative Hektoen Enteric Agar Test]]<br />
[[Image: Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg|thumb|left| Weak Positive Eosin Methylene Blue Test. However, multiple other tests showed that lactose is not fermented by ''P. aeruginosa''.]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? <br><br><br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Kelinske, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=File:Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg&diff=132064File:Eosinmethyleneblueweakpos.jpg2017-12-07T00:47:34Z<p>Ladell: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=File:Hektoenentericneg.jpg&diff=132063File:Hektoenentericneg.jpg2017-12-07T00:46:02Z<p>Ladell: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=File:MacConkeyneg.jpg&diff=132062File:MacConkeyneg.jpg2017-12-07T00:44:58Z<p>Ladell: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132061Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-07T00:41:15Z<p>Ladell: /* Physiology and Pathogenesis */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant.<br />
<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
At 6.3 million base pairs, this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced. <br />
<br />
S Ribosomal sequence:<br />
Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT<br />
GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC<br />
AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA<br />
GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA<br />
CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC<br />
CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC<br />
GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG<br />
CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG<br />
ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC<br />
NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock <br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Identifying biochemical characteristics and enzymes made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]] <br />
[[Image: Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg|thumb|center| Negative Phenylalanine Deaminase Test]] <br />
[[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|right| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? <br><br><br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Kelinske, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=File:Phenylalanine_deaminase_neg.jpg&diff=132060File:Phenylalanine deaminase neg.jpg2017-12-07T00:38:56Z<p>Ladell: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132059Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-07T00:36:50Z<p>Ladell: /* Physiology and Pathogenesis */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant.<br />
<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
At 6.3 million base pairs, this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced. <br />
<br />
S Ribosomal sequence:<br />
Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT<br />
GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC<br />
AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA<br />
GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA<br />
CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC<br />
CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC<br />
GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG<br />
CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG<br />
ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC<br />
NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock <br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Identifying biochemical characteristics and enzymes made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]][[Image: Catalasepos.jpg|thumb|| Positive Catalase Test]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? <br><br><br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Kelinske, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=File:Catalasepos.jpg&diff=132058File:Catalasepos.jpg2017-12-07T00:35:24Z<p>Ladell: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132057Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-07T00:35:06Z<p>Ladell: /* Physiology and Pathogenesis */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant.<br />
<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
At 6.3 million base pairs, this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced. <br />
<br />
S Ribosomal sequence:<br />
Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT<br />
GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC<br />
AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA<br />
GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA<br />
CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC<br />
CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC<br />
GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG<br />
CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG<br />
ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC<br />
NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock <br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Identifying biochemical characteristics and enzymes made'''<br />
[[Image: Motilitypos.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? <br><br><br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Kelinske, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=File:Motilitypos.jpg&diff=132056File:Motilitypos.jpg2017-12-07T00:34:28Z<p>Ladell: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=File:20171206_185213.jpg&diff=132055File:20171206 185213.jpg2017-12-06T23:56:19Z<p>Ladell: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132054Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-06T23:45:44Z<p>Ladell: /* Physiology and Pathogenesis */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant.<br />
<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
At 6.3 million base pairs, this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced. <br />
<br />
S Ribosomal sequence:<br />
Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT<br />
GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC<br />
AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA<br />
GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA<br />
CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC<br />
CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC<br />
GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG<br />
CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG<br />
ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC<br />
NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock <br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Identifying biochemical characteristics and enzymes made'''<br />
[[Image: 20171206 183137.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? <br><br><br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Kelinske, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladellhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Unknown:_P._aeruginosa&diff=132053Soil Unknown: P. aeruginosa2017-12-06T23:45:24Z<p>Ladell: /* Physiology and Pathogenesis */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Domain<br />
| Bacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Phylum<br />
| Proteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Class<br />
| Gammaproteobacteria<br />
|-<br />
! Order<br />
| Pseudomonadales<br />
|-<br />
! Family<br />
| Pseudomonadaceae<br />
|-<br />
! Genus<br />
| Pseudomonas<br />
|-<br />
! Species Group<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa group<br />
|-<br />
! Species<br />
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| border="1"<br />
! Genus species: <br />
|''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Habitat Information ==<br />
The organism was isolated from 1 gram of a soil sample gathered from a park in the Barton Creek Landing complex in Travis County. In general, P. aeruginosa can be found in soil, decaying organic matter, and a variety of moist environments, including swimming pools, hot tubs, sponges, washcloths, and contact lens solutions (1).<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant.<br />
<br />
'''Appearance'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa colonies appear to be of small to moderate, irregular, pulvinate and smooth. When incubated at 30 degrees celsius, the colonies have a small amount of orange pigmentation. When incubated at 37 degrees celsius, the colonies have gray pigmentation, as well as blue-green extracellular pigmentation:<br />
<br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa30.jpg|thumb|left| 30 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] [[Image: P.aeruginosa37.jpg|thumb|center| 37 degree incubation of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Antimicrobial Activity'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
A study published in the ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials'' concluded that ''P. aeruginosa''-derived extracellular compounds such as phenazines have inhibitory effects against MRSA. A synergic effect was observed when combined with silver nanoparticles produced by Fusarium oxysporum (2).<br />
<br><br />
[[Image: Phenazine&MRSA.jpg|thumb|center|''P. aeruginosa''-derived phenazine and MRSA.]]<br />
<br><br />
Strain PR3 of P. aeruginosa has been found to have antifungal properties, inhibiting both Candida albicans and rice blast fungus (3.)<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
'''Significance of organism'''<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
[[Image: P.aeruginosa_burn_victim.jpg|left|]]<br />
''Psuedomonas aeruginosa'' is a rare opportunist because it cannot penetrate the intact, natural defenses of the skin. Susceptible potential victims include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Those with cystic fibrosis have a higher risk of acquiring a ''P. aeruginosa'' lung infection. <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
''P. aeruginosa'' is the most common microorganism seen in burn victims, and the microbe typically grows underneath the scab-like crust that naturally forms over a severe burn. Once established, it kills cells and destroys tissues. Large infections can be diagnosed due to the microbe's blue-green pyocyanin pigment. If ''P. aeruginosa'' invades the bloodstream, severe symptoms including fever, chills and shock can result <br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
In general, a penicillin and an aminoglycoside are simultaneously used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections. To treat a ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in a burn patient, debridement and administration of antimicrobial drugs are necessary.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
At 6.3 million base pairs, this is the largest bacterial genome sequenced. <br />
<br />
S Ribosomal sequence:<br />
Group_2R-ACC_primer_-_reverse_D07.ab1<br />
NNNNNNANNNNNNNCNNCCTGTNACTCTGTCCCCGAAGGGAAAGCCCTATCTCTAGGGTTGTCAGAGGATGTCAAGACCT<br />
GGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCTTCGAATTAAACCACATGCTCCACCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCTTTGAGTTTC<br />
AGTCTTGCGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTA<br />
GCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCACGCTTTCGCTCCTCAGCGTCAGTTA<br />
CAGACCAGAGAGTCGCCTTCGCCACTGGTGTTCCTCCACATCTCTACGCATTTCACCGCTACACGTGGAATTCCACTCTC<br />
CTCTTCTGCACTCAAGTTTCCCAGTTTCCAATGACCCTCCCCGGTTGAGCCGGGGGCTTTCACATCAGACTTAAGAAACC<br />
GCCTGCGAGCCCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGACAACGCTTGCCACCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCACGTAGTTAG<br />
CCGTGGCTTTCTGGTTAGGTACCGTCAAGGTGCGAGCAGTTACTCTCGCACTTGTTCTTCCCTAACAACAGAGCTTTACG<br />
ATCCGAAAACCTTCATCACTCACGCGGCGTTGCTCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCGGAAGATTCCCTACTGCTGCCTCC<br />
NNNNNNNNACTGNCCNNNNNNTTTNCNA<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==<br />
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
<br />
<br><br />
P. aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacterium that is typically found in water and soil. Considered one of the top 3 opportunistic pathogens... It forms biofilms on rock <br />
<br />
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==<br />
'''Identifying biochemical characteristics and enzymes made'''<br />
[[Image: 20171206 183137.jpg|thumb|left| Positive Motility Test.]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? <br><br><br />
<br />
'''Hosts'''<br />
*Humans - those most susceptible include burn victims, cancer patients, and immunocompromised patients. Cystic fibrosis patients have a higher risk of lung infection.(1)<br />
*Animals - similar susceptibility patterns to humans. The most commonly colonized sites include wet or moist anatomic areas like the gut and respiratory tract, along with chronically wet areas of fur. (5)<br />
*Plants - certain strains are capable of infecting plant roots. A study published in ''Plant Physiology'' details two ''P.aeruginosa'' strains that infect the roots of Arabidopsis and sweet basil, and are capable of causing plant mortality. (6)<br />
<br><br />
<br />
'''Virulence factors'''<br />
<br><br />
* Fimbriae and adhesions aid in attachment to host, as well as enabling biofilm formation.<br />
*Capsule helps shield the bacteria from phagocytosis, and also aids in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation.<br />
*Neuraminidase enzyme helps bacteria attach to host.<br />
*Elastase enzyme breaks down IgA, IgG, degrades complement components, and breaks down elastic fiber.<br />
*Lipid A component can trigger fever, blood clotting, inflammation, or shock.<br />
*Exotoxin A and exoenzyme S inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis.<br />
*Pyocyanin pigment triggers the formation of reactive forms of oxygen, which damages host cells (1).<br />
<br><br />
'''Patient Symptoms'''<br />
<br><br />
*Blue-green color where the bacterium is growing<br />
*With bacteremia: fever, blood clotting, inflammation and shock are possible<br />
*With lung infections: breathlessness, coughing, wheezing, rapid breathing, and weight loss (1)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1. Bauman, R. W. (2015) Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, pp. 567, 570. Glenview, IL: Pearson. <br />
<br><br />
2. [https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-0711-12-12 Cardozo, V., Oliveira, A.,Nishio, E. ''Antibacterial activity of extracellular compounds produced by a ''Pseudomonas'' strain against methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) strains''. ''Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials''. 2013. Volume 12:12.] <br />
<br><br />
3. Bajpai, Vivek K.; Shin, Seung Yong; Kim, Hak Ryul; Kang, Sun Chul. 2008. Anti-fungal action of bioconverted eicosapentaenoic acid (bEPA) against plant pathogens. Industrial Crops and Products. 27(1): 136-141.<br />
<br><br />
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/35023079<br />
<br><br />
5. [https://www.criver.com/sites/default/files/resources/PseudomonasaeruginosaTechnicalSheet.pdf ''Psuedomonas aeruginosa Technical Sheet''. Charles River Laboratories, 2017.]<br />
<br><br />
6.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC316311/ Walker, T., Bais, H., Deziel, E., and Schweizer, H., ''''Pseudomonas aerutinosa-''plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation''. ''Plant Physiology'. 2004. Volume 134. p. 320 - 331.]<br />
<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
==Author==<br />
Page authored by Leila Adell and Katie Kelinske, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.<br />
<br />
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]</div>Ladell