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2024-03-29T00:59:52Z
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https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=27441
Gluconobacter oxydans
2008-02-15T19:17:13Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Current Research */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans''<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacteria ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. The name ''oxy'' from ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is Latin for 'sharp' and 'acidic', and ''dans'' is 'giving'. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilities include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for synthesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they contain strains capable of growing in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0)[2]. Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, their growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments[3].<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tends to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor[4]. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar[3].<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. This bacteria usually contains ubiquinone-10 [3]. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy[3]. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' was first found used as vinegar formation through alcoholic fermentation. ''Gluconobacter'' cannot oxidize acetate and lactate to carbon dioxide and water, it goes through an incomplete oxidation of its substrates[3].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5] They have membrane-bound dehydrogenases that carry out the process of incomplete oxidation([6]pg 288).<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). It uses a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol. ''G. oxydans'' contain many membrane-bound dehydrogenases that are very useful for the incomplete oxidation of substrates in biotechnological experiments([6]pg288). <br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of ''G. oxydans''.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using ''G. oxydans'' can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. With the addition of ''G. oxydans'' in microbial biosensors the results of the biosensor response is faster due to the periplasmic localization of PQQ-dependent enzymes([6]pg288). Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' can be used to convert glycerol to dihydroxyacetone. The study shows the possible production of this organism using agricultural byproducts. Since ''G. oxydans'' thrive in environments with high sugar concentrations, the medium used for the growth of ''G. oxydans'' cells are corn meal hydrolysate and corn steep liquor instead of sorbitol and yeast which are the usual components found. The results of the experiment found that the optimal medium contained "80 g/L reducing sugar, 25 g/L corn steep liquor, and 10 g/L glycerol. The cell mass was about 4.22 g/L and the glycerol dehydrogenase activity was about 5.23 U/mL. For comparison, the cell mass was about 4.0 g/L and the glycerol dehydrogenase activity was about 5.35 U/mL cultured in sorbitol and yeast extract medium"[7]. Clearly, corn meal hydrolysate and corn steep liquor medium is just as effective in performance as the sorbitol and yeast medium, but cost is 15% less[7].<br />
<br />
Another study using ''G. oxydans'' is the application of this organism in biosensors. It monitors the bacterial bioconversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol. The use of ''G. oxydans'' gives high detection performance and high reliability of 1,3-PD detection. 'This system was used to monitor the concentration of 1,3-PD during a real bioprocess. Results from biosensor assays of 1,3-PD in bioprocess samples taken throughout the fermentation were in a very good agreement with results obtained from reference HPLC assays (R squared value equals 0.999)'([6]pg287-294).<br />
<br />
A study of varying the many membrane-bound glucose oxidation system in ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' increases gluconate and acid accumulation. ''G. oxydans'' catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid then to 5-keto-D-gluconic acid, which is useful in industry so the increased production of ''G. oxydans'' is important. A mutant strain MF1 was used to help 5-KGA accumulate in the medium, therefore increasing the gluconic acid formation[8].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.<br />
<br />
[6]Jaroslav Katrlik, Igor Vostiar, Jana Sefcovicoa, Jan Tkac, Vladimir Mastihuba, Milan Valach, Vladimir Stefuca, and Peter Gemeiner. 'A novel microbial biosensor based on cells of ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' for the selective determination of 1,3-propanediol in the presence of glycerol and its application to bioprocess monitoring'. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Springer-Verlag 2007.<br />
<br />
[7]Wei S, Song Q, and Wei D. 'Production of ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' cells from low-cost culture medium for conversion of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone'. Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 2007; 37(2):113-21.<br />
<br />
[8]Merfort M, Herrmann U, Ha SW, Elfari M, Bringer-Meyer S, Gorisch H, and Sahm H. 'Modification of the membrane-bound glucose oxidation system in ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' significantly increases gluconate and 5-keto-D-gluconic acid accumulation'. Biotechnol J, 2006 May;1(5):556-63.<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
edited KMG</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=27440
Gluconobacter oxydans
2008-02-15T19:15:37Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Application to Biotechnology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans''<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacteria ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. The name ''oxy'' from ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is Latin for 'sharp' and 'acidic', and ''dans'' is 'giving'. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilities include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for synthesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they contain strains capable of growing in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0)[2]. Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, their growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments[3].<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tends to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor[4]. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar[3].<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. This bacteria usually contains ubiquinone-10 [3]. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy[3]. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' was first found used as vinegar formation through alcoholic fermentation. ''Gluconobacter'' cannot oxidize acetate and lactate to carbon dioxide and water, it goes through an incomplete oxidation of its substrates[3].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5] They have membrane-bound dehydrogenases that carry out the process of incomplete oxidation([6]pg 288).<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). It uses a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol. ''G. oxydans'' contain many membrane-bound dehydrogenases that are very useful for the incomplete oxidation of substrates in biotechnological experiments([6]pg288). <br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of ''G. oxydans''.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using ''G. oxydans'' can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. With the addition of ''G. oxydans'' in microbial biosensors the results of the biosensor response is faster due to the periplasmic localization of PQQ-dependent enzymes([6]pg288). Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' can be used to convert glycerol to dihydroxyacetone. The study shows the possible production of this organism using agricultural byproducts. Since ''G. oxydans'' thrive in environments with high sugar concentrations, the medium used for the growth of ''G. oxydans'' cells are corn meal hydrolysate and corn steep liquor instead of sorbitol and yeast which are the usual components found. The results of the experiment found that the optimal medium contained "80 g/L reducing sugar, 25 g/L corn steep liquor, and 10 g/L glycerol. The cell mass was about 4.22 g/L and the glycerol dehydrogenase activity was about 5.23 U/mL. For comparison, the cell mass was about 4.0 g/L and the glycerol dehydrogenase activity was about 5.35 U/mL cultured in sorbitol and yeast extract medium"[7]. Clearly, corn meal hydrolysate and corn steep liquor medium is just as effective in performance as the sorbitol and yeast medium, but cost is 15% less[7].<br />
<br />
Another study using ''G. oxydans'' is the application of this organism in biosensors. It monitors the bacterial bioconversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol. The use of ''G. oxydans'' gives high detection performance and high reliability of 1,3-PD detection. 'This system was used to monitor the concentration of 1,3-PD during a real bioprocess. Results from biosensor assays of 1,3-PD in bioprocess samples taken throughout the fermentation were in a very good agreement with results obtained from reference HPLC assays (R squared value equals 0.999)'[6].<br />
<br />
A study of varying the many membrane-bound glucose oxidation system in ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' increases gluconate and acid accumulation. ''G. oxydans'' catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid then to 5-keto-D-gluconic acid, which is useful in industry so the increased production of ''G. oxydans'' is important. A mutant strain MF1 was used to help 5-KGA accumulate in the medium, therefore increasing the gluconic acid formation[8].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.<br />
<br />
[6]Jaroslav Katrlik, Igor Vostiar, Jana Sefcovicoa, Jan Tkac, Vladimir Mastihuba, Milan Valach, Vladimir Stefuca, and Peter Gemeiner. 'A novel microbial biosensor based on cells of ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' for the selective determination of 1,3-propanediol in the presence of glycerol and its application to bioprocess monitoring'. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Springer-Verlag 2007.<br />
<br />
[7]Wei S, Song Q, and Wei D. 'Production of ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' cells from low-cost culture medium for conversion of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone'. Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 2007; 37(2):113-21.<br />
<br />
[8]Merfort M, Herrmann U, Ha SW, Elfari M, Bringer-Meyer S, Gorisch H, and Sahm H. 'Modification of the membrane-bound glucose oxidation system in ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' significantly increases gluconate and 5-keto-D-gluconic acid accumulation'. Biotechnol J, 2006 May;1(5):556-63.<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
edited KMG</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=27439
Gluconobacter oxydans
2008-02-15T19:12:44Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Ecology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans''<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacteria ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. The name ''oxy'' from ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is Latin for 'sharp' and 'acidic', and ''dans'' is 'giving'. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilities include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for synthesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they contain strains capable of growing in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0)[2]. Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, their growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments[3].<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tends to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor[4]. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar[3].<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. This bacteria usually contains ubiquinone-10 [3]. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy[3]. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' was first found used as vinegar formation through alcoholic fermentation. ''Gluconobacter'' cannot oxidize acetate and lactate to carbon dioxide and water, it goes through an incomplete oxidation of its substrates[3].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5] They have membrane-bound dehydrogenases that carry out the process of incomplete oxidation([6]pg 288).<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). It uses a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol. ''G. oxydans'' contain many membrane-bound dehydrogenases that are very useful for the incomplete oxidation of substrates in biotechnological experiments[6]. <br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of ''G. oxydans''.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using ''G. oxydans'' can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. With the addition of ''G. oxydans'' in microbial biosensors the results of the biosensor response is faster due to the periplasmic localization of PQQ-dependent enzymes[6]. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' can be used to convert glycerol to dihydroxyacetone. The study shows the possible production of this organism using agricultural byproducts. Since ''G. oxydans'' thrive in environments with high sugar concentrations, the medium used for the growth of ''G. oxydans'' cells are corn meal hydrolysate and corn steep liquor instead of sorbitol and yeast which are the usual components found. The results of the experiment found that the optimal medium contained "80 g/L reducing sugar, 25 g/L corn steep liquor, and 10 g/L glycerol. The cell mass was about 4.22 g/L and the glycerol dehydrogenase activity was about 5.23 U/mL. For comparison, the cell mass was about 4.0 g/L and the glycerol dehydrogenase activity was about 5.35 U/mL cultured in sorbitol and yeast extract medium"[7]. Clearly, corn meal hydrolysate and corn steep liquor medium is just as effective in performance as the sorbitol and yeast medium, but cost is 15% less[7].<br />
<br />
Another study using ''G. oxydans'' is the application of this organism in biosensors. It monitors the bacterial bioconversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol. The use of ''G. oxydans'' gives high detection performance and high reliability of 1,3-PD detection. 'This system was used to monitor the concentration of 1,3-PD during a real bioprocess. Results from biosensor assays of 1,3-PD in bioprocess samples taken throughout the fermentation were in a very good agreement with results obtained from reference HPLC assays (R squared value equals 0.999)'[6].<br />
<br />
A study of varying the many membrane-bound glucose oxidation system in ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' increases gluconate and acid accumulation. ''G. oxydans'' catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid then to 5-keto-D-gluconic acid, which is useful in industry so the increased production of ''G. oxydans'' is important. A mutant strain MF1 was used to help 5-KGA accumulate in the medium, therefore increasing the gluconic acid formation[8].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.<br />
<br />
[6]Jaroslav Katrlik, Igor Vostiar, Jana Sefcovicoa, Jan Tkac, Vladimir Mastihuba, Milan Valach, Vladimir Stefuca, and Peter Gemeiner. 'A novel microbial biosensor based on cells of ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' for the selective determination of 1,3-propanediol in the presence of glycerol and its application to bioprocess monitoring'. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Springer-Verlag 2007.<br />
<br />
[7]Wei S, Song Q, and Wei D. 'Production of ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' cells from low-cost culture medium for conversion of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone'. Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 2007; 37(2):113-21.<br />
<br />
[8]Merfort M, Herrmann U, Ha SW, Elfari M, Bringer-Meyer S, Gorisch H, and Sahm H. 'Modification of the membrane-bound glucose oxidation system in ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' significantly increases gluconate and 5-keto-D-gluconic acid accumulation'. Biotechnol J, 2006 May;1(5):556-63.<br />
<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
edited KMG</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18960
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T19:26:31Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Ecology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans''<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08[1]]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. The name ''oxy'' from ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is Latin for 'sharp' and 'acidic', and ''dans'' is 'giving'. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilities include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for synthesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0)[2]. Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments[3].<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor[4]. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar[3].<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. This bacteria usually contains ubiquinone-10 [3]. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy[3]. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' was first found used as vinegar formation through alcoholic fermentation. ''Gluconobacter'' cannot oxidize acetate and lactate to carbon dioxide and water, it goes through an incomplete oxidation of its substrates[3].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5] They have membrane-bound dehydrogenases that carry out the process of incomplete oxidation[6].<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol. ''G. oxydans'' contain many membrane-bound dehydrogenases that are very useful for the incomplete oxidation of substrates in biotechnological experiments[6]. <br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of ''G. oxydans''.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using ''G. oxydans'' can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. With the addition of ''G. oxydans'' in microbial biosensors the results of biosensor response is faster due to the periplasmic localization of PQQ-dependent enzymes[6]. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' can be used to convert glycerol to dihydroxyacetone. The study shows the possible production of this organism using agricultural byproducts. Since ''G. oxydans'' thrive in environments with high sugar concentrations, the medium used for the growth of ''G. oxydans'' cells are corn meal hydrolysate and corn steep liquor instead of sorbitol and yeast which are the usual components found. The results of the experiment found that the optimal medium contained "80 g/L reducing sugar, 25 g/L corn steep liquor, and 10 g/L glycerol. The cell mass was about 4.22 g/L and the glycerol dehydrogenase activity was about 5.23 U/mL. For comparison, the cell mass was about 4.0 g/L and the glycerol dehydrogenase activity was about 5.35 U/mL cultured in sorbitol and yeast extract medium"[7]. Clearly, corn meal hydrolysate and corn steep liquor medium is just as effective in performance as the sorbitol and yeast medium, but cost is 15% less[7].<br />
<br />
Another study using ''G. oxydans'' is the application of this organism in biosensors. It monitors the bacterial bioconversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol. The use of ''G. oxydans'' gives high detection performance and high reliability of 1,3-PD detection. 'This system was used to monitor the concentration of 1,3-PD during a real bioprocess. Results from biosensor assays of 1,3-PD in bioprocess samples taken throughout the fermentation were in a very good agreement with results obtained from reference HPLC assays (R squared value equals 0.999)'[6].<br />
<br />
A study of varying the many membrane-bound glucose oxidation system in ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' increases gluconate and acid accumulation. ''G. oxydans'' catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid then to 5-keto-D-gluconic acid, which is useful in industry so the increased production of ''G. oxydans'' is important. A mutant strain MF1 was used to help 5-KGA accumulate in the medium, therefore increasing the gluconic acid formation[8].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.<br />
<br />
[6]Jaroslav Katrlik, Igor Vostiar, Jana Sefcovicoa, Jan Tkac, Vladimir Mastihuba, Milan Valach, Vladimir Stefuca, and Peter Gemeiner. 'A novel microbial biosensor based on cells of ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' for the selective determination of 1,3-propanediol in the presence of glycerol and its application to bioprocess monitoring'. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Springer-Verlag 2007.<br />
<br />
[7]Wei S, Song Q, and Wei D. 'Production of ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' cells from low-cost culture medium for conversion of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone'. Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 2007; 37(2):113-21.<br />
<br />
[8]Merfort M, Herrmann U, Ha SW, Elfari M, Bringer-Meyer S, Gorisch H, and Sahm H. 'Modification of the membrane-bound glucose oxidation system in ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' significantly increases gluconate and 5-keto-D-gluconic acid accumulation'. Biotechnol J, 2006 May;1(5):556-63.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18959
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T19:26:18Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Application to Biotechnology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans''<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08[1]]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. The name ''oxy'' from ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is Latin for 'sharp' and 'acidic', and ''dans'' is 'giving'. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilities include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for synthesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0)[2]. Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments[3].<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor[4]. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar[3].<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. This bacteria usually contains ubiquinone-10 [3]. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy[3]. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' was first found used as vinegar formation through alcoholic fermentation. ''Gluconobacter'' cannot oxidize acetate and lactate to carbon dioxide and water, it goes through an incomplete oxidation of its substrates[3].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5] They have membrane-bound dehydrogenases that carry out the process of incomplete oxidation[6].<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol. ''G. oxydans'' contain many membrane-bound dehydrogenases that are very useful for the incomplete oxidation of substrates in biotechnological experiments[6]. <br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of ''G. oxydans''.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using ''G. oxydans'' can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. With the addition of ''G. oxydans'' in microbial biosensors the results of biosensor response is faster due to the periplasmic localization of PQQ-dependent enzymes[6]. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' can be used to convert glycerol to dihydroxyacetone. The study shows the possible production of this organism using agricultural byproducts. Since ''G. oxydans'' thrive in environments with high sugar concentrations, the medium used for the growth of ''G. oxydans'' cells are corn meal hydrolysate and corn steep liquor instead of sorbitol and yeast which are the usual components found. The results of the experiment found that the optimal medium contained "80 g/L reducing sugar, 25 g/L corn steep liquor, and 10 g/L glycerol. The cell mass was about 4.22 g/L and the glycerol dehydrogenase activity was about 5.23 U/mL. For comparison, the cell mass was about 4.0 g/L and the glycerol dehydrogenase activity was about 5.35 U/mL cultured in sorbitol and yeast extract medium"[7]. Clearly, corn meal hydrolysate and corn steep liquor medium is just as effective in performance as the sorbitol and yeast medium, but cost is 15% less[7].<br />
<br />
Another study using ''G. oxydans'' is the application of this organism in biosensors. It monitors the bacterial bioconversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol. The use of ''G. oxydans'' gives high detection performance and high reliability of 1,3-PD detection. 'This system was used to monitor the concentration of 1,3-PD during a real bioprocess. Results from biosensor assays of 1,3-PD in bioprocess samples taken throughout the fermentation were in a very good agreement with results obtained from reference HPLC assays (R squared value equals 0.999)'[6].<br />
<br />
A study of varying the many membrane-bound glucose oxidation system in ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' increases gluconate and acid accumulation. ''G. oxydans'' catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid then to 5-keto-D-gluconic acid, which is useful in industry so the increased production of ''G. oxydans'' is important. A mutant strain MF1 was used to help 5-KGA accumulate in the medium, therefore increasing the gluconic acid formation[8].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.<br />
<br />
[6]Jaroslav Katrlik, Igor Vostiar, Jana Sefcovicoa, Jan Tkac, Vladimir Mastihuba, Milan Valach, Vladimir Stefuca, and Peter Gemeiner. 'A novel microbial biosensor based on cells of ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' for the selective determination of 1,3-propanediol in the presence of glycerol and its application to bioprocess monitoring'. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Springer-Verlag 2007.<br />
<br />
[7]Wei S, Song Q, and Wei D. 'Production of ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' cells from low-cost culture medium for conversion of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone'. Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 2007; 37(2):113-21.<br />
<br />
[8]Merfort M, Herrmann U, Ha SW, Elfari M, Bringer-Meyer S, Gorisch H, and Sahm H. 'Modification of the membrane-bound glucose oxidation system in ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' significantly increases gluconate and 5-keto-D-gluconic acid accumulation'. Biotechnol J, 2006 May;1(5):556-63.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18958
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T19:26:01Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Current Research */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans''<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08[1]]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. The name ''oxy'' from ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is Latin for 'sharp' and 'acidic', and ''dans'' is 'giving'. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilities include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for synthesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0)[2]. Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments[3].<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor[4]. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar[3].<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. This bacteria usually contains ubiquinone-10 [3]. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy[3]. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' was first found used as vinegar formation through alcoholic fermentation. ''Gluconobacter'' cannot oxidize acetate and lactate to carbon dioxide and water, it goes through an incomplete oxidation of its substrates[3].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5] They have membrane-bound dehydrogenases that carry out the process of incomplete oxidation[6].<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol. ''G. oxydans'' contain many membrane-bound dehydrogenases that are very useful for the incomplete oxidation of substrates in biotechnological experiments[6]. <br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of ''G. oxydans''.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using ''G. oxydans'' can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. With the addition of ''G. oxydans'' in microbial biosensors the results of biosensor response is faster due to the periplasmic localization of PQQ-dependent enzymes[6]. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' can be used to convert glycerol to dihydroxyacetone. The study shows the possible production of this organism using agricultural byproducts. Since ''G. oxydans'' thrive in environments with high sugar concentrations, the medium used for the growth of ''G. oxydans'' cells are corn meal hydrolysate and corn steep liquor instead of sorbitol and yeast which are the usual components found. The results of the experiment found that the optimal medium contained "80 g/L reducing sugar, 25 g/L corn steep liquor, and 10 g/L glycerol. The cell mass was about 4.22 g/L and the glycerol dehydrogenase activity was about 5.23 U/mL. For comparison, the cell mass was about 4.0 g/L and the glycerol dehydrogenase activity was about 5.35 U/mL cultured in sorbitol and yeast extract medium"[7]. Clearly, corn meal hydrolysate and corn steep liquor medium is just as effective in performance as the sorbitol and yeast medium, but cost is 15% less[7].<br />
<br />
Another study using ''G. oxydans'' is the application of this organism in biosensors. It monitors the bacterial bioconversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol. The use of ''G. oxydans'' gives high detection performance and high reliability of 1,3-PD detection. 'This system was used to monitor the concentration of 1,3-PD during a real bioprocess. Results from biosensor assays of 1,3-PD in bioprocess samples taken throughout the fermentation were in a very good agreement with results obtained from reference HPLC assays (R squared value equals 0.999)'[6].<br />
<br />
A study of varying the many membrane-bound glucose oxidation system in ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' increases gluconate and acid accumulation. ''G. oxydans'' catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid then to 5-keto-D-gluconic acid, which is useful in industry so the increased production of ''G. oxydans'' is important. A mutant strain MF1 was used to help 5-KGA accumulate in the medium, therefore increasing the gluconic acid formation[8].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.<br />
<br />
[6]Jaroslav Katrlik, Igor Vostiar, Jana Sefcovicoa, Jan Tkac, Vladimir Mastihuba, Milan Valach, Vladimir Stefuca, and Peter Gemeiner. 'A novel microbial biosensor based on cells of ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' for the selective determination of 1,3-propanediol in the presence of glycerol and its application to bioprocess monitoring'. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Springer-Verlag 2007.<br />
<br />
[7]Wei S, Song Q, and Wei D. 'Production of ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' cells from low-cost culture medium for conversion of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone'. Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 2007; 37(2):113-21.<br />
<br />
[8]Merfort M, Herrmann U, Ha SW, Elfari M, Bringer-Meyer S, Gorisch H, and Sahm H. 'Modification of the membrane-bound glucose oxidation system in ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' significantly increases gluconate and 5-keto-D-gluconic acid accumulation'. Biotechnol J, 2006 May;1(5):556-63.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18949
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T19:23:15Z
<p>Lscheung: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans''<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08[1]]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. The name ''oxy'' from ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is Latin for 'sharp' and 'acidic', and ''dans'' is 'giving'. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilities include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for synthesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0)[2]. Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments[3].<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor[4]. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar[3].<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. This bacteria usually contains ubiquinone-10 [3]. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy[3]. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' was first found used as vinegar formation through alcoholic fermentation. ''Gluconobacter'' cannot oxidize acetate and lactate to carbon dioxide and water, it goes through an incomplete oxidation of its substrates[3].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5] They have membrane-bound dehydrogenases that carry out the process of incomplete oxidation[6].<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol. ''G. oxydans'' contain many membrane-bound dehydrogenases that are very useful for the incomplete oxidation of substrates in biotechnological experiments[6]. <br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of ''G. oxydans''.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using ''G. oxydans'' can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. With the addition of ''G. oxydans'' in microbial biosensors the results of biosensor response is faster due to the periplasmic localization of PQQ-dependent enzymes[6]. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' can be used to convert glycerol to dihydroxyacetone. The study shows the possible production of this organism using agricultural byproducts. Since ''G. oxydans'' thrive in environments with high sugar concentrations, the medium used for the growth of ''G. oxydans'' cells are corn meal hydrolysate and corn steep liquor instead of sorbitol and yeast which are the usual components found. The results of the experiment found that the optimal medium contained "80 g/L reducing sugar, 25 g/L corn steep liquor, and 10 g/L glycerol. The cell mass was about 4.22 g/L and the glycerol dehydrogenase activity was about 5.23 U/mL. For comparison, the cell mass was about 4.0 g/L and the glycerol dehydrogenase activity was about 5.35 U/mL cultured in sorbitol and yeast extract medium"[7]. Clearly, corn meal hydrolysate and corn steep liquor medium is just as effective in performance as the sorbitol and yeast medium, but cost is 15% less[7].<br />
<br />
Another study using ''G. oxydans'' is the application of this organism in biosensors. It monitors the bacterial bioconversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol. The use of ''G. oxydans'' gives high detection performance and high reliability of 1,3-PD detection. 'This system was used to monitor the concentration of 1,3-PD during a real bioprocess. Results from biosensor assays of 1,3-PD in bioprocess samples taken throughout the fermentation were in a very good agreement with results obtained from reference HPLC assays (R squared value equals 0.999)'[6].<br />
<br />
A study of varying the many membrane-bound glucose oxidation system in ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' increases gluconate and acid accumulation. ''G. oxydans'' catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid then to 5-keto-D-gluconic acid, which is useful in industry so the increased production of ''G. oxydans'' is important. A mutant strain MF1 was used to help 5-KGA accumulate in the medium, therefore increasing the gluconic acid formation[8].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.<br />
<br />
[6]Jaroslav Katrlik, Igor Vostiar, Jana Sefcovicoa, Jan Tkac, Vladimir Mastihuba, Milan Valach, Vladimir Stefuca, and Peter Gemeiner. 'A novel microbial biosensor based on cells of ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' for the selective determination of 1,3-propanediol in the presence of glycerol and its application to bioprocess monitoring'. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Springer-Verlag 2007.<br />
<br />
[7]Wei S, Song Q, and Wei D. 'Production of ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' cells from low-cost culture medium for conversion of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone'. Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 2007; 37(2):113-21.<br />
<br />
[8]Merfort M, Herrmann U, Ha SW, Elfari M, Bringer-Meyer S, Gorisch H, and Sahm H. 'Modification of the membrane-bound glucose oxidation system in ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' significantly increases gluconate and 5-keto-D-gluconic acid accumulation'. Biotechnol J, 2006 May;1(5):556-63.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18938
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T19:21:09Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Current Research */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans''<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08[1]]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. The name ''oxy'' from ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is Latin for 'sharp' and 'acidic', and ''dans'' is 'giving'. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilities include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for synthesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0)[2]. Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments[3].<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor[4]. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar[3].<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. This bacteria usually contains ubiquinone-10 [3]. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy[3]. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' was first found used as vinegar formation through alcoholic fermentation. ''Gluconobacter'' cannot oxidize acetate and lactate to carbon dioxide and water, it goes through an incomplete oxidation of its substrates[3].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5] They have membrane-bound dehydrogenases that carry out the process of incomplete oxidation[6].<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol. ''G. oxydans'' contain many membrane-bound dehydrogenases that are very useful for the incomplete oxidation of substrates in biotechnological experiments[6]. <br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of ''G. oxydans''.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using ''G. oxydans'' can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. With the addition of ''G. oxydans'' in microbial biosensors the results of biosensor response is faster due to the periplasmic localization of PQQ-dependent enzymes[6]. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' can be used to convert glycerol to dihydroxyacetone. The study shows the possible production of this organism using agricultural byproducts. Since ''G. oxydans'' thrive in environments with high sugar concentrations, the medium used for the growth of ''G. oxydans'' cells are corn meal hydrolysate and corn steep liquor instead of sorbitol and yeast which are the usual components found. The results of the experiment found that the optimal medium contained "80 g/L reducing sugar, 25 g/L corn steep liquor, and 10 g/L glycerol. The cell mass was about 4.22 g/L and the glycerol dehydrogenase activity was about 5.23 U/mL. For comparison, the cell mass was about 4.0 g/L and the glycerol dehydrogenase activity was about 5.35 U/mL cultured in sorbitol and yeast extract medium"[7]. Clearly, corn meal hydrolysate and corn steep liquor medium is just as effective in performance as the sorbitol and yeast medium, but cost is 15% less[7].<br />
<br />
Another study using ''G. oxydans'' is the application of this organism in biosensors. It monitors the bacterial bioconversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol. The use of ''G. oxydans'' gives high detection performance and high reliability of 1,3-PD detection. 'This system was used to monitor the concentration of 1,3-PD during a real bioprocess. Results from biosensor assays of 1,3-PD in bioprocess samples taken throughout the fermentation were in a very good agreement with results obtained from reference HPLC assays (R squared value equals 0.999)'[6].<br />
<br />
A study of varying the many membrane-bound glucose oxidation system in ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' increases gluconate and acid accumulation. ''G. oxydans'' catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid then to 5-keto-D-gluconic acid, which is useful in industry so the increased production of ''G. oxydans'' is important. A mutant strain MF1 was used to help 5-KGA accumulate in the medium, therefore increasing the gluconic acid formation[8].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.<br />
<br />
[6]Jaroslav Katrlik, Igor Vostiar, Jana Sefcovicoa, Jan Tkac, Vladimir Mastihuba, Milan Valach, Vladimir Stefuca, and Peter Gemeiner. 'A novel microbial biosensor based on cells of ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' for the selective determination of 1,3-propanediol in the presence of glycerol and its application to bioprocess monitoring'. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Springer-Verlag 2007.<br />
<br />
[7]Wei S, Song Q, and Wei D. 'Production of ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' cells from low-cost culture medium for conversion of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone'. Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 2007; 37(2):113-21.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18880
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T19:06:06Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Current Research */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans''<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08[1]]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. The name ''oxy'' from ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is Latin for 'sharp' and 'acidic', and ''dans'' is 'giving'. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilities include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for synthesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0)[2]. Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments[3].<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor[4]. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar[3].<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. This bacteria usually contains ubiquinone-10 [3]. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy[3]. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' was first found used as vinegar formation through alcoholic fermentation. ''Gluconobacter'' cannot oxidize acetate and lactate to carbon dioxide and water, it goes through an incomplete oxidation of its substrates[3].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5] They have membrane-bound dehydrogenases that carry out the process of incomplete oxidation[6].<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol. ''G. oxydans'' contain many membrane-bound dehydrogenases that are very useful for the incomplete oxidation of substrates in biotechnological experiments[6]. <br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of ''G. oxydans''.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using ''G. oxydans'' can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. With the addition of ''G. oxydans'' in microbial biosensors the results of biosensor response is faster due to the periplasmic localization of PQQ-dependent enzymes[6]. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' can be used to convert glycerol to dihydroxyacetone. The study shows the possible production of this organism using agricultural byproducts. Since ''G. oxydans'' thrive in environments with high sugar concentrations, the medium used for the growth of ''G. oxydans'' cells are corn meal hydrolysate and corn steep liquor instead of sorbitol and yeast which are the usual components found. The results of the experiment found that the optimal medium contained "80 g/L reducing sugar, 25 g/L corn steep liquor, and 10 g/L glycerol. The cell mass was about 4.22 g/L and the glycerol dehydrogenase activity was about 5.23 U/mL. For comparison, the cell mass was about 4.0 g/L and the glycerol dehydrogenase activity was about 5.35 U/mL cultured in sorbitol and yeast extract medium"[7]. Clearly, corn meal hydrolysate and corn steep liquor medium is just as effective in performance as the sorbitol and yeast medium, but cost is 15% less[7].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.<br />
<br />
[6]Jaroslav Katrlik, Igor Vostiar, Jana Sefcovicoa, Jan Tkac, Vladimir Mastihuba, Milan Valach, Vladimir Stefuca, and Peter Gemeiner. 'A novel microbial biosensor based on cells of ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' for the selective determination of 1,3-propanediol in the presence of glycerol and its application to bioprocess monitoring'. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Springer-Verlag 2007.<br />
<br />
[7]Wei S, Song Q, and Wei D. 'Production of ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' cells from low-cost culture medium for conversion of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone'. Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 2007; 37(2):113-21.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18848
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T18:57:50Z
<p>Lscheung: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans''<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08[1]]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. The name ''oxy'' from ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is Latin for 'sharp' and 'acidic', and ''dans'' is 'giving'. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilities include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for synthesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0)[2]. Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments[3].<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor[4]. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar[3].<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. This bacteria usually contains ubiquinone-10 [3]. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy[3]. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' was first found used as vinegar formation through alcoholic fermentation. ''Gluconobacter'' cannot oxidize acetate and lactate to carbon dioxide and water, it goes through an incomplete oxidation of its substrates[3].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5] They have membrane-bound dehydrogenases that carry out the process of incomplete oxidation[6].<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol. ''G. oxydans'' contain many membrane-bound dehydrogenases that are very useful for the incomplete oxidation of substrates in biotechnological experiments[6]. <br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of ''G. oxydans''.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using ''G. oxydans'' can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. With the addition of ''G. oxydans'' in microbial biosensors the results of biosensor response is faster due to the periplasmic localization of PQQ-dependent enzymes[6]. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.<br />
<br />
[6]Jaroslav Katrlik, Igor Vostiar, Jana Sefcovicoa, Jan Tkac, Vladimir Mastihuba, Milan Valach, Vladimir Stefuca, and Peter Gemeiner. 'A novel microbial biosensor based on cells of ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' for the selective determination of 1,3-propanediol in the presence of glycerol and its application to bioprocess monitoring'. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Springer-Verlag 2007.<br />
<br />
[7]Wei S, Song Q, and Wei D. 'Production of ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' cells from low-cost culture medium for conversion of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone'. Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 2007; 37(2):113-21.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18824
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T18:55:07Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Application to Biotechnology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans''<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08[1]]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. The name ''oxy'' from ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is Latin for 'sharp' and 'acidic', and ''dans'' is 'giving'. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilities include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for synthesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0)[2]. Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments[3].<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor[4]. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar[3].<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. This bacteria usually contains ubiquinone-10 [3]. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy[3]. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' was first found used as vinegar formation through alcoholic fermentation. ''Gluconobacter'' cannot oxidize acetate and lactate to carbon dioxide and water, it goes through an incomplete oxidation of its substrates[3].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5] They have membrane-bound dehydrogenases that carry out the process of incomplete oxidation[6].<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol. ''G. oxydans'' contain many membrane-bound dehydrogenases that are very useful for the incomplete oxidation of substrates in biotechnological experiments[6]. <br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of ''G. oxydans''.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using ''G. oxydans'' can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. With the addition of ''G. oxydans'' in microbial biosensors the results of biosensor response is faster due to the periplasmic localization of PQQ-dependent enzymes[6]. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.<br />
<br />
[6]Jaroslav Katrlik, Igor Vostiar, Jana Sefcovicoa, Jan Tkac, Vladimir Mastihuba, Milan Valach, Vladimir Stefuca, and Peter Gemeiner. 'A novel microbial biosensor based on cells of ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' for the selective determination of 1,3-propanediol in the presence of glycerol and its application to bioprocess monitoring'. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Springer-Verlag 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18787
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T18:49:27Z
<p>Lscheung: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans''<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08[1]]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. The name ''oxy'' from ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is Latin for 'sharp' and 'acidic', and ''dans'' is 'giving'. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilities include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for synthesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0)[2]. Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments[3].<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor[4]. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar[3].<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. This bacteria usually contains ubiquinone-10 [3]. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy[3]. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' was first found used as vinegar formation through alcoholic fermentation. ''Gluconobacter'' cannot oxidize acetate and lactate to carbon dioxide and water, it goes through an incomplete oxidation of its substrates[3].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5] They have membrane-bound dehydrogenases that carry out the process of incomplete oxidation[6].<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.<br />
<br />
[6]Jaroslav Katrlik, Igor Vostiar, Jana Sefcovicoa, Jan Tkac, Vladimir Mastihuba, Milan Valach, Vladimir Stefuca, and Peter Gemeiner. 'A novel microbial biosensor based on cells of ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' for the selective determination of 1,3-propanediol in the presence of glycerol and its application to bioprocess monitoring'. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Springer-Verlag 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18776
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T18:46:10Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Ecology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans''<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08[1]]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. The name ''oxy'' from ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is Latin for 'sharp' and 'acidic', and ''dans'' is 'giving'. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilities include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for synthesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0)[2]. Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments[3].<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor[4]. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar[3].<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. This bacteria usually contains ubiquinone-10 [3]. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy[3]. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' was first found used as vinegar formation through alcoholic fermentation. ''Gluconobacter'' cannot oxidize acetate and lactate to carbon dioxide and water, it goes through an incomplete oxidation of its substrates[3].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5] They have membrane-bound dehydrogenases that carry out the process of incomplete oxidation[6].<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18716
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T18:36:01Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Cell structure and metabolism */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans''<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08[1]]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. The name ''oxy'' from ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is Latin for 'sharp' and 'acidic', and ''dans'' is 'giving'. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilities include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for synthesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0)[2]. Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments[3].<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor[4]. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar[3].<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. This bacteria usually contains ubiquinone-10 [3]. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy[3]. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' was first found used as vinegar formation through alcoholic fermentation. ''Gluconobacter'' cannot oxidize acetate and lactate to carbon dioxide and water, it goes through an incomplete oxidation of its substrates[3].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5]<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18703
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T18:34:33Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Cell structure and metabolism */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans''<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08[1]]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. The name ''oxy'' from ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is Latin for 'sharp' and 'acidic', and ''dans'' is 'giving'. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilities include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for synthesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0)[2]. Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments[3].<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor[4]. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar[3].<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. This bacteria usually contains ubiquinone-10 [3]. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy[3]. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' was first found used as vinegar formation through alcoholic fermentation. ''Gluconobacter'' cannot oxidize acetate and lactate to carbon dioxide and water, it goes through an incomplete oxidation of its substrates[3].<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5]<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18653
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T18:27:39Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Description and significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans''<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08[1]]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. The name ''oxy'' from ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is Latin for 'sharp' and 'acidic', and ''dans'' is 'giving'. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilities include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for synthesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0)[2]. Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments[3].<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor[4]. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar[3].<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy[3]. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' was first found used as vinegar formation through alcoholic fermentation.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5]<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18633
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T18:26:19Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Description and significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans''<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08[1]]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. The name ''oxy'' from ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is Latin for 'sharp' and 'acidic', and ''dans'' is 'giving'. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0)[2]. Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments[3].<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor[4]. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar[3].<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy[3]. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' was first found used as vinegar formation through alcoholic fermentation.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5]<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18626
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T18:25:53Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Genome structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans''<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08[1]]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. The name ''oxy'' from ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is Latin for 'sharp' and 'acidic', and ''dans'' is 'giving. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0)[2]. Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments[3].<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor[4]. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar[3].<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy[3]. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' was first found used as vinegar formation through alcoholic fermentation.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5]<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18604
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T18:23:58Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Description and significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans''<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08[1]]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. The name ''oxy'' from ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is Latin for 'sharp' and 'acidic', and ''dans'' is 'giving. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0)[2]. Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments[3].<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.[3]<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy[3]. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' was first found used as vinegar formation through alcoholic fermentation.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5]<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18602
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T18:23:21Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Cell structure and metabolism */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans''<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08[1]]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. The name ''oxy'' from ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is Latin for 'sharp' and 'acidic', and ''dans'' is 'giving. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids.[3] ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0).[2] Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.[3]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.[3]<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy[3]. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids[3]. ''G. oxydans'' was first found used as vinegar formation through alcoholic fermentation.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5]<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18579
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T18:17:50Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Higher order taxa */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans''<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08[1]]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. The name ''oxy'' from ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is Latin for 'sharp' and 'acidic', and ''dans'' is 'giving. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids.[3] ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0).[2] Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.[3]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.[3]<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy.[3] One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.[3]<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5]<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18563
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T18:14:40Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Description and significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans'' [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08[1]]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. The name ''oxy'' from ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is Latin for 'sharp' and 'acidic', and ''dans'' is 'giving. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids.[3] ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0).[2] Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.[3]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.[3]<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy.[3] One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.[3]<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5]<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18548
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T18:12:44Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Description and significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans'' [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08[1]]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. The name ''Gluconobacter oxydans'' came from They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids.[3] ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0).[2] Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.[3]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.[3]<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy.[3] One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.[3]<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5]<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18521
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T18:06:41Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Description and significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans'' [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08[1]]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids.[3] ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0).[2] Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.[3]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.[3]<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy.[3] One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.[3]<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5]<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18518
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T18:06:05Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Higher order taxa */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae; ''Gluconobacter''; ''oxydans'' [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids.[3] ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0).[2] Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.[3]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.[3]<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy.[3] One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.[3]<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5]<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18513
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T18:05:11Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Ecology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids.[3] ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0).[2] Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.[3]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.[3]<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy.[3] One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.[3]<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' is often found in sugar rich or alcoholic areas. It contributes to the environment by oxidizing sugars, sugar acids, and sugar alcohols. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears. ''G. oxydans'' can incompletely oxidize substrates under natural conditions.[5]<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18471
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T17:57:21Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Pathology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids.[3] ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0).[2] Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.[3]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.[3]<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy.[3] One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.[3]<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is often found in sugar rich areas. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18466
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T17:56:12Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Cell structure and metabolism */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids.[3] ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0).[2] Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.[3]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.[3]<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'' has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy.[3] One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that ''G. oxydans'' has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of ''G. oxydans'' is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.[3]<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is often found in sugar rich areas. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18457
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T17:54:33Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Description and significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids.[3] ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0).[2] Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.[3]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.[3]<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
G. oxydans has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that G. oxydans has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of G. oxydans is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is often found in sugar rich areas. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18440
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T17:51:24Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Species */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''oxydans''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids.[3] ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0).[2] Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.[3]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.[3]<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
G. oxydans has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that G. oxydans has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of G. oxydans is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is often found in sugar rich areas. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18439
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T17:51:10Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Description and significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
oxydans<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
<br />
''Gluconobacter oxydans'', previously known as ''Acetobacter suboxydans'', are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids.[3] ''G. oxydans'' are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0).[2] Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of ''G. oxydans'' is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.[3]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.[3]<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
G. oxydans has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that G. oxydans has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of G. oxydans is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is often found in sugar rich areas. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18427
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T17:49:36Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Genome structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
oxydans<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans, previously known as Acetobacter suboxydans, are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids.[3] G. oxydans are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0).[2] Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of G. oxydan is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.[3]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ''oxydans'' tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ''G. oxydans'' is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ''G. oxydans'' are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.[3]<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
G. oxydans has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that G. oxydans has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of G. oxydans is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is often found in sugar rich areas. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18421
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T17:48:54Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Genome structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
oxydans<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans, previously known as Acetobacter suboxydans, are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids.[3] G. oxydans are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0).[2] Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of G. oxydan is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.[3]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Gluconobacter'' ""oxydans"" tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ""G. oxydans"" is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ""G. oxydans"" are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.[3]<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
G. oxydans has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that G. oxydans has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of G. oxydans is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is often found in sugar rich areas. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18414
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T17:47:47Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Genome structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
oxydans<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans, previously known as Acetobacter suboxydans, are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids.[3] G. oxydans are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0).[2] Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of G. oxydan is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.[3]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ""Gluconobacter"" ""oxydans"" tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ""G. oxydans"" is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ""G. oxydans"" are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.[3]<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
G. oxydans has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that G. oxydans has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of G. oxydans is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is often found in sugar rich areas. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18410
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T17:47:22Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Genome structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
oxydans<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans, previously known as Acetobacter suboxydans, are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids.[3] G. oxydans are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0).[2] Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of G. oxydan is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.[3]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of ""Gluconobacter oxydans"" tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. ""G. oxydans"" is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. ""G. oxydans"" are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.[3]<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
G. oxydans has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that G. oxydans has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of G. oxydans is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is often found in sugar rich areas. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18405
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T17:46:44Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Genome structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
oxydans<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans, previously known as Acetobacter suboxydans, are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids.[3] G. oxydans are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0).[2] Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of G. oxydan is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.[3]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
The genome of "Gluconobacter oxydans" tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. "G. oxydans" is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. "G. oxydans" are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.[3]<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
G. oxydans has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that G. oxydans has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of G. oxydans is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is often found in sugar rich areas. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18392
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T17:43:16Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Description and significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
oxydans<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans, previously known as Acetobacter suboxydans, are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids.[3] G. oxydans are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0).[2] Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of G. oxydan is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.[3]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence?<br />
Does it have any plasmids? Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?<br />
<br />
The genome of Gluconobacter oxydans tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. G. oxydan is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. G. oxydans are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
G. oxydans has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that G. oxydans has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of G. oxydans is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is often found in sugar rich areas. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18388
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T17:42:28Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Description and significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
oxydans<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans, previously known as Acetobacter suboxydans, are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids. G. oxydans are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0.) Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of G. oxydan is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.[3]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence?<br />
Does it have any plasmids? Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?<br />
<br />
The genome of Gluconobacter oxydans tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. G. oxydan is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. G. oxydans are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
G. oxydans has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that G. oxydans has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of G. oxydans is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is often found in sugar rich areas. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18359
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T17:35:02Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Pathology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
oxydans<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why it is important enough to have its genome sequenced. Describe how and where it was isolated.<br />
Include a picture or two (with sources) if you can find them.<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans, previously known as Acetobacter suboxydans, are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids. G. oxydans are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0.) Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of G. oxydan is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence?<br />
Does it have any plasmids? Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?<br />
<br />
The genome of Gluconobacter oxydans tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. G. oxydan is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. G. oxydans are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
G. oxydans has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that G. oxydans has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of G. oxydans is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is often found in sugar rich areas. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.[2]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18356
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T17:34:43Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Pathology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
oxydans<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why it is important enough to have its genome sequenced. Describe how and where it was isolated.<br />
Include a picture or two (with sources) if you can find them.<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans, previously known as Acetobacter suboxydans, are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids. G. oxydans are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0.) Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of G. oxydan is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence?<br />
Does it have any plasmids? Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?<br />
<br />
The genome of Gluconobacter oxydans tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. G. oxydan is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. G. oxydans are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
G. oxydans has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that G. oxydans has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of G. oxydans is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is often found in sugar rich areas. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18345
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T17:32:37Z
<p>Lscheung: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
oxydans<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why it is important enough to have its genome sequenced. Describe how and where it was isolated.<br />
Include a picture or two (with sources) if you can find them.<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans, previously known as Acetobacter suboxydans, are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids. G. oxydans are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0.) Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of G. oxydan is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence?<br />
Does it have any plasmids? Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?<br />
<br />
The genome of Gluconobacter oxydans tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. G. oxydan is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. G. oxydans are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
G. oxydans has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that G. oxydans has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of G. oxydans is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is often found in sugar rich areas. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Edited by [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] student of Rachel Larson and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
[1]Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
[2]Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
[3]Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
[4]http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource<br />
<br />
[5]Cornelia Gatgens, Ursula Degner, Stephanie Bringer-Meyer, and Ute Herrmann. 'Biotransformation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone by recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2343'. Biotechnological Products and process engineering. April 2007.</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=18330
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-06-05T17:28:39Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Application to Biotechnology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
oxydans<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why it is important enough to have its genome sequenced. Describe how and where it was isolated.<br />
Include a picture or two (with sources) if you can find them.<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans, previously known as Acetobacter suboxydans, are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids. G. oxydans are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0.) Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of G. oxydan is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence?<br />
Does it have any plasmids? Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?<br />
<br />
The genome of Gluconobacter oxydans tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. G. oxydan is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. G. oxydans are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
G. oxydans has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that G. oxydans has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of G. oxydans is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is often found in sugar rich areas. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
It goes through the process of oxidizing glycerol to dihydroxyacetone(DHA). The use of a membrane-bound glycerol dehydrogenase to oxidize sorbitol, gluconate, and arabitol.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=10583
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-05-03T19:16:50Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Ecology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
oxydans<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why it is important enough to have its genome sequenced. Describe how and where it was isolated.<br />
Include a picture or two (with sources) if you can find them.<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans, previously known as Acetobacter suboxydans, are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids. G. oxydans are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0.) Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of G. oxydan is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence?<br />
Does it have any plasmids? Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?<br />
<br />
The genome of Gluconobacter oxydans tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. G. oxydan is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. G. oxydans are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
G. oxydans has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that G. oxydans has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of G. oxydans is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is often found in sugar rich areas. It can cause fruits to rot like rotten apples and pears.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=10578
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-05-03T19:10:25Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Application to Biotechnology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
oxydans<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why it is important enough to have its genome sequenced. Describe how and where it was isolated.<br />
Include a picture or two (with sources) if you can find them.<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans, previously known as Acetobacter suboxydans, are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids. G. oxydans are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0.) Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of G. oxydan is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence?<br />
Does it have any plasmids? Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?<br />
<br />
The genome of Gluconobacter oxydans tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. G. oxydan is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. G. oxydans are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
G. oxydans has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that G. oxydans has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of G. oxydans is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans is useful for a number of biotechnological applications.<br />
<br />
Production of vitamin C, sorbitol, xylitol, and vinegar are aided with the addition of G. oxydans.<br />
<br />
Biosensors using G. oxydans can be used to measure substrate concentration as a biosensor. Ehtanol in air, glycerol in fermentation media, and glucose in humans are just a few of the exciting applications currently being researched.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=10347
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-05-03T17:35:15Z
<p>Lscheung: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
oxydans<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why it is important enough to have its genome sequenced. Describe how and where it was isolated.<br />
Include a picture or two (with sources) if you can find them.<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans, previously known as Acetobacter suboxydans, are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids. G. oxydans are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0.) Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of G. oxydan is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence?<br />
Does it have any plasmids? Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?<br />
<br />
The genome of Gluconobacter oxydans tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. G. oxydan is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. G. oxydans are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
G. oxydans has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that G. oxydans has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of G. oxydans is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).<br />
<br />
Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A. Gluconobacter oxydans:its biotechnological applications. J Mol Micrcobiol Biotechnol. 2001 Jul.<br />
<br />
Sue Macauley, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. 'The Genus Gluconobacter and Its Applications in Biotechnology'. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 21:1, 1-25.<br />
<br />
http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=ntgo01 'Gluconobacter oxydans 621H Genome page', Comprehensive Microbial Resource</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=10329
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-05-03T17:29:01Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Pathology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
oxydans<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why it is important enough to have its genome sequenced. Describe how and where it was isolated.<br />
Include a picture or two (with sources) if you can find them.<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans, previously known as Acetobacter suboxydans, are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids. G. oxydans are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0.) Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of G. oxydan is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence?<br />
Does it have any plasmids? Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?<br />
<br />
The genome of Gluconobacter oxydans tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. G. oxydan is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. G. oxydans are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
G. oxydans has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that G. oxydans has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of G. oxydans is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.<br />
<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans strains are non-pathogenic to humans or animals, but they cause bacterial rot to apples and pears turning them shades of brown.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=10320
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-05-03T17:24:29Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Cell structure and metabolism */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
oxydans<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why it is important enough to have its genome sequenced. Describe how and where it was isolated.<br />
Include a picture or two (with sources) if you can find them.<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans, previously known as Acetobacter suboxydans, are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids. G. oxydans are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0.) Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of G. oxydan is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence?<br />
Does it have any plasmids? Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?<br />
<br />
The genome of Gluconobacter oxydans tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. G. oxydan is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. G. oxydans are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
G. oxydans has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile. Since they are aerobes, they must oxidize to get their energy. One method involves oxidation of sugars, aliphatic and cyclic alcohols, and steroids to oxidation product. Another method is through the pentose phosphate pathway where phosphorylation occurs initially then proceeds with oxidation through the pathway. It is suggested that G. oxydans has an incomplete set of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)enzymes because the carbon dioxide produced from glucose was from the pentose phosphate pathway. They possess properties for TCA because they are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate, and succinate. The main function of G. oxydans is their oxidative capabilites. It uses membrane-bound dehydrogenases to oxidize polyols into ketones and sugars into acids.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=10251
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-05-03T17:05:59Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Cell structure and metabolism */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
oxydans<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why it is important enough to have its genome sequenced. Describe how and where it was isolated.<br />
Include a picture or two (with sources) if you can find them.<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans, previously known as Acetobacter suboxydans, are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids. G. oxydans are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0.) Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of G. oxydan is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence?<br />
Does it have any plasmids? Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?<br />
<br />
The genome of Gluconobacter oxydans tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. G. oxydan is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. G. oxydans are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
G. oxydans has two membranes and no flagella and are thus non-motile.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=10244
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-05-03T17:04:00Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Description and significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
oxydans<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|right|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why it is important enough to have its genome sequenced. Describe how and where it was isolated.<br />
Include a picture or two (with sources) if you can find them.<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans, previously known as Acetobacter suboxydans, are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids. G. oxydans are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0.) Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of G. oxydan is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence?<br />
Does it have any plasmids? Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?<br />
<br />
The genome of Gluconobacter oxydans tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. G. oxydan is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. G. oxydans are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
oxydans has two membranes and no flagella and thus non-motile.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).</div>
Lscheung
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Gluconobacter_oxydans&diff=9972
Gluconobacter oxydans
2007-05-03T09:48:07Z
<p>Lscheung: /* Cell structure and metabolism */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Alphaproteobacteria; Order: Rhodospirillales; Family: Acetobacteraceae; Genus: Gluconobacter; Species: oxydans [Others may be used. Use [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
oxydans<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
[[Image:Pic2.gif|frame|left|© DECHEMA e.V. 2004, Last update 2006-03-08]]<br />
<br />
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why it is important enough to have its genome sequenced. Describe how and where it was isolated.<br />
Include a picture or two (with sources) if you can find them.<br />
Gluconobacter oxydans, previously known as Acetobacter suboxydans, are Gram-negative rod or oval shaped bacterium ranging from about 0.5 to 0.8mm x to 4.2mm. They tend to have a small genome size because of their limited metabolic abilities. These abilites include partially oxidizing carbohydrates and alcohols through the process of oxidative fermentation, and they can be used for sythesis of Vitamin C, D-gluconis acid and ketogluconic acids. G. oxydans are found in flowers, fruits, garden soil, alcoholic beverages, cider, and soft drinks because they are capable of growing strains in high concentrations of sugar solutions and low pH values (optimal pH for growth is 5.5-6.0.) Although they are able to grow in extreme conditions, its growth rate is slow and the concentration of mature cells are low. The importance of G. oxydan is its ability to incompletely oxidize carbon substrates such as D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-fructose, and D-glucose for the use in biotechnological instruments.<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence?<br />
Does it have any plasmids? Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?<br />
<br />
The genome of Gluconobacter oxydans tend to be small in size, ranging about 2240 to 3787kb (Verma et al., 1997). Shapes can be ellipsoidal or rod-shaped with dimensions of 0.5 to 0.8x0.9 to 4.2mm. The total number of genes is 2664, the total number of all DNA molecules is 6, and the total size of all the DNA molecules is 2922384bp. The circular chromosome has a size of 2.7Mb and a total of 2743 reading frames. It contains four plasmids with sizes of 26.6kb, 14.5kb, 13.2kb, and 2.7kb, and a megaplasmid with a size of 163kb. Its G+C content is 61%. G. oxydan is an aerobe which has oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The highest growth rate occur at temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees C and it cannot withstand high temperatures above 37 degrees C. G. oxydans are interesting because they cause apples and pears to rot and they thrive in environments with high concentrations of sugar.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules <br />
<br />
oxydans has two membranes and no flagella and thus non-motile.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
Edited by student of [mailto:lscheung@ucsd.edu Lynn S Cheung] and Kit Pogliano<br />
<br />
<br />
Prust, C., Hoffmeister, M., Liesegang, H., Wiezer, A., Fricke, W. F., Ehrenreich, A., Gottschalk, G. and Deppenmeier, U. (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nature Biotechnol. 23(2): 195-200 (abstract).</div>
Lscheung