https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Nsullivan&feedformat=atommicrobewiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T10:52:00ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=110086Keck Science Class Pages2015-04-19T22:13:47Z<p>Nsullivan: /* Title and Author */</p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2015: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Section 1: Nora Sullivan ==<br />
=== Title and Author ===<br />
<br> [[Alternative Treatments for Chronic Gastritis Caused by H. pylori Infection]] by Elizabeth Augustine<br />
<br> [[Fungal Endophytes: Drought Tolerance in Plants]] by Sarah Barnes<br />
<br> [[Adhesion Property in Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus acidophilus]] by Ashley Barnhill<br />
<br> [[Cercopithecine herpesvirus I]] by Alexis Boone<br />
<br> [[Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: A Potential Treatment for Crohn’s Disease]]by Phuongngan Bui<br />
<br> [[Teixobactin]] by Lisette Espinosa<br />
<br> [[Borrelia burgdorferi Survival Mechanisms Against the Mammalian Immune System]] by Mia Farago-Iwamasa<br />
<br> [[Leptospira Interrogans]] by Emily Gratke<br />
<br> [[Ebola]] by Constanza Jackson<br />
<br> [[Bordetella pertussis Vaccine]] by Kristina Millar<br />
<br> [[Influenza Hemagglutinin]] by Gabriella Newman<br />
<br> [[Chlorhexidine]] by Martha Serrano<br />
<br> [[Discovery of Sea Star Associated Densovirus]] by Kaitlyn Spees<br />
<br> [[Clostridium as a Cancer Therapy]] by Anh Tran<br />
<br> [[Ebola Virus Disease]] by Joshua Weiss<br />
<br> [[Microbial Growth in Insulation, Plasters and Wallpaper in the Built Environment]] by Jocelyn Wensel<br />
<br> [[Herpes Simplex Virus and Cancer]] by Alejandro Zuniga<br />
<br><br />
<br />
== Section 2: Suzanne Kern ==<br />
=== Title and Author ===<br />
<br> [[Antibiotic Resistance Within Staphylococcus Aureus]] by Elizabeth Ach<br />
<br> [[Pseudomonas and Bioremediation]] by Jessica Cheng<br />
<br> [[Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota]] by Sam DeRosa<br />
<br> [[Evolution of HIV]] by Samuel Du<br />
<br> [[Yeast Culture in Baking]] by Owen Foster<br />
<br> [[A Beautiful Colonizer: Vibrio fischeri and its Host Euprymna scolopes]] by Giselle Garcia<br />
<br> [[Pathogenesis of Lyme Disease and Gene Expression in Borrelia burgdorferi]] by Jenny Han<br />
<br> [[Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis]] by Noah Knowlton-Latkin<br />
<br> [[Methanogenic Anaerobic Digestion of Wastewater]] by Yen Fang Koh<br />
<br> [[The use of antibiotics on Wolbachia as treatment for filarial diseases]] by Nitin Kuppanda<br />
<br> [[The Acquisition, Metabolism, and Pathological Mechanisms Underlying Giardia Lamblia]] by Shana Levenson<br />
<br> [[Early gut colonization and type 1 diabetes mellitus]] by Kathleen Muenzen<br />
<br> [[Vinification, flavor, and aroma]] by Patrick Niedermeyer<br />
<br> [[Bacteroide composition in the gut]] by Maggie Schein<br />
<br> [[Vibrio cholerae pathogenesis]] by Tina Solvik<br />
<br> [[Differences in the Gut Microbiome due to Environment and during Development]] by Christina Timko<br />
<br> [[Magnetotactic Bacteria]] by Kelsey Waite<br />
<br> [[Prevotella nigrescens]] by Nancy Zhu<br />
<br><br />
<br />
= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[User talk:Eric benjamins16]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[MicrobeWiki:Yersinia Pestis: Origin and Resistance]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[Poliovirus and its three serotypes]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[Necrotizing fasciitis induced by Vibrio vulnificus]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[Antimicrobial Effects of Honey]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[The role of Bifidobacterium on the Immune System]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[Symbiosis of Termites and the Microbes in their Gut: Digestion of Lignocellulose]] by Diana McDonnell<br />
<br> [[Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Activity From Natural Products]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus in Birds]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil and its Effectiveness in Treating Acne Vulgaris]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2)]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[Tuberculosis and HIV]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[Sovaldi and Olysio: Novel Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ Synechococcus and Biofuel]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=108177Keck Science Class Pages2015-04-07T17:44:09Z<p>Nsullivan: /* Title and Author */</p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2015: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Section 1: Nora Sullivan ==<br />
=== Title and Author ===<br />
<br> [[Alternative Treatments for Chronic Gastritis Caused by H. pylori Infection]] by Elizabeth Augustine<br />
<br> [[Fungal Endophytes: Drought Tolerance in Plants]] by Sarah Barnes<br />
<br> [[Adhesion Property in Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus acidophilus]] by Ashley Barnhill<br />
<br> [[Cercopithecine herpesvirus I]] by Alexis Boone<br />
<br> [[Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: A Potential Treatment for Crohn’s Disease]]by Phuongngan Bui<br />
<br> [[Teixobactin]] by Lisette Espinosa<br />
<br> [[Borrelia burgdorferi Survival Mechanisms Against the Mammalian Immune System]] by Mia Farago-Iwamasa<br />
<br> [[Leptospira Interrogans]] by Emily Gratke<br />
<br> [[Ebola]] by Constanza Jackson<br />
<br> [[Bordetella pertussis Vaccine]] by Kristina Millar<br />
<br> [[Influenza Hemagglutinin]] by Gabriella Newman<br />
<br> [[Chlorhexidine]] by Martha Seranno<br />
<br> [[SSaDV]] by Kaitlyn Spees<br />
<br> [[Microbial Applications in Cancer Therapy: Clostridium]] by Anh Tran<br />
<br> [[Ebola Virus Disease]] by Joshua Weiss<br />
<br> [[Microbial Growth in Insulation, Plasters and Wallpaper in the Built Environment]] by Jocelyn Wensel<br />
<br> [[Herpes Simplex Virus and Cancer]] by Alejandro Zuniga<br />
<br><br />
<br />
== Section 2: Suzanne Kern ==<br />
=== Title and Author ===<br />
<br> [[Antibiotic Resistance Within Staphylococcus Aureus]] by Elizabeth Ach<br />
<br> [[Pseudomonas and Bioremediation]] by Jessica Cheng<br />
<br> [[Erysipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria in the human gut Microbiota]] by Sam DeRosa<br />
<br> [[Evolution of HIV]] by Samuel Du<br />
<br> [[Yeast Culture in Baking]] by Owen Foster<br />
<br> [[A Beautiful Colonizer: Vibrio fischeri and its Host Euprymna scolopes]] by Giselle Garcia<br />
<br> [[Pathology of Borrelia burgdorferi]] by Jenny Han<br />
<br> [[Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis]] by Noah Knowlton-Latkin<br />
<br> [[Methanogenic Anaerobic Digestion of Wastewater]] by Yen Fang Koh<br />
<br> [[The use of antibiotics on Wolbachia as treatment for filarial diseases]] by Nitin Kuppanda<br />
<br> [[The Acquisition, Metabolism, and Pathological Mechanisms Underlying Giardia Lamblia]] by Shana Levenson<br />
<br> [[Early gut colonization and type 1 diabetes mellitus]] by Kathleen Muenzen<br />
<br> [[Vinification, flavor, and aroma]] by Patrick Niedermeyer<br />
<br> [[Bacteroide composition in the gut]] by Maggie Schein<br />
<br> [[Vibrio cholerae pathogenesis]] by Tina Solvik<br />
<br> [[Reasons for differences in microbiome composition among different populations]] by Christina Timko<br />
<br> [[Magnetotactic Bacteria]] by Kelsey Waite<br />
<br> [[Prevotella nigrescens]] by Nancy Zhu<br />
<br><br />
<br />
= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[User talk:Eric benjamins16]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[MicrobeWiki:Yersinia Pestis: Origin and Resistance]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[Poliovirus and its three serotypes]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[Necrotizing fasciitis induced by Vibrio vulnificus]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[Antimicrobial Effects of Honey]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[The role of Bifidobacterium on the Immune System]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[Symbiosis of Termites and the Microbes in their Gut: Digestion of Lignocellulose]] by Diana McDonnell<br />
<br> [[Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Activity From Natural Products]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus in Birds]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil and its Effectiveness in Treating Acne Vulgaris]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2)]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[Tuberculosis and HIV]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[Sovaldi and Olysio: Novel Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ Synechococcus and Biofuel]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=107856Keck Science Class Pages2015-03-29T21:08:36Z<p>Nsullivan: </p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2015: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Section 1: Nora Sullivan ==<br />
=== Title and Author ===<br />
<br> [[Alternative Treatments for Chronic Gastritis Caused by H. pylori Infection]] by Elizabeth Augustine<br />
<br> [[Fungal Endophytes: Drought Tolerance in Plants]] by Sarah Barnes<br />
<br> [[Adhesion Property in Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus acidophilus]] by Ashley Barnhill<br />
<br> [[Cercopithecine herpesvirus I]] by Alexis Boone<br />
<br> [[Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: A Potential Treatment for Crohn’s Disease]]by Phuongngan Bui<br />
<br> [[Teixobactin]] by Lisette Espinosa<br />
<br> [[Borrelia burgdorferi Survival Mechanisms Against the Mammalian Immune System]] by Mia Farago-Iwamasa<br />
<br> [[Leptospira Interrogans]] by Emily Gratke<br />
<br> [[Ebola]] by Constanza Jackson<br />
<br> [[Bordetella pertussis Vaccine]] by Kristina Millar<br />
<br> [[Influenza Hemagglutinin]] by Gabriella Newman<br />
<br> [[Chlorhexidine]] by Martha Seranno<br />
<br> [[SSaDV]] by Kaitlyn Spees<br />
<br> [[Microbial Applications in Cancer Therapy: Clostridium]] by Anh Tran<br />
<br> [[Ebola Virus Disease]] by Joshua Weiss<br />
<br> [[Microbial Growth in Insulation, Plasters and Wallpaper in the Built Environment]] by Jocelyn Wensel<br />
<br> [[Herpes Simplex Virus and Cancer]] by Alejandro Zuniga<br />
<br><br />
<br />
== Section 2: Suzanne Kern ==<br />
=== Title and Author ===<br />
<br> [[Antibiotic Resistance Within Staphylococcus Aureus]] by Elizabeth Ach<br />
<br> [[Pseudomonas and Bioremediation]] by Jessica Cheng<br />
<br> [[Erysipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria in the human gut Microbiota]] by Sam DeRosa<br />
<br> [[Evolution of HIV]] by Samuel Du<br />
<br> by Owen Foster<br />
<br> [[A Beautiful Colonizer: Vibrio fischeri and its Host Euprymna scolopes]] by Giselle Garcia<br />
<br> [[Pathology of Borrelia burgdorferi]] by Jenny Han<br />
<br> [[Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis]] by Noah Knowlton-Latkin<br />
<br> [[Methanogenic Anaerobic Digestion of Wastewater]] by Yen Fang Koh<br />
<br> [[The use of antibiotics on Wolbachia as treatment for filarial diseases]] by Nitin Kuppanda<br />
<br> [[The Acquisition, Metabolism, and Pathological Mechanisms Underlying Giardia Lamblia]] by Shana Levenson<br />
<br> [[Early gut colonization and type 1 diabetes mellitus]] by Kathleen Muenzen<br />
<br> by Patrick Niedermeyer<br />
<br> [[Bacteroide composition in the gut]] by Maggie Schein<br />
<br> [[Vibrio cholerae pathogenesis]] by Tina Solvik<br />
<br> [[Reasons for differences in microbiome composition among different populations]] by Christina Timko<br />
<br> [[Magnetotactic Bacteria]] by Kelsey Waite<br />
<br> [[Prevotella nigrescens]] by Nancy Zhu<br />
<br><br />
<br />
= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[User talk:Eric benjamins16]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[MicrobeWiki:Yersinia Pestis: Origin and Resistance]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[Poliovirus and its three serotypes]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[Necrotizing fasciitis induced by Vibrio vulnificus]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[Antimicrobial Effects of Honey]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[The role of Bifidobacterium on the Immune System]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[Symbiosis of Termites and the Microbes in their Gut: Digestion of Lignocellulose]] by Diana McDonnell<br />
<br> [[Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Activity From Natural Products]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus in Birds]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil and its Effectiveness in Treating Acne Vulgaris]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2)]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[Tuberculosis and HIV]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[Sovaldi and Olysio: Novel Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ Synechococcus and Biofuel]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=107810Keck Science Class Pages2015-03-27T20:05:22Z<p>Nsullivan: </p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2015: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Section 1: Nora Sullivan ==<br />
=== Title and Author ===<br />
<br> [[Alternative Treatments for Chronic Gastritis Caused by H. pylori Infection]] by Elizabeth Augustine<br />
<br> [[Fungal Endophytes: Drought Tolerance in Plants]] by Sarah Barnes<br />
<br> [[Adhesion Property in Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus acidophilus]] by Ashley Barnhill<br />
<br> [[Cercopithecine herpesvirus I]] by Alexis Boone<br />
<br> [[Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: A Potential Treatment for Crohn’s Disease]]by Phuongngan Bui<br />
<br> [[Teixobactin]] by Lisette Espinosa<br />
<br> [[Borrelia burgdorferi Survival Mechanisms Against the Mammalian Immune System]] by Mia Farago-Iwamasa<br />
<br> [[Leptospira Interrogans]] by Emily Gratke<br />
<br> [[Ebola]] by Constanza Jackson<br />
<br> [[Bordetella pertussis Vaccine]] by Kristina Millar<br />
<br> [[Influenza Hemagglutinin]] by Gabriella Newman<br />
<br> [[Chlorhexidine]] by Martha Seranno<br />
<br> [[SSaDV]] by Kaitlyn Spees<br />
<br> [[Microbial Applications in Cancer Therapy: Clostridium]] by Anh Tran<br />
<br> [[Ebola Virus Disease]] by Joshua Weiss<br />
<br> [[Microbial Growth in Insulation, Plaster and Wallpaper in the Built Environment]] by Jocelyn Wensel<br />
<br> [[Herpes Simplex Virus and Cancer]] by Alejandro Zuniga<br />
<br><br />
<br />
== Section 2: Suzanne Kern ==<br />
=== Title and Author ===<br />
<br> [[Antibiotic Resistance Within Staphylococcus Aureus]] by Elizabeth Ach<br />
<br> [[Pseudomonas and Bioremediation]] by Jessica Cheng<br />
<br> [[Erysipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria in the human gut Microbiota]] by Sam DeRosa<br />
<br> [[Evolution of HIV]] by Samuel Du<br />
<br> by Owen Foster<br />
<br> [[A Beautiful Colonizer: Vibrio fischeri and its Host Euprymna scolopes]] by Giselle Garcia<br />
<br> [[Pathology of Borrelia burgdorferi]] by Jenny Han<br />
<br> [[Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis]] by Noah Knowlton-Latkin<br />
<br> [[Methanogenic Anaerobic Digestion of Wastewater]] by Yen Fang Koh<br />
<br> [[The use of antibiotics on Wolbachia as treatment for filarial diseases]] by Nitin Kuppanda<br />
<br> [[The Acquisition, Metabolism, and Pathological Mechanisms Underlying Giardia Lamblia]] by Shana Levenson<br />
<br> [[Early gut colonization and type 1 diabetes mellitus]] by Kathleen Muenzen<br />
<br> by Patrick Niedermeyer<br />
<br> [[Bacteroide composition in the gut]] by Maggie Schein<br />
<br> [[Vibrio cholerae pathogenesis]] by Tina Solvik<br />
<br> [[Reasons for differences in microbiome composition among different populations]] by Christina Timko<br />
<br> [[Magnetotactic Bacteria]] by Kelsey Waite<br />
<br> [[Prevotella nigrescens]] by Nancy Zhu<br />
<br><br />
<br />
= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[User talk:Eric benjamins16]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[MicrobeWiki:Yersinia Pestis: Origin and Resistance]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[Poliovirus and its three serotypes]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[Necrotizing fasciitis induced by Vibrio vulnificus]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[Antimicrobial Effects of Honey]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[The role of Bifidobacterium on the Immune System]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[Symbiosis of Termites and the Microbes in their Gut: Digestion of Lignocellulose]] by Diana McDonnell<br />
<br> [[Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Activity From Natural Products]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus in Birds]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil and its Effectiveness in Treating Acne Vulgaris]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2)]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[Tuberculosis and HIV]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[Sovaldi and Olysio: Novel Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ Synechococcus and Biofuel]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=107249Keck Science Class Pages2015-03-24T05:01:42Z<p>Nsullivan: </p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2015: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Section 1: Nora Sullivan ==<br />
=== Title and Author ===<br />
<br> [[Alternative Treatments for Chronic Gastritis Caused by H. pylori Infection]] by Elizabeth Augustine<br />
<br> by Sarah Barnes<br />
<br> by Ashley Barnhill<br />
<br> by Alexis Boone<br />
<br> by Phuongngan Bui<br />
<br> by Lisette Espinosa<br />
<br> [[Borrelia burgdorferi Survival Mechanisms Against the Mammalian Immune System]] by Mia Farago-Iwamasa<br />
<br> by Emily Gratke<br />
<br> by Constanza Jackson<br />
<br> [[Bordetella pertussis Vaccine]] by Kristina Millar<br />
<br> [[Influenza Hemagglutinin]] by Gabriella Newman<br />
<br> by Martha Seranno<br />
<br> [[SSaDV]] by Kaitlyn Spees<br />
<br> by Anh Tran<br />
<br> by Joshua Weiss<br />
<br> by Jocelyn Wensel<br />
<br> by Alejandro Zuniga<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
== Section 2: Suzanne Kern ==<br />
=== Title and Author ===<br />
<br> by Elizabeth Ach<br />
<br> by Jessica Cheng<br />
<br> by Sam DeRosa<br />
<br> by Samuel Du<br />
<br> by Owen Foster<br />
<br> by Giselle Garcia<br />
<br> by Jenny Han<br />
<br> by Noah Knowlton-Latkin<br />
<br> by Yen Fang Koh<br />
<br> [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/The_use_of_antibiotics_on_Wolbachia_as_treatment_for_filarial_diseases The use of antibiotics on Wolbachia as treatment for filarial diseases] by Nitin Kuppanda<br />
<br> by Shana Levenson<br />
<br> by Kathleen Muenzen<br />
<br> by Patrick Neidermeyer<br />
<br> by Maggie Schein<br />
<br> by Kristina Solvik<br />
<br> by Christina Timko<br />
<br> by Kelsey Waite<br />
<br> by Nancy Zhu<br />
<br><br />
<br />
= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[User talk:Eric benjamins16]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[MicrobeWiki:Yersinia Pestis: Origin and Resistance]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[Poliovirus and its three serotypes]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[Necrotizing fasciitis induced by Vibrio vulnificus]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[Antimicrobial Effects of Honey]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[The role of Bifidobacterium on the Immune System]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[Symbiosis of Termites and the Microbes in their Gut: Digestion of Lignocellulose]] by Diana McDonnell<br />
<br> [[Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Activity From Natural Products]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus in Birds]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil and its Effectiveness in Treating Acne Vulgaris]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2)]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[Tuberculosis and HIV]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[Sovaldi and Olysio: Novel Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ Synechococcus and Biofuel]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=107248Keck Science Class Pages2015-03-24T05:01:13Z<p>Nsullivan: </p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2015: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Section 1: Nora Sullivan ==<br />
=== Title and Author ===<br />
<br> [[Alternative Treatments for Chronic Gastritis Caused by H. pylori Infection]] by Elizabeth Augustine<br />
<br> by Sarah Barnes<br />
<br> by Ashley Barnhill<br />
<br> by Alexis Boone<br />
<br> by Phuongngan Bui<br />
<br> by Lisette Espinosa<br />
<br> [[Borrelia burgdorferi Survival Mechanisms Against the Mammalian Immune System]] by Mia Farago-Iwamasa<br />
<br> by Emily Gratke<br />
<br> by Constanza Jackson<br />
<br> [[Bordetella pertussis Vaccine]]by Kristina Millar<br />
<br> [[Influenza Hemagglutinin]] by Gabriella Newman<br />
<br> by Martha Seranno<br />
<br> [[SSaDV]] by Kaitlyn Spees<br />
<br> by Anh Tran<br />
<br> by Joshua Weiss<br />
<br> by Jocelyn Wensel<br />
<br> by Alejandro Zuniga<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
== Section 2: Suzanne Kern ==<br />
=== Title and Author ===<br />
<br> by Elizabeth Ach<br />
<br> by Jessica Cheng<br />
<br> by Sam DeRosa<br />
<br> by Samuel Du<br />
<br> by Owen Foster<br />
<br> by Giselle Garcia<br />
<br> by Jenny Han<br />
<br> by Noah Knowlton-Latkin<br />
<br> by Yen Fang Koh<br />
<br> [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/The_use_of_antibiotics_on_Wolbachia_as_treatment_for_filarial_diseases The use of antibiotics on Wolbachia as treatment for filarial diseases] by Nitin Kuppanda<br />
<br> by Shana Levenson<br />
<br> by Kathleen Muenzen<br />
<br> by Patrick Neidermeyer<br />
<br> by Maggie Schein<br />
<br> by Kristina Solvik<br />
<br> by Christina Timko<br />
<br> by Kelsey Waite<br />
<br> by Nancy Zhu<br />
<br><br />
<br />
= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[User talk:Eric benjamins16]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[MicrobeWiki:Yersinia Pestis: Origin and Resistance]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[Poliovirus and its three serotypes]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[Necrotizing fasciitis induced by Vibrio vulnificus]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[Antimicrobial Effects of Honey]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[The role of Bifidobacterium on the Immune System]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[Symbiosis of Termites and the Microbes in their Gut: Digestion of Lignocellulose]] by Diana McDonnell<br />
<br> [[Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Activity From Natural Products]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus in Birds]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil and its Effectiveness in Treating Acne Vulgaris]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2)]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[Tuberculosis and HIV]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[Sovaldi and Olysio: Novel Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ Synechococcus and Biofuel]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=107244Keck Science Class Pages2015-03-24T04:56:02Z<p>Nsullivan: </p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2015: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Section 1: Nora Sullivan ==<br />
=== Title and Author ===<br />
<br> [[Alternative Treatments for Chronic Gastritis Caused by H. pylori Infection]] by Elizabeth Augustine<br />
<br> by Sarah Barnes<br />
<br> by Ashley Barnhill<br />
<br> by Alexis Boone<br />
<br> by Phuongngan Bui<br />
<br> by Lisette Espinosa<br />
<br> [[Borrelia burgdorferi Survival Mechanisms Against the Mammalian Immune System]] by Mia Farago-Iwamasa<br />
<br> by Emily Gratke<br />
<br> by Constanza Jackson<br />
<br> [[Bordetella pertussis Vaccine]]by Kristina Millar<br />
<br> by Gabriella Newman<br />
<br> by Martha Seranno<br />
<br> [[SSaDV]] by Kaitlyn Spees<br />
<br> by Anh Tran<br />
<br> by Joshua Weiss<br />
<br> by Jocelyn Wensel<br />
<br> by Alejandro Zuniga<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
== Section 2: Suzanne Kern ==<br />
=== Title and Author ===<br />
<br> by Elizabeth Ach<br />
<br> by Jessica Cheng<br />
<br> by Sam DeRosa<br />
<br> by Samuel Du<br />
<br> by Owen Foster<br />
<br> by Giselle Garcia<br />
<br> by Jenny Han<br />
<br> by Noah Knowlton-Latkin<br />
<br> by Yen Fang Koh<br />
<br> by Nitin Kuppanda<br />
<br> by Shana Levenson<br />
<br> by Kathleen Muenzen<br />
<br> by Patrick Neidermeyer<br />
<br> by Maggie Schein<br />
<br> by Kristina Solvik<br />
<br> by Christina Timko<br />
<br> by Kelsey Waite<br />
<br> by Nancy Zhu<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[User talk:Eric benjamins16]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[MicrobeWiki:Yersinia Pestis: Origin and Resistance]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[Poliovirus and its three serotypes]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[Necrotizing fasciitis induced by Vibrio vulnificus]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[Antimicrobial Effects of Honey]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[The role of Bifidobacterium on the Immune System]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[Symbiosis of Termites and the Microbes in their Gut: Digestion of Lignocellulose]] by Diana McDonnell<br />
<br> [[Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Activity From Natural Products]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus in Birds]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil and its Effectiveness in Treating Acne Vulgaris]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2)]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[Tuberculosis and HIV]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[Sovaldi and Olysio: Novel Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ Synechococcus and Biofuel]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=107154Keck Science Class Pages2015-03-23T22:38:58Z<p>Nsullivan: </p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2015: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Section 1: Nora Sullivan ==<br />
=== Title and Author ===<br />
<br> [[Alternative Treatments for Chronic Gastritis Caused by H. pylori Infection]] by Elizabeth Augustine<br />
<br> by Sarah Barnes<br />
<br> by Ashley Barnhill<br />
<br> by Alexis Boone<br />
<br> by Phuongngan Bui<br />
<br> by Lisette Espinosa<br />
<br> [[Borrelia burgdorferi Survival Mechanisms Against the Mammalian Immune System]] by Mia Farago-Iwamasa<br />
<br> by Emily Gratke<br />
<br> by Constanza Jackson<br />
<br> by Kristina Millar<br />
<br> by Gabriella Newman<br />
<br> by Martha Seranno<br />
<br> [[SSaDV]] by Kaitlyn Spees<br />
<br> by Anh Tran<br />
<br> by Joshua Weiss<br />
<br> by Jocelyn Wensel<br />
<br> by Alejandro Zuniga<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
== Section 2: Suzanne Kern ==<br />
=== Title and Author ===<br />
<br> by Elizabeth Ach<br />
<br> by Jessica Cheng<br />
<br> by Sam DeRosa<br />
<br> by Samuel Du<br />
<br> by Owen Foster<br />
<br> by Giselle Garcia<br />
<br> by Jenny Han<br />
<br> by Noah Knowlton-Latkin<br />
<br> by Yen Fang Koh<br />
<br> by Nitin Kuppanda<br />
<br> by Shana Levenson<br />
<br> by Kathleen Muenzen<br />
<br> by Patrick Neidermeyer<br />
<br> by Maggie Schein<br />
<br> by Kristina Solvik<br />
<br> by Christina Timko<br />
<br> by Kelsey Waite<br />
<br> by Nancy Zhu<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[User talk:Eric benjamins16]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[MicrobeWiki:Yersinia Pestis: Origin and Resistance]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[Poliovirus and its three serotypes]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[Necrotizing fasciitis induced by Vibrio vulnificus]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[Antimicrobial Effects of Honey]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[The role of Bifidobacterium on the Immune System]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[Symbiosis of Termites and the Microbes in their Gut: Digestion of Lignocellulose]] by Diana McDonnell<br />
<br> [[Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Activity From Natural Products]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus in Birds]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil and its Effectiveness in Treating Acne Vulgaris]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2)]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[Tuberculosis and HIV]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[Sovaldi and Olysio: Novel Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ Synechococcus and Biofuel]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=107153Keck Science Class Pages2015-03-23T22:37:40Z<p>Nsullivan: </p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2015: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Section 1: Nora Sullivan ==<br />
=== Title and Author ===<br />
<br> by Elizabeth Augustine<br />
<br> by Sarah Barnes<br />
<br> by Ashley Barnhill<br />
<br> by Alexis Boone<br />
<br> by Phuongngan Bui<br />
<br> by Lisette Espinosa<br />
<br> by Mia Farago-Iwamasa<br />
<br> by Emily Gratke<br />
<br> by Constanza Jackson<br />
<br> by Kristina Millar<br />
<br> by Gabriella Newman<br />
<br> by Martha Seranno<br />
<br> by Kaitlyn Spees<br />
<br> by Anh Tran<br />
<br> by Joshua Weiss<br />
<br> by Jocelyn Wensel<br />
<br> by Alejandro Zuniga<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
== Section 2: Suzanne Kern ==<br />
=== Title and Author ===<br />
<br> by Elizabeth Ach<br />
<br> by Jessica Cheng<br />
<br> by Sam DeRosa<br />
<br> by Samuel Du<br />
<br> by Owen Foster<br />
<br> by Giselle Garcia<br />
<br> by Jenny Han<br />
<br> by Noah Knowlton-Latkin<br />
<br> by Yen Fang Koh<br />
<br> by Nitin Kuppanda<br />
<br> by Shana Levenson<br />
<br> by Kathleen Muenzen<br />
<br> by Patrick Neidermeyer<br />
<br> by Maggie Schein<br />
<br> by Kristina Solvik<br />
<br> by Christina Timko<br />
<br> by Kelsey Waite<br />
<br> by Nancy Zhu<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[User talk:Eric benjamins16]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[MicrobeWiki:Yersinia Pestis: Origin and Resistance]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[Poliovirus and its three serotypes]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[Necrotizing fasciitis induced by Vibrio vulnificus]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[Antimicrobial Effects of Honey]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[The role of Bifidobacterium on the Immune System]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[Symbiosis of Termites and the Microbes in their Gut: Digestion of Lignocellulose]] by Diana McDonnell<br />
<br> [[Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Activity From Natural Products]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus in Birds]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil and its Effectiveness in Treating Acne Vulgaris]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2)]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[Tuberculosis and HIV]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[Sovaldi and Olysio: Novel Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ Synechococcus and Biofuel]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=107152Keck Science Class Pages2015-03-23T22:36:31Z<p>Nsullivan: </p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2015: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br>Section 1: Nora Sullivan<br />
<br> by Elizabeth Augustine<br />
<br> by Sarah Barnes<br />
<br> by Ashley Barnhill<br />
<br> by Alexis Boone<br />
<br> by Phuongngan Bui<br />
<br> by Lisette Espinosa<br />
<br> by Mia Farago-Iwamasa<br />
<br> by Emily Gratke<br />
<br> by Constanza Jackson<br />
<br> by Kristina Millar<br />
<br> by Gabriella Newman<br />
<br> by Martha Seranno<br />
<br> by Kaitlyn Spees<br />
<br> by Anh Tran<br />
<br> by Joshua Weiss<br />
<br> by Jocelyn Wensel<br />
<br> by Alejandro Zuniga<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
<br>Section 2: Suzanne Kern<br />
<br> by Elizabeth Ach<br />
<br> by Jessica Cheng<br />
<br> by Sam DeRosa<br />
<br> by Samuel Du<br />
<br> by Owen Foster<br />
<br> by Giselle Garcia<br />
<br> by Jenny Han<br />
<br> by Noah Knowlton-Latkin<br />
<br> by Yen Fang Koh<br />
<br> by Nitin Kuppanda<br />
<br> by Shana Levenson<br />
<br> by Kathleen Muenzen<br />
<br> by Patrick Neidermeyer<br />
<br> by Maggie Schein<br />
<br> by Kristina Solvik<br />
<br> by Christina Timko<br />
<br> by Kelsey Waite<br />
<br> by Nancy Zhu<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[User talk:Eric benjamins16]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[MicrobeWiki:Yersinia Pestis: Origin and Resistance]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[Poliovirus and its three serotypes]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[Necrotizing fasciitis induced by Vibrio vulnificus]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[Antimicrobial Effects of Honey]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[The role of Bifidobacterium on the Immune System]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[Symbiosis of Termites and the Microbes in their Gut: Digestion of Lignocellulose]] by Diana McDonnell<br />
<br> [[Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Activity From Natural Products]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus in Birds]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil and its Effectiveness in Treating Acne Vulgaris]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2)]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[Tuberculosis and HIV]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[Sovaldi and Olysio: Novel Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ Synechococcus and Biofuel]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=101842Keck Science Class Pages2014-04-29T04:22:34Z<p>Nsullivan: /* Title and Author */</p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[User talk:Eric benjamins16]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[MicrobeWiki:Yersinia Pestis: Origin and Resistance]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[Poliovirus and its three serotypes]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[Necrotizing fasciitis induced by Vibrio vulnificus]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[Antimicrobial Effects of Honey]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[The role of Bifidobacterium on the Immune System]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[Symbiosis of Termites and the Microbes in their Gut: Digestion of Lignocellulose]] by Diana McDonnell<br />
<br> [[Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Activity From Natural Products]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus in Birds]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil and its Effectiveness in Treating Acne Vulgaris]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2)]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[Tuberculosis and HIV]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[Sovaldi and Olysio: Novel Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ Synechococcus and Biofuel]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Necrotizing_fasciitis_induced_by_Vibrio_vulnificus&diff=101305Necrotizing fasciitis induced by Vibrio vulnificus2014-04-25T18:06:32Z<p>Nsullivan: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Necrotizing_Fasciitis_(flesh_eating_bacteria_) Necrotizing fasciitis] (NF) is a soft-tissue infection that is most commonly caused by bacteria that infect open wounds and results in tissue damage and death. For this reason the bacteria that induce this infection are termed “flesh-eating bacteria”. Different variations of Necrotizing fasciitis exist and they are separated into three general groups based on the types of bacteria that cause the infection [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Necrotizing_fasciitis_induced_by_Vibrio_vulnificus&action=submit#References <sup>1</sup>]. The first and most common are the [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Streptococcus <i>Streptococcus</i>] and [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Staphylococcus <i>Staphylococcus</i>] bacteria, which are of growing concern because of the emergence of [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Methicillin_Resistant_Staphylococcus_Aureus_(MRSA) MRSA’s]. The second group involves polymicrobial-induced infection or infection by [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Vibrio_vulnificus <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i>]. [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Clostridium <i>Clostridium</i>] bacteria cause the third variation of Necrotizing fasciitis. <br />
<br />
[[Image:EGoldVibrio.png|thumb|300px|right|<b>Figure 1.</b> Colorized SEM of a flagellated <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i> bacterium; Mag. 26367x. Image from CDC Public Health Image Library.<br />
http://phil.cdc.gov/Phil/details.asp]]<br />
<br />
While <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i> is one of the more infrequent causes of NF, it has a relatively high mortality rate of 26% [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Necrotizing_fasciitis_induced_by_Vibrio_vulnificus&action=submit#References <sup>2</sup>] because it spreads quickly and it is hard to diagnose. <i>V. vulnificus</i> thrives in warm, medium salinity water and causes infections either through the ingestion of contaminated seafood or in this case, through open wounds that come in contact with <i>V. vulnificus</i> contaminated water [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Necrotizing_fasciitis_induced_by_Vibrio_vulnificus&action=submit#References <sup>3</sup>]. There also appears to be increasing incidence of Vibrios infections, which could be the result of ocean warming due to global climate change [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Necrotizing_fasciitis_induced_by_Vibrio_vulnificus&action=submit#References <sup>4</sup>].<br />
<br />
==Pathogenesis==<br />
===Toxins Involved===<br />
<br />
The people most at risk for infection are those with immunodeficiencies, especially liver disease, hepatitis B or C or any disorder characterized by high iron levels [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Necrotizing_fasciitis_induced_by_Vibrio_vulnificus&action=submit#References <sup>5</sup>]. Iron is believed to promote infection by enhancing growth of the bacteria and reducing immune response [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Necrotizing_fasciitis_induced_by_Vibrio_vulnificus&action=submit#References <sup>6</sup>]. <i>V. vulnificus</i> uses [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxicity cytotoxins] i.e. compound that are toxic to cells, to cause the infection. A few mechanisms of <i>V. vulnificus</i> cytotoxicity resulting in tissue damage have been studied in mice, including the toxins VvTtxA, hemolysin (Vvha), and VvpE. <br />
<br />
::*VvRtxA appears to be the key toxin that contributes to the cytotoxicity of the bacteria. It is believed to trigger excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species (ROS)] by the host, resulting in necrotic cell death and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis apoptosis], which is programmed cell death [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Necrotizing_fasciitis_induced_by_Vibrio_vulnificus&action=submit#References <sup>7</sup>]. <br />
<br />
::*Hemolysin (VvhA) is an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotoxin exotoxin] encoded by the bacteria, which assists in iron release from hemoglobin. The toxin also causes cell death by pore formation in the cellular membrane [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Necrotizing_fasciitis_induced_by_Vibrio_vulnificus&action=submit#References <sup>8</sup>]. <br />
<br />
::*VvpE is an extracellular [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloproteinase metalloprotease] and its purified form has been shown to cause tissue necrosis and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulla_(dermatology) bullous lesions], which are characteristic of NF caused by <i>V. vulnificus</i>. VvpE degrades [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_IV_collagen type IV collagen], which is a structural component of basement membranes, and it also activates [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase procaspase 3], which is a protein involved in cellular apoptosis [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Necrotizing_fasciitis_induced_by_Vibrio_vulnificus&action=submit#References <sup>8</sup>].<br />
<br />
===Quorum Sensing===<br />
<br />
Cell-to-cell contact with the host is required for cytotoxicity (Figure 2) and <i>V. vulnificus</i> knows when to release its toxins using [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quorum_sensing quorum sensing ] [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Necrotizing_fasciitis_induced_by_Vibrio_vulnificus&action=submit#References <sup>9</sup>]. LuxS synthesizes the autoinducer and LuxR is the transcriptional regulator. Mutation of either of the genes that codes these proteins resulted in decreased cytotoxicity. The gene luxS influences the transcription of vvhA and vvpE, resulting in increased or decreased levels of these toxins. The protein HlyU also regulates cytotoxicity [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Necrotizing_fasciitis_induced_by_Vibrio_vulnificus&action=submit#References <sup>8</sup>]. The gene hlyU regulates the expression of rtxA at the transcriptional level by binding upstream of the rtxA promoter region, initiating transcription. <br />
[[Image:EGoldRtxA1.png|thumb|600px|center|<b>Figure 2.</b> Levels of the RtxA1 toxin (green) in <i>V. vulnificus</i> increased in a time-dependent manner after making contact with the host cells. <br />
From Young, R.M., et al. 2007. Vibrio vulnificus RTX toxin kills host cells only after contact of the bacteria with host cells. Cellular Microbiology 10:848-862.<br />
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01088.x/citedby]]<br />
<br />
==Symptoms and Diagnosis==<br />
<br />
Symptoms tend to appear in the summer months, when the seawater temperature rises resulting in increased <i>V. vulnificus</i> presence [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Necrotizing_fasciitis_induced_by_Vibrio_vulnificus&action=submit#References <sup>10</sup>]. Early symptoms come across as the flu: fever, diarrhea, and nausea. Within 12-24 hours after infection, patients develop severe [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulitis cellulitis] with tissue swelling and hemorrhagic bullae and many become [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis septic], which can increase the mortality rate from about 33% to a staggering 53-75% [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Necrotizing_fasciitis_induced_by_Vibrio_vulnificus&action=submit#References <sup>5, 13</sup>]. Some characteristic symptoms of this infection include vasodilation and edema (swelling). This can be explained by the presence of the toxin Hemolysin, which can form pores in the endothelial cells of blood vessels [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Necrotizing_fasciitis_induced_by_Vibrio_vulnificus&action=submit#References <sup>8, 12</sup>]. It induces histamine to be released from mast cells and it activates [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinin-kallikrein_system kinin pathways]. Metalloproteases break down type IV collagen causing hemorrhagic skin damage. The later and more extreme symptom of necrotic cell death is mostly associated with the toxin RtxA, which causes depolymerization of actin in cells [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Necrotizing_fasciitis_induced_by_Vibrio_vulnificus&action=submit#References <sup>12</sup>].<br />
<br />
[[Image:EGoldSymp.png|thumb|400px|right|<b>Figure 3.</b> Presentations of skin damage of Vibrio necrotizing fasciitis including A. swelling and vein dilation, B. bruising, C. blistering, and D. tissue necrosis. <br />
From Hong G-L, et al. 2012. Surgical treatment of 19 cases with Vibrio necrotising fasciitis. Burns 38:290–295.<br />
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305417911001380]]<br />
<br />
Many of the patients also experience a change in mental status, such as lethargy and disorientation [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Necrotizing_fasciitis_induced_by_Vibrio_vulnificus&action=submit#References <sup>5, 11</sup>]. Unfortunately because the infection acts so quickly, and can be misdiagnosed as the flu or a less dangerous skin infection, it is difficult to treat effectively. Knowing whether the patient has come into contact with the ocean recently is the most significant indicator of whether it is Vibrio induced NF, followed by whether the patient has any form of immunodifficiency. <br />
<br />
==Treatment Options ==<br />
If treatment is delayed even by a few hours (4-8 hrs), the risk of death significantly increases [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Necrotizing_fasciitis_induced_by_Vibrio_vulnificus&action=submit#References <sup>10</sup>]. Unfortunately diagnosis of this infection is difficult, with defining symptoms, such as tissue necrosis, not arising until late into the infection. The bacteria propagate rapidly and by the time the infection is recognized, treatment is no longer as effective. A delay of 24 hours can increase the mortality rate from 33% to 53%, if the patient is septic. And if this patient is not treated within 72 hours, mortality rate can reach 100% [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Necrotizing_fasciitis_induced_by_Vibrio_vulnificus&action=submit#References <sup>13</sup>]. Treatment can vary from relatively noninvasive antibiotics to amputation of infected tissue and limbs. <br />
<br />
Necrotizing tissue receives an insufficient amount of blood because of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombosis thrombosis] of the blood vessels supplying that area. This means it is difficult to treat the site of infection with a therapeutic level of antibiotics. Thus it is essential to remove it. Early surgery results in decreased hospital and ICU stay time and a decreased mortality rate [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Necrotizing_fasciitis_induced_by_Vibrio_vulnificus&action=submit#References <sup>10</sup>]. <i>V. vulnificus</i> is vulnerable to a few classes of antibiotics, including third-generation cephalosporin’s, fluoroquinolones and tetracylcine. Multiple studies have shown that combined antibiotic therapy is much more effective against <i>V. vulnificus</i> NF infection than any single antibiotic treatment. One particularly effective combination is third generation cephalosporins with minocycline [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Necrotizing_fasciitis_induced_by_Vibrio_vulnificus&action=submit#References <sup>14</sup>]. <br />
<br />
<br />
==Further Reading==<br />
It appears that Vibrio caused infections are increasing in incidence and some researchers believe that this increase is related to global warming [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Necrotizing_fasciitis_induced_by_Vibrio_vulnificus&action=submit#References <sup>4, 15</sup>]. Vibrio diseases are increasing worldwide and increased surface seawater temperature has been linked to outbreaks of illness in Israel, Europe, Alaska and South America. Temperature effects the growth rates and pathogen city of Vibrio species. Increasing the water temperature in lab studies has resulted in increased growth rate and increased expression of virulence traits in the bacteria [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Necrotizing_fasciitis_induced_by_Vibrio_vulnificus&action=submit#References <sup>4</sup>]. More research still needs to be done to find a definitive link between these two factors, but understanding this connection can help us forecast future outbreaks and prepare for them.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[1] Davis C. 2012. Necrotizing Fasciitis (Flesh-Eating Disease) Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, Pictures, Diagnosis. MedicineNet [Internet]. Available from: http://www.medicinenet.com/necrotizing_fasciitis/article.htm<br />
<br />
[2] Oliver J.D. 2005. Wound infections caused by Vibrio vulnificus and other <br />
marine bacteria. Epidemiol. Infect. 133: 383–391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2870261/<br />
<br />
[3] Vibrio vulnificus | Vibrio Illness (Vibriosis) | CDC. CDC [Internet]. 2013. Available <br />
from: http://www.cdc.gov/vibrio/vibriov.html<br />
<br />
[4] Vezzulli, L. et al. 2013. Ocean warming and spread of pathogenic vibrios in the <br />
aquatic environment. Microb Ecol. 65: 817-825. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00248-012-0163-2<br />
<br />
[5] Horseman M, Surani S. 2011. A comprehensive review of Vibrio vulnificus: <br />
an important cause of severe sepsis and skin and soft-tissue infection. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 15:e157–e166. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971210025385<br />
<br />
[6]Hor L., et al. 2000. Mechanism of high susceptibility of iron-overloaded mouse to <br />
Vibrio vulnificus infection. Microbiol Immunol 44:871–8. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/mandi1977/44/11/44_11_871/_article<br />
<br />
[7]Lee J.H., et al. 2007. Identification and characterization of the Vibrio vulnificus <br />
rtxA essential for cytotoxicity in vitro and virulence in mice. J Microbiol 45:146–52. http://www.msk.or.kr/jsp/view_old_journalD.jsp?paperSeq=2520<br />
<br />
[8] Jones MK, Oliver JD. 2009. Vibrio vulnificus: disease and pathogenesis. Infect <br />
Immun 77:1723–33. http://iai.asm.org/content/77/5/1723.full<br />
<br />
[9] Kim, S. Y., et al. 2003. Regulation of Vibrio vulnificus virulence by the LuxS <br />
quorum-sensing system. Mol. Microbiol. 48:1647-1664. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03536.x/full<br />
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[10]Matsuoka Y, et al. 2013. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of Vibrio <br />
vulnificus infection: a retrospective study of 12 cases. Braz J Infect Dis 17:7–12. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S141386701200219X<br />
<br />
[11] Hong G-L, et al. 2012. Surgical treatment of 19 cases with Vibrio <br />
necrotising fasciitis. Burns 38:290–295. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305417911001380<br />
<br />
[12] Gulig P., Bourdage K., and Starks A. 2005. Molecular Pathogenesis of Vibrio vulnificus. Journal of Microbiology 5: 118-131. http://www.msk.or.kr/jsp/view_old_journalD.jsp?paperSeq=2131<br />
<br />
[13] Bross M., et al. 2007. Vibrio vulnificus Infection: Diagnosis and Treatment. Am Fam Physician 76(4):539-544. http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0815/p539.html#afp20070815p539-b12<br />
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[14] Chen S-C, et al. 2012. Antibiotic therapy for necrotizing fasciitis caused by Vibrio vulnificus: retrospective analysis of an 8 year period. J Antimicrob Chemother 67: 488–493. http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/67/2/488.full.pdf+html<br />
<br />
[15] Paz S. et al. 2007. Climate change and the emergence of Vibrio vulnificus disease in Israel. Environmental Research 103(3):390-396. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935106001526<br />
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Edited by Elana Goldstein, a student of [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/faculty/profile.asp?FacultyID=254 Nora Sullivan] in BIOL168L (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2014.<br />
<br />
<!--Do not edit or remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Nora Sullivan at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Treatments_against_Pseudomonas_aeruginosa_Biofilms_in_Cystic_Fibrosis_Patient_Lungs&diff=98264Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs2014-04-01T20:07:10Z<p>Nsullivan: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
[[Image:cf biofilms in lung.jpg|thumb|400px|right|''Autopsy of a lung from a CF patient who died owing to chronic P. aeruginosa infection. Here you can see the biofilms present throughout the lung. The thick yellow/green patches of mucus looking material throughout the lung are the biofilms''. <br />
From Høiby, Niels, Oana Ciofu, and Thomas Bjarnsholt. "Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis." Future Microbiology 5.11 (2010): 1663-674. Print.]]<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis Cystic fibrosis (CF)] is the most common autosomal recessive genetic disorder of Caucasians in America [[#References|[1]]]. The lifelong struggle of CF patients with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''] typifies most [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm biofilm] infections. The bacteria are ubiquitous and pathogenic for a specific set of compromised individuals. a gram-negative bacterium, thrives in the CF lung environment and is the leading pathogen associated with pulmonary disease in these patients. ''P. aeruginosa'' is particularly problematic, infecting the lungs of about 80% of adults with CF [[#References|[2]]]. As the bacterial colonies grow, they cause pulmonary problems and eventually premature death. The average life expectancy for people with CF is just 37 years [[#References|[1]]]. The infection develops slowly, excluding acute [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exacerbation exacerbations], and these temporary stages of relief may be caused by brief antibiotic therapy. The deep-rooted infection cannot yet be cured by conventional antibiotic therapy. The normal course of the infection produces an antibody response to the infecting pathogen, but the antibodies are not effective against sessile bacteria. The microcolonies of sessile bacteria in the lung act as sites of origin for spread of the infection. <br />
<br />
The predicament facing CF patients is that presently available antibiotics were developed against the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton planktonic] phenotype of ''P. aeruginosa'', and therapeutic agents are chosen on the basis of their efficacy against planktonic cells of this pathogen. Nevertheless, direct observations have shown that the bacteria actually grow in the biofilm phenotype in the lung. Thus, it should come as no surprise that current antibiotic therapies have limited effectiveness in eradicating the biofilm infection.<br />
<br />
<br />
=''P. aeruginosa'' in the CF lung=<br />
<br />
===The CF lung===<br />
During the ten years of life for CF patients, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus ''Staphylococcus aureus''] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae ''Haemophilus influenzae''] are the most common bacteria isolated from the sputum, but in the second and third decades of life, ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'' is the most prevalent bacteria [[#References|[3]]]. The bacterium [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus ''Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA)] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_cepacia_complex ''Burkholderia cepacia''] are also present in minor amounts in the CF lung [[#References|[3]]]. ''P. aeruginosa'' colonizes CF patients in more than 50% of cases [[#References|[4]]]. ''P. aeruginosa'', a gram-negative bacterium, is the most frequently described opportunistic pathogen in CF patients [[#References|[2]]]. The bacteria are pathogens isolated from CF sputum or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchoalveolar_lavage bronchoalveolar lavage] samples of CF patients of all age groups [[#References|[1]]]. Children with CF develop respiratory tract infections early on in their lives [[#References|[1]]]. According to the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation in the United States, 29.8% in children from 2-5 years and 81.3% in the age groups of 26-30 years are infected with ''P. aeruginosa'' [[#References|[5]]]. Colonization of these bacteria in CF airways triggers an inflammatory response with concomitant release of a number of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine cytokines], such as interleukin-8, which is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotaxis chemotactic] to neutrophils [[#References|[1]]]. The buildup of ''P. aeruginosa'' in the lungs of CF patients forms biofilms.<br />
[[Image:cystic fibrosis lung infections.jpg|thumb|450px|left|''The different bacterium present in the lung throughout the life of a CF patient. S. aureus and H. influenzae are the most prevalent in early years, while P. aeruginosa is the most prevalent in adulthood.''<br />
From 2005 Annual Data Report to the Center Directors. Cystic Fibrosis Patient Registry, Bethesda, MD]]<br />
===''P. aeruginosa'' Biofilms===<br />
Biofilms are surface attached communities that can be found in medical, industrial and natural settings. Life in a biofilm most likely represents the predominate mode of growth for microbes in most environments. An [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_matrix extracellular matrix] surrounds biofilm microbes; this provides structure and protection to the community. Biofilm-grown bacteria are notable for their resistance to a broad scope of antimicrobial agents including clinically relevant antibiotics. Important research is being done to understand how biofilms form on airway cells and medical implant surfaces. The role of biofilms in host-pathogen interactions and resistance to antibiotic therapy also offers some potential interest. Research on the model organism ''P. aeruginosa'', shows that the unusual intracellular signaling molecule [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_di-GMP cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP)] controls early biofilm formation by regulating both surface motility and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exopolysaccharide exopolysaccharide (EPS)] production [[#References|[6]]]. These studies are starting to discover the molecular basis of the events required early in the transition to life on a surface. <br />
<br />
It was recently revealed that the biofilm regulating enzyme in ''P. aeruginosa'', c-di-GMP, is a second messenger in bacteria and a central regulator of formation and maintenance of biofilms in a wide variety of organisms [[#References|[7]]]. Regulation of c-di-GMP determines whether or not there is biofilms are present in the lungs . Cellular levels of c-di-GMP are controlled through the contrasting activities of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diguanylate_cyclase diguanylate cyclase (DGC)] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiesterase phosphodiesterase (PDE)][[#References|[8]]]. DGC is a family of enzymes that share the sequence motif, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GGDEF_domain GGDEF domain], and PDE contain a conserved [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAL_domain EAL domain] [[#References|[8]]]. It has been revealed that certain virulence-associated traits are controlled by several PDE’s and DGC’s through changes in the c-di-GMP level [[#References|[8]]]. Biofilm formation is enhanced by a DGC dependence increase in c-di-GMP and reduced by a PDE-mediated decrease in c-di-GMP concentrations [[#References|[8]]]. Previous studies revealed that the number of DGC and DGC-PDE proteins affect biofilm regulation in ''P. aeruginosa''. However, it is unknown how the phenotypes of the bacterium are affected by the amount of DGC and PDE proteins [[#References|[8]]]. In order to have a strong understanding on the regulation of c-di-GMP, further research must be conducted to create a spectrum of how mutants of ''P. aeruginosa'' compare to the wild type phenotypes. A substantial amount of progress has been made in the past decade through the laboratory findings for this disease. Among the many scientific discoveries, the most recent research involving biofilms has offered the greatest promise to those with CF. Biofilms are the sessile formation of flagella in a cycle involving the second messenger cyclic-di-GMP. A sessile formation of the flagella means that it has lost its tail and is no longer motile. This is significant because biofilm buildups cause the clogging of mucus in the lungs of CF patients. Conducting research on how to break through these sessile formations has created progress towards the development of a cure.<br />
<br />
=Therapeutic Treatment=<br />
===Cardiovascular Exercise===<br />
<br />
Physical exercise is recognized to have considerable clinical benefits for several different disease processes [[#References|[9]]] . Exercising when afflicted with CF is challenging because of the shortness of breath one experiences, along with coughing and tiring more easily. Exercise intolerance is a customary characteristic of CF and is reliant on the progression of the disease. Physicians view exercise as having the potential to have a therapeutic effect on the disease, and so it has become a mainstay of the physiotherapy treatment. Exercise programs have the same benefit for people with CF that they have for people without the disease, namely, increasing their fitness and sense of well-being, and undoubtedly improving their overall outlook on life [[#References|[10]]]. It is well recognized that vigorous physical activity with deep breathing and coughing promotes airway clearance and helps move mucus out of the lungs. One of the first studies to analyze exercise in Cystic Fibrosis determined that a patient’s fitness level corresponded closely with his or her likelihood to be alive in eight years [[#References|[5]]]. The patients with the highest aerobic fitness level had an 83% survival rate for the following eight years, while the middle and lower aerobic levels had 51% and 28% survival predictions comparatively [[#References|[11]]]. As the research on exercise has progressed, more physicians are realizing the likelihood of its impact on health and overall well-being.<br />
<br />
Extensive research over the past decade has demonstrated that exercise for CF patients can be beneficial to their overall health. In medicine the ability to exercise is related to the capacity of the cardiorespiratory system to transport oxygen to working muscles and the efficiency of those muscles to extract and use that oxygen. It has been proven and is apparent that maximal oxygen consumption increases with training through physiological adaptions like stroke volume, more oxygen delivery with a lower heart rate, and a more efficient usage of oxygen delivery through biochemical and structural changes to the skeletal muscles [[#References|[11]]]. <br />
[[Image:HS solution graph.jpg|thumb|500px|right|''The clinical severity scores in two different groups, group one receiving a placebo and group two receiving the hypertonic saline. The drop in clinical score after day 1, 2 and 3 for group one was not significant. For group two, significant differences were observed on day 1, 2 and 3, demonstrating the effectiveness of the 3% hypertonic saline. INH=inhalation''. From Emer P. Reeves, Kevin Molloy, Kerstin Pohl, and Noel G. McElvaney, “Hypertonic Saline in Treatment of Pulmonary Disease in Cystic Fibrosis,” The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2012, Article ID 465230, 11 pages, 2012. doi:10.1100/2012/465230]]<br />
Aerobic fitness is defined as peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), the highest maximum oxygen uptake attained during testing. This is a pertinent variable in clinical trials studying physical exercise because the VO2peak shows a stronger correlation with the extent of lung damage by ''P. aeruginosa'', as assessed by thin-section chest computed tomography, than a body mass index (BMI) or pulmonary function [[#References|[12]]]. The peak oxygen uptake also predicts the progression of CF in terms of chronic inflammation, impaired lung function and even mortality [[#References|[13]]]. Previous studies have indicated that adequate aerobic fitness in children with mild to moderately severe CF is associated with a longer time free of hospitalization due to acute respiratory events. There is no demonstrated link that those with a higher VO2peak, have less severe illness or whether those patients who remain physically active succeed in delaying the onset of respiratory failure. However, results imply that CF subjects that started with a higher VO2peak lived longer [[#References|[13]]].<br />
<br />
===Hypertonic Saline Solution===<br />
<br />
The incorporation of exercise into the therapeutic regimen of CF patients has proven to be so beneficial that researchers around the world have investigated the advantages of different types of activity. Such research led to the discovery of how life-changing surfing can be for CF patients. In 2006, Australian researchers realized there was a link between the severity of CF between those who surfed and those who did not. CF patients who surfed had significantly healthier lungs than non-surfing CF patients, and they found that the inhalation of saltwater mist coats the lungs and helps to eliminate the bacteria and mucus. The benefits of surfing prompted the creation of a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_(medicine) hypertonic saline (HS) solution ] to imitate a surf session that could be used daily by CF patients who live inland. Surfing is a great form of exercise and for this specific disease it assists fighting off the harmful effects that occur in the bodies of each patient with CF. One hypothesis on the cause of pathogenesis of CF is that the lack of regulation of sodium absorption and chloride secretion instigates the depletion of airway surface liquid, slows mucus clearance, and promotes the formation of adherent mucus plaques on airway surfaces [[#References|[14]]]. The mucus plaque plugs obstruct the airway and provide the origin site for the bacterial infections [[#References|[15]]]. <br />
<br />
Two teams of researchers working in the United States and Australia identified a simple, inexpensive and effective treatment that increases lung function in CF patients via a HS solution. Through inhalation of a saline solution for ten to fifteen minutes at least twice a day, young patients can avoid a significant part of the damage the disease causes to their lungs. The researchers discovered that the saline solution coats the lungs upon inhalation and thereby restores a layer that coats the airway surfaces, promoting airway clearance of bacteria and mucus. Inhaled hypertonic saline acutely increases mucociliary clearance and, in short-term trials, improves lung function in people with CF [[#References|[16]]]. Along with the health benefits, quality of life increased for patients on this treatment: participants in the hypertonic-saline group had significantly fewer days on which they were absent from school or work or unable to participate in other, usual activities, and the mental health domain of the SF-36 was a mean of 5.2 points higher in the hypertonic-saline group than the control group [[#References|[14]]].<br />
<br />
The incredible effects of surfing prompted researchers to attempt putting the benefits of the ocean into a drug that patients anywhere in the world could use. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_Fibrosis_Foundation Cystic Fibrosis Foundation] has funded several studies to determine the mechanisms and effects of HS solution. Elkins’ study using 4mL of 7.0% saline validated the advantages that HS solution provides to the lungs [[#References|[14]]]. Reported results stated that the 7.0% HS groups improved their level of lung function, but more importantly saw reductions in the amount exacerbations, antibiotic usage for exacerbations, and absenteeism from school/work or the inability to engage in other activities that were associated with the use of HS.[[#References|[16]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=Antibiotic Treatment=<br />
[[Image:antibiotics table mr.jpg|thumb|520px|left|''Inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using planktonic and sessile growth as inoculum. MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; MBC, minimum bactericidal concentration; BPC, biofilm prevention concentration; BIC, biofilm inhibitory concentration; BBC: biofilm bactericidal concentration; N/A, not applicable.''. From Fernández-Olmos, Ana, María García-Castillo, Luis Maiz, Adelaida Lamas, Fernando Baquero, and Rafael Cantón. "In Vitro Prevention of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Early Biofilm Formation with Antibiotics Used in Cystic fibrosis Patients." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 40.2 (2012): 173-76. Print.]]<br />
<br />
===Why Antibiotics Typically Don't Work===<br />
Chronic lung infections of ''P. aeruginosa'' are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in CF patients [[#References|[1]]]. Once formed, these bacterial populations are unmanageable to treat, mainly due to the biofilm mode of growth. This growth in the lungs of CF patients’ accompanies an increased frequency of mutations, as well as the adaption of ''P. aeruginosa'' to the inflammatory defense mechanism to the lungs and antibiotic treatments. Mechanisms of resistance such as upregulated [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efflux_pump efflux pumps], mutations of antibiotic target molecules in the bacteria and chromosomal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-lactamase β-lactamase] aid ''P.aeruginosa'' survival. These conventional resistance mechanisms and formation of mucoid biofilms, biofilms with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alginic_acid alginate] as a large part of the polysaccharide protection, allow ''P. aeruginosa'' to survive for decades despite the antibiotic therapy, while the lung tissue is gradually destroyed. The immense antibiotic resistance may be attributed to low bacterial metabolic activity and increased doubling times of the bacterial cells in CF lungs.<br />
<br />
''P. aeruginosa’s'' ability to form antibiotic resistant biofilms is believed to account for the inability of current therapies to eliminate bacterial infections in the lungs of patients with CF. Although the progression of ''P. aeruginosa'' colonization makes eradication essentially impossible, early control seems to delay the onset of chronic lung infection [[#References|[17]]]. Different antimicrobial treatment protocols have been established once the first sign of ''P. aeruginosa'' colonization is exhibited [[#References|[17]]]. The early colonization of these bacteria involves non-mucous colonial morphotypes with low bacterial density. However, once ''P. aeruginosa'' begins to colonize, the bacteria density increases and switches to a mucous morphotype with a biofilm mode of growth that is less susceptible to antibiotics [[#References|[18]]]. Nebulized colistin, tobramycin and other antibiotics are already being used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections in the CF lung. There is in vitro and in vivo evidence for using joint nebulized and systemic antibiotics in patients with the disease [[#References|[18]]].<br />
<br />
===Promising Antibiotics===<br />
Nonetheless, ''P. aeruginosa'' may be effectively eradicated during the early stages of colonization with appropriate antibiotic therapy. There is potential prevention of biofilm formation in the CF lung during early stages of colonization. Some evidence exists that suggests early aggressive antibiotic therapy can delay the onset of chronic ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in infants or children with CF [[#References|[19]]]. However, re-occurrence or re-infection eventually leads to the development of chronic ''P. aeruginosa'' infections by teenagers and adults [[#References|[19]]].<br />
<br />
A recent study done in Spain developed new parameters for defining antibiotic concentrations needed to prevent biofilm formation during early stages of colonization. The ''P. aeruginosa'' isolates that were believed to be the early colonizers demonstrated low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to the antibiotics tested. The isolates were completely susceptible to the following antibiotics: tobramycin, ceftazidime, colistin, imipenem, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin [[#References|[20]]]. Tobramycin, ceftazidime and colistin had the highest percentages of susceptibility [[#References|[20]]]. Antibiotics having the lowest biofilm prevention concentration's (BPC) were levofloxacin, tobramycin, colisitin and ciprofloxacin, while the highest were for ceftazidime and imipenem[[#References|[20]]]. As expected, antibiotics with a low BPC/MIC ratio had the fast killing kinetics [[#References|[20]]]. These antibiotics include fluroquinolones, aminoglycosides and colisitin. Thus, the antibiotics are active on formed biofilms as seen through their low biofilm inhibitory concentrations (BIC), while also successfully destroying planktonic cells during early biofilm formation [[#References|[20]]]. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Lactam_antibiotic β-lactam antibiotics] like ceftazidime and imipenem, had high BPC/MIC ratios and a small effect on established biofilms [[#References|[20]]]. <br />
<br />
The creation and growth of ''P. aeruginosa'' biofilms on mucosal surfaces is the product of complex kinetics. During planktonic dispersal stages of the process, microorganisms are regularly susceptible to antibiotics, however within the biofilms their susceptibility is strongly hindered [[#References|[20]]]. Biofilm development may be prevented through antibiotics active on early attached cells or planktonic cells. Results from this study confirm this belief due to usage of ''P. aeruginosa'' isolates from initial or early colonization stages that gave low BPCs for fluoroquinolones, tobramycin and colistin. In addition, the results give further evidence in supporting the present rules that recommend CF patients to use these antibiotics in initial or early colonisation stages. BPCs are below those of antibiotic concentrations attained at the colonization site, not only when using colistin or tobramycin in aerosols but also oral ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin [[#References|[14]]]. Moreover, azithromycin had the lowest BPC/MIC ratio (only 0.11), reflecting additional activity at initial stages of biofilm formation but less so for eradicating well-established biofilms (very high BBC values) [[#References|[20]]].<br />
<br />
=Future Work=<br />
[[Image:iron biofilm.jpg|thumb|490px|right|''The role of iron in P. aeruginosa biofilm formation. (a) In high iron conditions cells attach normally but do not remain attached and biofilms do not form. (b) In normal iron conditions (1–100 μM) bacteria attach, multiply and develop into microcolonies that mature into structured mushroom-like biofilms. (c) Low iron conditions promote the twitching phenomenon, cells attach and multiply but daughter cells move away from the point of replication disrupting the formation of structured biofilms.'' From Musk, D.J., and D.A. Banko. "Iron Salts Perturb Biofilm Formation and Disrupt Existing Bio- films of ''Pseudomonas Aeruginosa''." Chemical Biology 12 (2005): 789-96. Web.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
There may be hope for biofilm eradication through the usage of iron. Iron is vital to many important physiologic functions in microbial pathogens, such as regulation of gene expression, energy production, and oxygen transport. Iron also promotes biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces, partially regulating surface motility and stabilizing the biofilm polysaccharide matrix. One recent proposed way to eliminate ''P. aeruginosa'' biofilm formation is through chelating iron. <br />
<br />
Compounds like lactoferrin, EDTA, conalbumin and gallium have demonstrated a prevention or disruption of biofilm formation in respiratory epithelial cells. In the presence of low iron conditions induced by an iron chelator, such as lactoferrin, P. aeruginosa forms an irregular biofilm, with a thin layer of cells. In the absence of lactoferrin, and in the presence of adequate iron concentrations, a normal biofilm is formed. The iron level affects both the formation and maintenance of ''P. aeruginosa'' biofilms. A high iron concentration disturbs biofilm formation and stimulates separation of preformed biofilms [[#References|[21]]]. Musk et al. reported that iron salts (ferric sulfate, ferric chloride, ferrous sulfate and ammonium ferric citrate), at iron concentrations greater than 100 μM inhibited formation of ''P. aeruginosa'' biofilms without effecting growth [[#References|[21]]]. The first ten hours of development of initial biofilm formation were unaffected; thus the inhibition is not due to decreased adhesion of cells to the surface. More accurately, excess iron seems to disturb advanced stages of biofilm development, so that few cells stick to the surface by 48 hours [[#References|[21]]].<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
1. Dodd ME, Prasad SA. "Physiotherapy Management of Cystic Fibrosis." Chronic Respiratory Disease 2.3 (2005): 139-49. Web. http://crd.sagepub.com/content/2/3/139.long <br />
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2. Høiby, N., B. Frederiksen, and T. Pressler. "Eradication of Early Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infection." Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 4 (2005): 49-54. Web. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1569199305000688<br />
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3. Coutinho, H., V. S. Falcão-Silva, and G. Gonçalves. "Pulmonary Bacterial Pathogens in Cystic Fibrosis Patients and Antibiotic Therapy: A Tool for the Health Workers." International Archives of Medicine 1 (2008): 24. Web. <http://www.intarchmed.com/content/1/1/24>.<br />
<br />
4. Kahl, B., M. Herrmann, A. S. Everding, H. G. Koch, K. Becker, E. Harms, R. A. Proctor, and G. Peters. "Persistent Infection with Small Colony Variant Strains of Staphylococcus Aureus in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis." Journal of Infectious Diseases 177.4 (1998): 1023-029. Web. http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/177/4/1023.long<br />
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5. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry 1997. Annual Data Report. Bethesda, Maryland: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.<br />
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6. Jenal U, Malone J, 2006. Mechanisms of Cyclic-di-GMP Signaling in Bacteria. Annual Review of Genetics, 40 (1): 385-407. Web. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.genet.40.110405.090423?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed<br />
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7. Newell, P. D., S. Yoshioka, K. L. Hvorecny, R. D. Monds, and G. A. O'toole. "Systematic Analysis of Diguanylate Cyclases That Promote Biofilm Formation by Pseudomonas Fluorescens Pf0-1." Journal of Bacteriology 193.18 (2011): 4685-698. Web. http://jb.asm.org/content/193/18/4685.long<br />
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8. Merritt, J. H., D.-G. Ha, K. N. Cowles, W. Lu, D. K. Morales, J. Rabinowitz, Z. Gitai, and G. A. O'toole. "Specific Control of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Surface-Associated Behaviors by Two C-di-GMP Diguanylate Cyclases." MBio 1.4 (2010): E00183-10-00183-18. Web. http://mbio.asm.org/content/1/4/e00183-10.full.html<br />
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9. "Medical Aspects of Exercise; Benefits and Risks." 1st ed. London: Royal College of Physicians of London, 1991. Print.<br />
<br />
10. Orenstein, D. "Cystic Fibrosis and Exercise." Cystic Fibrosis: A Guide for Patient and Family. 4th ed. N.p.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011. Print.<br />
<br />
11. Webb, AK, and ME Dodd. "Exercise and Cystic Fibrosis." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 88.25 (1994): 30-36. Web. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1295056/<br />
<br />
12. Pérez, Margarita, Iris F. Groeneveld, Elena Santana-Sosa, Carmen Fiuza-Luces, Laura Gonzalez-Saiz, José R. Villa-Asensi, Luis M. López-Mojares, Margarita Rubio, and Alejandro Lucia. "Aerobic Fitness Is Associated with Lower Risk of Hospitalization in Children with Cystic Fibrosis." Pediatric Pulmonology (2013): Web. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppul.22878/abstract;jsessionid=71C57D69F0E5F5010C479391112C3854.f02t02<br />
<br />
13. Pianosi, P. "Peak Oxygen Uptake and Mortality in Children with Cystic Fibrosis." Thorax 60.1 (2005): 50-54. Web. http://thorax.bmj.com/content/60/1/50.long<br />
<br />
14. Donaldson, Scott H., William D. Bennett, Kirby L. Zeman, Michael R. Knowles, Robert Tarran, and Richard C. Boucher. "Mucus Clearance and Lung Function in Cystic Fibrosis with Hypertonic Saline." New England Journal of Medicine 354.3 (2006): 241-50. Web. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa043891<br />
<br />
15. Mall, Marcus, Barbara R. Grubb, Jack R. Harkema, Wanda K. O'neal, and Richard C. Boucher. "Increased Airway Epithelial Na Absorption Produces Cystic Fibrosis-like Lung Disease in Mice." Nature Medicine 10.5 (2004): 487-93. Web. http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v10/n5/abs/nm1028.html<br />
<br />
16. Elkins, Mark R., Michael Robinson, Barbara R. Rose, Colin Harbour, Carmel P. Moriarty, Guy B. Marks, Elena G. Belousova, Wei Xuan, and Peter T.p. Bye. "A Controlled Trial of Long-Term Inhaled Hypertonic Saline in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis." New England Journal of Medicine 354.3 (2006): 229-40. Web. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa043900<br />
<br />
17. Stuart, Bridget, Jenny H. Lin, and Peter J. Mogayzel. "Early Eradication of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis." Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 11.3 (2010): 177-84. Web. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1526054210000394<br />
<br />
18. Hill, D., B. Rose, A. Pajkos, M. Robinson, P. Bye, S. Bell, M. Elkins, B. Thompson, C. Macleod, S. D. Aaron, and C. Harbour. "Antibiotic Susceptibilities of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolates Derived from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis under Aerobic, Anaerobic, and Biofilm Conditions." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43.10 (2005): 5085-090. Web. http://jcm.asm.org/content/43/10/5085<br />
<br />
19. Høiby, N., B. Frederiksen, and T. Pressler. "Eradication of Early Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infection." Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 4 (2005): 49-54. Web. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1569199305000688<br />
<br />
20. Fernández-Olmos, Ana, María García-Castillo, Luis Maiz, Adelaida Lamas, Fernando Baquero, and Rafael Cantón. "In Vitro Prevention of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Early Biofilm Formation with Antibiotics Used in Cystic fibrosis Patients." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 40.2 (2012): 173-76. Web. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924857912001641<br />
<br />
21. Musk, D.J., and D.A. Banko. "Iron Salts Perturb Biofilm Formation and Disrupt Existing Bio- films of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa." Chemical Biology 12 (2005): 789-96. Web. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074552105001389</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Treatments_against_Pseudomonas_aeruginosa_Biofilms_in_Cystic_Fibrosis_Patient_Lungs&diff=98263Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs2014-04-01T20:06:50Z<p>Nsullivan: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
[[Image:cf biofilms in lung.jpg|thumb|400px|right|''Autopsy of a lung from a CF patient who died owing to chronic P. aeruginosa infection. Here you can see the biofilms present throughout the lung. The thick yellow/green patches of mucus looking material throughout the lung are the biofilms''. <br />
From Høiby, Niels, Oana Ciofu, and Thomas Bjarnsholt. "Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis." Future Microbiology 5.11 (2010): 1663-674. Print.]]<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis Cystic fibrosis (CF)] is the most common autosomal recessive genetic disorder of Caucasians in America [[#References|[1]]]. The lifelong struggle of CF patients with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''] typifies most [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm biofilm] infections. The bacteria are ubiquitous and pathogenic for a specific set of compromised individuals. a gram-negative bacterium, thrives in the CF lung environment and is the leading pathogen associated with pulmonary disease in these patients. ''P. aeruginosa'' is particularly problematic, infecting the lungs of about 80% of adults with CF [[#References|[2]]]. As the bacterial colonies grow, they cause pulmonary problems and eventually premature death. The average life expectancy for people with CF is just 37 years [[#References|[1]]]. The infection develops slowly, excluding acute [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exacerbation exacerbations], and these temporary stages of relief may be caused by brief antibiotic therapy. The deep-rooted infection cannot yet be cured by conventional antibiotic therapy. The normal course of the infection produces an antibody response to the infecting pathogen, but the antibodies are not effective against sessile bacteria. The microcolonies of sessile bacteria in the lung act as sites of origin for spread of the infection. <br />
<br />
The predicament facing CF patients is that presently available antibiotics were developed against the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton planktonic] phenotype of ''P. aeruginosa'', and therapeutic agents are chosen on the basis of their efficacy against planktonic cells of this pathogen. Nevertheless, direct observations have shown that the bacteria actually grow in the biofilm phenotype in the lung. Thus, it should come as no surprise that current antibiotic therapies have limited effectiveness in eradicating the biofilm infection.<br />
<br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=''P. aeruginosa'' in the CF lung=<br />
<br />
===The CF lung===<br />
During the ten years of life for CF patients, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus ''Staphylococcus aureus''] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae ''Haemophilus influenzae''] are the most common bacteria isolated from the sputum, but in the second and third decades of life, ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'' is the most prevalent bacteria [[#References|[3]]]. The bacterium [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus ''Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA)] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_cepacia_complex ''Burkholderia cepacia''] are also present in minor amounts in the CF lung [[#References|[3]]]. ''P. aeruginosa'' colonizes CF patients in more than 50% of cases [[#References|[4]]]. ''P. aeruginosa'', a gram-negative bacterium, is the most frequently described opportunistic pathogen in CF patients [[#References|[2]]]. The bacteria are pathogens isolated from CF sputum or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchoalveolar_lavage bronchoalveolar lavage] samples of CF patients of all age groups [[#References|[1]]]. Children with CF develop respiratory tract infections early on in their lives [[#References|[1]]]. According to the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation in the United States, 29.8% in children from 2-5 years and 81.3% in the age groups of 26-30 years are infected with ''P. aeruginosa'' [[#References|[5]]]. Colonization of these bacteria in CF airways triggers an inflammatory response with concomitant release of a number of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine cytokines], such as interleukin-8, which is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotaxis chemotactic] to neutrophils [[#References|[1]]]. The buildup of ''P. aeruginosa'' in the lungs of CF patients forms biofilms.<br />
[[Image:cystic fibrosis lung infections.jpg|thumb|450px|left|''The different bacterium present in the lung throughout the life of a CF patient. S. aureus and H. influenzae are the most prevalent in early years, while P. aeruginosa is the most prevalent in adulthood.''<br />
From 2005 Annual Data Report to the Center Directors. Cystic Fibrosis Patient Registry, Bethesda, MD]]<br />
===''P. aeruginosa'' Biofilms===<br />
Biofilms are surface attached communities that can be found in medical, industrial and natural settings. Life in a biofilm most likely represents the predominate mode of growth for microbes in most environments. An [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_matrix extracellular matrix] surrounds biofilm microbes; this provides structure and protection to the community. Biofilm-grown bacteria are notable for their resistance to a broad scope of antimicrobial agents including clinically relevant antibiotics. Important research is being done to understand how biofilms form on airway cells and medical implant surfaces. The role of biofilms in host-pathogen interactions and resistance to antibiotic therapy also offers some potential interest. Research on the model organism ''P. aeruginosa'', shows that the unusual intracellular signaling molecule [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_di-GMP cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP)] controls early biofilm formation by regulating both surface motility and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exopolysaccharide exopolysaccharide (EPS)] production [[#References|[6]]]. These studies are starting to discover the molecular basis of the events required early in the transition to life on a surface. <br />
<br />
It was recently revealed that the biofilm regulating enzyme in ''P. aeruginosa'', c-di-GMP, is a second messenger in bacteria and a central regulator of formation and maintenance of biofilms in a wide variety of organisms [[#References|[7]]]. Regulation of c-di-GMP determines whether or not there is biofilms are present in the lungs . Cellular levels of c-di-GMP are controlled through the contrasting activities of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diguanylate_cyclase diguanylate cyclase (DGC)] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiesterase phosphodiesterase (PDE)][[#References|[8]]]. DGC is a family of enzymes that share the sequence motif, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GGDEF_domain GGDEF domain], and PDE contain a conserved [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAL_domain EAL domain] [[#References|[8]]]. It has been revealed that certain virulence-associated traits are controlled by several PDE’s and DGC’s through changes in the c-di-GMP level [[#References|[8]]]. Biofilm formation is enhanced by a DGC dependence increase in c-di-GMP and reduced by a PDE-mediated decrease in c-di-GMP concentrations [[#References|[8]]]. Previous studies revealed that the number of DGC and DGC-PDE proteins affect biofilm regulation in ''P. aeruginosa''. However, it is unknown how the phenotypes of the bacterium are affected by the amount of DGC and PDE proteins [[#References|[8]]]. In order to have a strong understanding on the regulation of c-di-GMP, further research must be conducted to create a spectrum of how mutants of ''P. aeruginosa'' compare to the wild type phenotypes. A substantial amount of progress has been made in the past decade through the laboratory findings for this disease. Among the many scientific discoveries, the most recent research involving biofilms has offered the greatest promise to those with CF. Biofilms are the sessile formation of flagella in a cycle involving the second messenger cyclic-di-GMP. A sessile formation of the flagella means that it has lost its tail and is no longer motile. This is significant because biofilm buildups cause the clogging of mucus in the lungs of CF patients. Conducting research on how to break through these sessile formations has created progress towards the development of a cure.<br />
<br />
=Therapeutic Treatment=<br />
===Cardiovascular Exercise===<br />
<br />
Physical exercise is recognized to have considerable clinical benefits for several different disease processes [[#References|[9]]] . Exercising when afflicted with CF is challenging because of the shortness of breath one experiences, along with coughing and tiring more easily. Exercise intolerance is a customary characteristic of CF and is reliant on the progression of the disease. Physicians view exercise as having the potential to have a therapeutic effect on the disease, and so it has become a mainstay of the physiotherapy treatment. Exercise programs have the same benefit for people with CF that they have for people without the disease, namely, increasing their fitness and sense of well-being, and undoubtedly improving their overall outlook on life [[#References|[10]]]. It is well recognized that vigorous physical activity with deep breathing and coughing promotes airway clearance and helps move mucus out of the lungs. One of the first studies to analyze exercise in Cystic Fibrosis determined that a patient’s fitness level corresponded closely with his or her likelihood to be alive in eight years [[#References|[5]]]. The patients with the highest aerobic fitness level had an 83% survival rate for the following eight years, while the middle and lower aerobic levels had 51% and 28% survival predictions comparatively [[#References|[11]]]. As the research on exercise has progressed, more physicians are realizing the likelihood of its impact on health and overall well-being.<br />
<br />
Extensive research over the past decade has demonstrated that exercise for CF patients can be beneficial to their overall health. In medicine the ability to exercise is related to the capacity of the cardiorespiratory system to transport oxygen to working muscles and the efficiency of those muscles to extract and use that oxygen. It has been proven and is apparent that maximal oxygen consumption increases with training through physiological adaptions like stroke volume, more oxygen delivery with a lower heart rate, and a more efficient usage of oxygen delivery through biochemical and structural changes to the skeletal muscles [[#References|[11]]]. <br />
[[Image:HS solution graph.jpg|thumb|500px|right|''The clinical severity scores in two different groups, group one receiving a placebo and group two receiving the hypertonic saline. The drop in clinical score after day 1, 2 and 3 for group one was not significant. For group two, significant differences were observed on day 1, 2 and 3, demonstrating the effectiveness of the 3% hypertonic saline. INH=inhalation''. From Emer P. Reeves, Kevin Molloy, Kerstin Pohl, and Noel G. McElvaney, “Hypertonic Saline in Treatment of Pulmonary Disease in Cystic Fibrosis,” The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2012, Article ID 465230, 11 pages, 2012. doi:10.1100/2012/465230]]<br />
Aerobic fitness is defined as peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), the highest maximum oxygen uptake attained during testing. This is a pertinent variable in clinical trials studying physical exercise because the VO2peak shows a stronger correlation with the extent of lung damage by ''P. aeruginosa'', as assessed by thin-section chest computed tomography, than a body mass index (BMI) or pulmonary function [[#References|[12]]]. The peak oxygen uptake also predicts the progression of CF in terms of chronic inflammation, impaired lung function and even mortality [[#References|[13]]]. Previous studies have indicated that adequate aerobic fitness in children with mild to moderately severe CF is associated with a longer time free of hospitalization due to acute respiratory events. There is no demonstrated link that those with a higher VO2peak, have less severe illness or whether those patients who remain physically active succeed in delaying the onset of respiratory failure. However, results imply that CF subjects that started with a higher VO2peak lived longer [[#References|[13]]].<br />
<br />
===Hypertonic Saline Solution===<br />
<br />
The incorporation of exercise into the therapeutic regimen of CF patients has proven to be so beneficial that researchers around the world have investigated the advantages of different types of activity. Such research led to the discovery of how life-changing surfing can be for CF patients. In 2006, Australian researchers realized there was a link between the severity of CF between those who surfed and those who did not. CF patients who surfed had significantly healthier lungs than non-surfing CF patients, and they found that the inhalation of saltwater mist coats the lungs and helps to eliminate the bacteria and mucus. The benefits of surfing prompted the creation of a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_(medicine) hypertonic saline (HS) solution ] to imitate a surf session that could be used daily by CF patients who live inland. Surfing is a great form of exercise and for this specific disease it assists fighting off the harmful effects that occur in the bodies of each patient with CF. One hypothesis on the cause of pathogenesis of CF is that the lack of regulation of sodium absorption and chloride secretion instigates the depletion of airway surface liquid, slows mucus clearance, and promotes the formation of adherent mucus plaques on airway surfaces [[#References|[14]]]. The mucus plaque plugs obstruct the airway and provide the origin site for the bacterial infections [[#References|[15]]]. <br />
<br />
Two teams of researchers working in the United States and Australia identified a simple, inexpensive and effective treatment that increases lung function in CF patients via a HS solution. Through inhalation of a saline solution for ten to fifteen minutes at least twice a day, young patients can avoid a significant part of the damage the disease causes to their lungs. The researchers discovered that the saline solution coats the lungs upon inhalation and thereby restores a layer that coats the airway surfaces, promoting airway clearance of bacteria and mucus. Inhaled hypertonic saline acutely increases mucociliary clearance and, in short-term trials, improves lung function in people with CF [[#References|[16]]]. Along with the health benefits, quality of life increased for patients on this treatment: participants in the hypertonic-saline group had significantly fewer days on which they were absent from school or work or unable to participate in other, usual activities, and the mental health domain of the SF-36 was a mean of 5.2 points higher in the hypertonic-saline group than the control group [[#References|[14]]].<br />
<br />
The incredible effects of surfing prompted researchers to attempt putting the benefits of the ocean into a drug that patients anywhere in the world could use. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_Fibrosis_Foundation Cystic Fibrosis Foundation] has funded several studies to determine the mechanisms and effects of HS solution. Elkins’ study using 4mL of 7.0% saline validated the advantages that HS solution provides to the lungs [[#References|[14]]]. Reported results stated that the 7.0% HS groups improved their level of lung function, but more importantly saw reductions in the amount exacerbations, antibiotic usage for exacerbations, and absenteeism from school/work or the inability to engage in other activities that were associated with the use of HS.[[#References|[16]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=Antibiotic Treatment=<br />
[[Image:antibiotics table mr.jpg|thumb|520px|left|''Inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using planktonic and sessile growth as inoculum. MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; MBC, minimum bactericidal concentration; BPC, biofilm prevention concentration; BIC, biofilm inhibitory concentration; BBC: biofilm bactericidal concentration; N/A, not applicable.''. From Fernández-Olmos, Ana, María García-Castillo, Luis Maiz, Adelaida Lamas, Fernando Baquero, and Rafael Cantón. "In Vitro Prevention of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Early Biofilm Formation with Antibiotics Used in Cystic fibrosis Patients." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 40.2 (2012): 173-76. Print.]]<br />
<br />
===Why Antibiotics Typically Don't Work===<br />
Chronic lung infections of ''P. aeruginosa'' are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in CF patients [[#References|[1]]]. Once formed, these bacterial populations are unmanageable to treat, mainly due to the biofilm mode of growth. This growth in the lungs of CF patients’ accompanies an increased frequency of mutations, as well as the adaption of ''P. aeruginosa'' to the inflammatory defense mechanism to the lungs and antibiotic treatments. Mechanisms of resistance such as upregulated [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efflux_pump efflux pumps], mutations of antibiotic target molecules in the bacteria and chromosomal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-lactamase β-lactamase] aid ''P.aeruginosa'' survival. These conventional resistance mechanisms and formation of mucoid biofilms, biofilms with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alginic_acid alginate] as a large part of the polysaccharide protection, allow ''P. aeruginosa'' to survive for decades despite the antibiotic therapy, while the lung tissue is gradually destroyed. The immense antibiotic resistance may be attributed to low bacterial metabolic activity and increased doubling times of the bacterial cells in CF lungs.<br />
<br />
''P. aeruginosa’s'' ability to form antibiotic resistant biofilms is believed to account for the inability of current therapies to eliminate bacterial infections in the lungs of patients with CF. Although the progression of ''P. aeruginosa'' colonization makes eradication essentially impossible, early control seems to delay the onset of chronic lung infection [[#References|[17]]]. Different antimicrobial treatment protocols have been established once the first sign of ''P. aeruginosa'' colonization is exhibited [[#References|[17]]]. The early colonization of these bacteria involves non-mucous colonial morphotypes with low bacterial density. However, once ''P. aeruginosa'' begins to colonize, the bacteria density increases and switches to a mucous morphotype with a biofilm mode of growth that is less susceptible to antibiotics [[#References|[18]]]. Nebulized colistin, tobramycin and other antibiotics are already being used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections in the CF lung. There is in vitro and in vivo evidence for using joint nebulized and systemic antibiotics in patients with the disease [[#References|[18]]].<br />
<br />
===Promising Antibiotics===<br />
Nonetheless, ''P. aeruginosa'' may be effectively eradicated during the early stages of colonization with appropriate antibiotic therapy. There is potential prevention of biofilm formation in the CF lung during early stages of colonization. Some evidence exists that suggests early aggressive antibiotic therapy can delay the onset of chronic ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in infants or children with CF [[#References|[19]]]. However, re-occurrence or re-infection eventually leads to the development of chronic ''P. aeruginosa'' infections by teenagers and adults [[#References|[19]]].<br />
<br />
A recent study done in Spain developed new parameters for defining antibiotic concentrations needed to prevent biofilm formation during early stages of colonization. The ''P. aeruginosa'' isolates that were believed to be the early colonizers demonstrated low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to the antibiotics tested. The isolates were completely susceptible to the following antibiotics: tobramycin, ceftazidime, colistin, imipenem, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin [[#References|[20]]]. Tobramycin, ceftazidime and colistin had the highest percentages of susceptibility [[#References|[20]]]. Antibiotics having the lowest biofilm prevention concentration's (BPC) were levofloxacin, tobramycin, colisitin and ciprofloxacin, while the highest were for ceftazidime and imipenem[[#References|[20]]]. As expected, antibiotics with a low BPC/MIC ratio had the fast killing kinetics [[#References|[20]]]. These antibiotics include fluroquinolones, aminoglycosides and colisitin. Thus, the antibiotics are active on formed biofilms as seen through their low biofilm inhibitory concentrations (BIC), while also successfully destroying planktonic cells during early biofilm formation [[#References|[20]]]. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Lactam_antibiotic β-lactam antibiotics] like ceftazidime and imipenem, had high BPC/MIC ratios and a small effect on established biofilms [[#References|[20]]]. <br />
<br />
The creation and growth of ''P. aeruginosa'' biofilms on mucosal surfaces is the product of complex kinetics. During planktonic dispersal stages of the process, microorganisms are regularly susceptible to antibiotics, however within the biofilms their susceptibility is strongly hindered [[#References|[20]]]. Biofilm development may be prevented through antibiotics active on early attached cells or planktonic cells. Results from this study confirm this belief due to usage of ''P. aeruginosa'' isolates from initial or early colonization stages that gave low BPCs for fluoroquinolones, tobramycin and colistin. In addition, the results give further evidence in supporting the present rules that recommend CF patients to use these antibiotics in initial or early colonisation stages. BPCs are below those of antibiotic concentrations attained at the colonization site, not only when using colistin or tobramycin in aerosols but also oral ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin [[#References|[14]]]. Moreover, azithromycin had the lowest BPC/MIC ratio (only 0.11), reflecting additional activity at initial stages of biofilm formation but less so for eradicating well-established biofilms (very high BBC values) [[#References|[20]]].<br />
<br />
=Future Work=<br />
[[Image:iron biofilm.jpg|thumb|490px|right|''The role of iron in P. aeruginosa biofilm formation. (a) In high iron conditions cells attach normally but do not remain attached and biofilms do not form. (b) In normal iron conditions (1–100 μM) bacteria attach, multiply and develop into microcolonies that mature into structured mushroom-like biofilms. (c) Low iron conditions promote the twitching phenomenon, cells attach and multiply but daughter cells move away from the point of replication disrupting the formation of structured biofilms.'' From Musk, D.J., and D.A. Banko. "Iron Salts Perturb Biofilm Formation and Disrupt Existing Bio- films of ''Pseudomonas Aeruginosa''." Chemical Biology 12 (2005): 789-96. Web.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
There may be hope for biofilm eradication through the usage of iron. Iron is vital to many important physiologic functions in microbial pathogens, such as regulation of gene expression, energy production, and oxygen transport. Iron also promotes biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces, partially regulating surface motility and stabilizing the biofilm polysaccharide matrix. One recent proposed way to eliminate ''P. aeruginosa'' biofilm formation is through chelating iron. <br />
<br />
Compounds like lactoferrin, EDTA, conalbumin and gallium have demonstrated a prevention or disruption of biofilm formation in respiratory epithelial cells. In the presence of low iron conditions induced by an iron chelator, such as lactoferrin, P. aeruginosa forms an irregular biofilm, with a thin layer of cells. In the absence of lactoferrin, and in the presence of adequate iron concentrations, a normal biofilm is formed. The iron level affects both the formation and maintenance of ''P. aeruginosa'' biofilms. A high iron concentration disturbs biofilm formation and stimulates separation of preformed biofilms [[#References|[21]]]. Musk et al. reported that iron salts (ferric sulfate, ferric chloride, ferrous sulfate and ammonium ferric citrate), at iron concentrations greater than 100 μM inhibited formation of ''P. aeruginosa'' biofilms without effecting growth [[#References|[21]]]. The first ten hours of development of initial biofilm formation were unaffected; thus the inhibition is not due to decreased adhesion of cells to the surface. More accurately, excess iron seems to disturb advanced stages of biofilm development, so that few cells stick to the surface by 48 hours [[#References|[21]]].<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
1. Dodd ME, Prasad SA. "Physiotherapy Management of Cystic Fibrosis." Chronic Respiratory Disease 2.3 (2005): 139-49. Web. http://crd.sagepub.com/content/2/3/139.long <br />
<br />
2. Høiby, N., B. Frederiksen, and T. Pressler. "Eradication of Early Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infection." Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 4 (2005): 49-54. Web. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1569199305000688<br />
<br />
3. Coutinho, H., V. S. Falcão-Silva, and G. Gonçalves. "Pulmonary Bacterial Pathogens in Cystic Fibrosis Patients and Antibiotic Therapy: A Tool for the Health Workers." International Archives of Medicine 1 (2008): 24. Web. <http://www.intarchmed.com/content/1/1/24>.<br />
<br />
4. Kahl, B., M. Herrmann, A. S. Everding, H. G. Koch, K. Becker, E. Harms, R. A. Proctor, and G. Peters. "Persistent Infection with Small Colony Variant Strains of Staphylococcus Aureus in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis." Journal of Infectious Diseases 177.4 (1998): 1023-029. Web. http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/177/4/1023.long<br />
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5. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry 1997. Annual Data Report. Bethesda, Maryland: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.<br />
<br />
6. Jenal U, Malone J, 2006. Mechanisms of Cyclic-di-GMP Signaling in Bacteria. Annual Review of Genetics, 40 (1): 385-407. Web. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.genet.40.110405.090423?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed<br />
<br />
7. Newell, P. D., S. Yoshioka, K. L. Hvorecny, R. D. Monds, and G. A. O'toole. "Systematic Analysis of Diguanylate Cyclases That Promote Biofilm Formation by Pseudomonas Fluorescens Pf0-1." Journal of Bacteriology 193.18 (2011): 4685-698. Web. http://jb.asm.org/content/193/18/4685.long<br />
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8. Merritt, J. H., D.-G. Ha, K. N. Cowles, W. Lu, D. K. Morales, J. Rabinowitz, Z. Gitai, and G. A. O'toole. "Specific Control of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Surface-Associated Behaviors by Two C-di-GMP Diguanylate Cyclases." MBio 1.4 (2010): E00183-10-00183-18. Web. http://mbio.asm.org/content/1/4/e00183-10.full.html<br />
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9. "Medical Aspects of Exercise; Benefits and Risks." 1st ed. London: Royal College of Physicians of London, 1991. Print.<br />
<br />
10. Orenstein, D. "Cystic Fibrosis and Exercise." Cystic Fibrosis: A Guide for Patient and Family. 4th ed. N.p.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011. Print.<br />
<br />
11. Webb, AK, and ME Dodd. "Exercise and Cystic Fibrosis." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 88.25 (1994): 30-36. Web. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1295056/<br />
<br />
12. Pérez, Margarita, Iris F. Groeneveld, Elena Santana-Sosa, Carmen Fiuza-Luces, Laura Gonzalez-Saiz, José R. Villa-Asensi, Luis M. López-Mojares, Margarita Rubio, and Alejandro Lucia. "Aerobic Fitness Is Associated with Lower Risk of Hospitalization in Children with Cystic Fibrosis." Pediatric Pulmonology (2013): Web. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppul.22878/abstract;jsessionid=71C57D69F0E5F5010C479391112C3854.f02t02<br />
<br />
13. Pianosi, P. "Peak Oxygen Uptake and Mortality in Children with Cystic Fibrosis." Thorax 60.1 (2005): 50-54. Web. http://thorax.bmj.com/content/60/1/50.long<br />
<br />
14. Donaldson, Scott H., William D. Bennett, Kirby L. Zeman, Michael R. Knowles, Robert Tarran, and Richard C. Boucher. "Mucus Clearance and Lung Function in Cystic Fibrosis with Hypertonic Saline." New England Journal of Medicine 354.3 (2006): 241-50. Web. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa043891<br />
<br />
15. Mall, Marcus, Barbara R. Grubb, Jack R. Harkema, Wanda K. O'neal, and Richard C. Boucher. "Increased Airway Epithelial Na Absorption Produces Cystic Fibrosis-like Lung Disease in Mice." Nature Medicine 10.5 (2004): 487-93. Web. http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v10/n5/abs/nm1028.html<br />
<br />
16. Elkins, Mark R., Michael Robinson, Barbara R. Rose, Colin Harbour, Carmel P. Moriarty, Guy B. Marks, Elena G. Belousova, Wei Xuan, and Peter T.p. Bye. "A Controlled Trial of Long-Term Inhaled Hypertonic Saline in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis." New England Journal of Medicine 354.3 (2006): 229-40. Web. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa043900<br />
<br />
17. Stuart, Bridget, Jenny H. Lin, and Peter J. Mogayzel. "Early Eradication of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis." Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 11.3 (2010): 177-84. Web. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1526054210000394<br />
<br />
18. Hill, D., B. Rose, A. Pajkos, M. Robinson, P. Bye, S. Bell, M. Elkins, B. Thompson, C. Macleod, S. D. Aaron, and C. Harbour. "Antibiotic Susceptibilities of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolates Derived from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis under Aerobic, Anaerobic, and Biofilm Conditions." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43.10 (2005): 5085-090. Web. http://jcm.asm.org/content/43/10/5085<br />
<br />
19. Høiby, N., B. Frederiksen, and T. Pressler. "Eradication of Early Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infection." Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 4 (2005): 49-54. Web. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1569199305000688<br />
<br />
20. Fernández-Olmos, Ana, María García-Castillo, Luis Maiz, Adelaida Lamas, Fernando Baquero, and Rafael Cantón. "In Vitro Prevention of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Early Biofilm Formation with Antibiotics Used in Cystic fibrosis Patients." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 40.2 (2012): 173-76. Web. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924857912001641<br />
<br />
21. Musk, D.J., and D.A. Banko. "Iron Salts Perturb Biofilm Formation and Disrupt Existing Bio- films of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa." Chemical Biology 12 (2005): 789-96. Web. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074552105001389</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Treatments_against_Pseudomonas_aeruginosa_Biofilms_in_Cystic_Fibrosis_Patient_Lungs&diff=98262Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs2014-04-01T20:06:23Z<p>Nsullivan: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:cf biofilms in lung.jpg|thumb|400px|right|''Autopsy of a lung from a CF patient who died owing to chronic P. aeruginosa infection. Here you can see the biofilms present throughout the lung. The thick yellow/green patches of mucus looking material throughout the lung are the biofilms''. <br />
From Høiby, Niels, Oana Ciofu, and Thomas Bjarnsholt. "Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis." Future Microbiology 5.11 (2010): 1663-674. Print.]]<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis Cystic fibrosis (CF)] is the most common autosomal recessive genetic disorder of Caucasians in America [[#References|[1]]]. The lifelong struggle of CF patients with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''] typifies most [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm biofilm] infections. The bacteria are ubiquitous and pathogenic for a specific set of compromised individuals. a gram-negative bacterium, thrives in the CF lung environment and is the leading pathogen associated with pulmonary disease in these patients. ''P. aeruginosa'' is particularly problematic, infecting the lungs of about 80% of adults with CF [[#References|[2]]]. As the bacterial colonies grow, they cause pulmonary problems and eventually premature death. The average life expectancy for people with CF is just 37 years [[#References|[1]]]. The infection develops slowly, excluding acute [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exacerbation exacerbations], and these temporary stages of relief may be caused by brief antibiotic therapy. The deep-rooted infection cannot yet be cured by conventional antibiotic therapy. The normal course of the infection produces an antibody response to the infecting pathogen, but the antibodies are not effective against sessile bacteria. The microcolonies of sessile bacteria in the lung act as sites of origin for spread of the infection. <br />
<br />
The predicament facing CF patients is that presently available antibiotics were developed against the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton planktonic] phenotype of ''P. aeruginosa'', and therapeutic agents are chosen on the basis of their efficacy against planktonic cells of this pathogen. Nevertheless, direct observations have shown that the bacteria actually grow in the biofilm phenotype in the lung. Thus, it should come as no surprise that current antibiotic therapies have limited effectiveness in eradicating the biofilm infection.<br />
<br />
{{Uncurated}}<br />
=Introduction=<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=''P. aeruginosa'' in the CF lung=<br />
<br />
===The CF lung===<br />
During the ten years of life for CF patients, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus ''Staphylococcus aureus''] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae ''Haemophilus influenzae''] are the most common bacteria isolated from the sputum, but in the second and third decades of life, ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'' is the most prevalent bacteria [[#References|[3]]]. The bacterium [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus ''Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA)] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia_cepacia_complex ''Burkholderia cepacia''] are also present in minor amounts in the CF lung [[#References|[3]]]. ''P. aeruginosa'' colonizes CF patients in more than 50% of cases [[#References|[4]]]. ''P. aeruginosa'', a gram-negative bacterium, is the most frequently described opportunistic pathogen in CF patients [[#References|[2]]]. The bacteria are pathogens isolated from CF sputum or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchoalveolar_lavage bronchoalveolar lavage] samples of CF patients of all age groups [[#References|[1]]]. Children with CF develop respiratory tract infections early on in their lives [[#References|[1]]]. According to the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation in the United States, 29.8% in children from 2-5 years and 81.3% in the age groups of 26-30 years are infected with ''P. aeruginosa'' [[#References|[5]]]. Colonization of these bacteria in CF airways triggers an inflammatory response with concomitant release of a number of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine cytokines], such as interleukin-8, which is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotaxis chemotactic] to neutrophils [[#References|[1]]]. The buildup of ''P. aeruginosa'' in the lungs of CF patients forms biofilms.<br />
[[Image:cystic fibrosis lung infections.jpg|thumb|450px|left|''The different bacterium present in the lung throughout the life of a CF patient. S. aureus and H. influenzae are the most prevalent in early years, while P. aeruginosa is the most prevalent in adulthood.''<br />
From 2005 Annual Data Report to the Center Directors. Cystic Fibrosis Patient Registry, Bethesda, MD]]<br />
===''P. aeruginosa'' Biofilms===<br />
Biofilms are surface attached communities that can be found in medical, industrial and natural settings. Life in a biofilm most likely represents the predominate mode of growth for microbes in most environments. An [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_matrix extracellular matrix] surrounds biofilm microbes; this provides structure and protection to the community. Biofilm-grown bacteria are notable for their resistance to a broad scope of antimicrobial agents including clinically relevant antibiotics. Important research is being done to understand how biofilms form on airway cells and medical implant surfaces. The role of biofilms in host-pathogen interactions and resistance to antibiotic therapy also offers some potential interest. Research on the model organism ''P. aeruginosa'', shows that the unusual intracellular signaling molecule [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_di-GMP cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP)] controls early biofilm formation by regulating both surface motility and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exopolysaccharide exopolysaccharide (EPS)] production [[#References|[6]]]. These studies are starting to discover the molecular basis of the events required early in the transition to life on a surface. <br />
<br />
It was recently revealed that the biofilm regulating enzyme in ''P. aeruginosa'', c-di-GMP, is a second messenger in bacteria and a central regulator of formation and maintenance of biofilms in a wide variety of organisms [[#References|[7]]]. Regulation of c-di-GMP determines whether or not there is biofilms are present in the lungs . Cellular levels of c-di-GMP are controlled through the contrasting activities of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diguanylate_cyclase diguanylate cyclase (DGC)] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiesterase phosphodiesterase (PDE)][[#References|[8]]]. DGC is a family of enzymes that share the sequence motif, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GGDEF_domain GGDEF domain], and PDE contain a conserved [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAL_domain EAL domain] [[#References|[8]]]. It has been revealed that certain virulence-associated traits are controlled by several PDE’s and DGC’s through changes in the c-di-GMP level [[#References|[8]]]. Biofilm formation is enhanced by a DGC dependence increase in c-di-GMP and reduced by a PDE-mediated decrease in c-di-GMP concentrations [[#References|[8]]]. Previous studies revealed that the number of DGC and DGC-PDE proteins affect biofilm regulation in ''P. aeruginosa''. However, it is unknown how the phenotypes of the bacterium are affected by the amount of DGC and PDE proteins [[#References|[8]]]. In order to have a strong understanding on the regulation of c-di-GMP, further research must be conducted to create a spectrum of how mutants of ''P. aeruginosa'' compare to the wild type phenotypes. A substantial amount of progress has been made in the past decade through the laboratory findings for this disease. Among the many scientific discoveries, the most recent research involving biofilms has offered the greatest promise to those with CF. Biofilms are the sessile formation of flagella in a cycle involving the second messenger cyclic-di-GMP. A sessile formation of the flagella means that it has lost its tail and is no longer motile. This is significant because biofilm buildups cause the clogging of mucus in the lungs of CF patients. Conducting research on how to break through these sessile formations has created progress towards the development of a cure.<br />
<br />
=Therapeutic Treatment=<br />
===Cardiovascular Exercise===<br />
<br />
Physical exercise is recognized to have considerable clinical benefits for several different disease processes [[#References|[9]]] . Exercising when afflicted with CF is challenging because of the shortness of breath one experiences, along with coughing and tiring more easily. Exercise intolerance is a customary characteristic of CF and is reliant on the progression of the disease. Physicians view exercise as having the potential to have a therapeutic effect on the disease, and so it has become a mainstay of the physiotherapy treatment. Exercise programs have the same benefit for people with CF that they have for people without the disease, namely, increasing their fitness and sense of well-being, and undoubtedly improving their overall outlook on life [[#References|[10]]]. It is well recognized that vigorous physical activity with deep breathing and coughing promotes airway clearance and helps move mucus out of the lungs. One of the first studies to analyze exercise in Cystic Fibrosis determined that a patient’s fitness level corresponded closely with his or her likelihood to be alive in eight years [[#References|[5]]]. The patients with the highest aerobic fitness level had an 83% survival rate for the following eight years, while the middle and lower aerobic levels had 51% and 28% survival predictions comparatively [[#References|[11]]]. As the research on exercise has progressed, more physicians are realizing the likelihood of its impact on health and overall well-being.<br />
<br />
Extensive research over the past decade has demonstrated that exercise for CF patients can be beneficial to their overall health. In medicine the ability to exercise is related to the capacity of the cardiorespiratory system to transport oxygen to working muscles and the efficiency of those muscles to extract and use that oxygen. It has been proven and is apparent that maximal oxygen consumption increases with training through physiological adaptions like stroke volume, more oxygen delivery with a lower heart rate, and a more efficient usage of oxygen delivery through biochemical and structural changes to the skeletal muscles [[#References|[11]]]. <br />
[[Image:HS solution graph.jpg|thumb|500px|right|''The clinical severity scores in two different groups, group one receiving a placebo and group two receiving the hypertonic saline. The drop in clinical score after day 1, 2 and 3 for group one was not significant. For group two, significant differences were observed on day 1, 2 and 3, demonstrating the effectiveness of the 3% hypertonic saline. INH=inhalation''. From Emer P. Reeves, Kevin Molloy, Kerstin Pohl, and Noel G. McElvaney, “Hypertonic Saline in Treatment of Pulmonary Disease in Cystic Fibrosis,” The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2012, Article ID 465230, 11 pages, 2012. doi:10.1100/2012/465230]]<br />
Aerobic fitness is defined as peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), the highest maximum oxygen uptake attained during testing. This is a pertinent variable in clinical trials studying physical exercise because the VO2peak shows a stronger correlation with the extent of lung damage by ''P. aeruginosa'', as assessed by thin-section chest computed tomography, than a body mass index (BMI) or pulmonary function [[#References|[12]]]. The peak oxygen uptake also predicts the progression of CF in terms of chronic inflammation, impaired lung function and even mortality [[#References|[13]]]. Previous studies have indicated that adequate aerobic fitness in children with mild to moderately severe CF is associated with a longer time free of hospitalization due to acute respiratory events. There is no demonstrated link that those with a higher VO2peak, have less severe illness or whether those patients who remain physically active succeed in delaying the onset of respiratory failure. However, results imply that CF subjects that started with a higher VO2peak lived longer [[#References|[13]]].<br />
<br />
===Hypertonic Saline Solution===<br />
<br />
The incorporation of exercise into the therapeutic regimen of CF patients has proven to be so beneficial that researchers around the world have investigated the advantages of different types of activity. Such research led to the discovery of how life-changing surfing can be for CF patients. In 2006, Australian researchers realized there was a link between the severity of CF between those who surfed and those who did not. CF patients who surfed had significantly healthier lungs than non-surfing CF patients, and they found that the inhalation of saltwater mist coats the lungs and helps to eliminate the bacteria and mucus. The benefits of surfing prompted the creation of a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_(medicine) hypertonic saline (HS) solution ] to imitate a surf session that could be used daily by CF patients who live inland. Surfing is a great form of exercise and for this specific disease it assists fighting off the harmful effects that occur in the bodies of each patient with CF. One hypothesis on the cause of pathogenesis of CF is that the lack of regulation of sodium absorption and chloride secretion instigates the depletion of airway surface liquid, slows mucus clearance, and promotes the formation of adherent mucus plaques on airway surfaces [[#References|[14]]]. The mucus plaque plugs obstruct the airway and provide the origin site for the bacterial infections [[#References|[15]]]. <br />
<br />
Two teams of researchers working in the United States and Australia identified a simple, inexpensive and effective treatment that increases lung function in CF patients via a HS solution. Through inhalation of a saline solution for ten to fifteen minutes at least twice a day, young patients can avoid a significant part of the damage the disease causes to their lungs. The researchers discovered that the saline solution coats the lungs upon inhalation and thereby restores a layer that coats the airway surfaces, promoting airway clearance of bacteria and mucus. Inhaled hypertonic saline acutely increases mucociliary clearance and, in short-term trials, improves lung function in people with CF [[#References|[16]]]. Along with the health benefits, quality of life increased for patients on this treatment: participants in the hypertonic-saline group had significantly fewer days on which they were absent from school or work or unable to participate in other, usual activities, and the mental health domain of the SF-36 was a mean of 5.2 points higher in the hypertonic-saline group than the control group [[#References|[14]]].<br />
<br />
The incredible effects of surfing prompted researchers to attempt putting the benefits of the ocean into a drug that patients anywhere in the world could use. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_Fibrosis_Foundation Cystic Fibrosis Foundation] has funded several studies to determine the mechanisms and effects of HS solution. Elkins’ study using 4mL of 7.0% saline validated the advantages that HS solution provides to the lungs [[#References|[14]]]. Reported results stated that the 7.0% HS groups improved their level of lung function, but more importantly saw reductions in the amount exacerbations, antibiotic usage for exacerbations, and absenteeism from school/work or the inability to engage in other activities that were associated with the use of HS.[[#References|[16]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=Antibiotic Treatment=<br />
[[Image:antibiotics table mr.jpg|thumb|520px|left|''Inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using planktonic and sessile growth as inoculum. MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; MBC, minimum bactericidal concentration; BPC, biofilm prevention concentration; BIC, biofilm inhibitory concentration; BBC: biofilm bactericidal concentration; N/A, not applicable.''. From Fernández-Olmos, Ana, María García-Castillo, Luis Maiz, Adelaida Lamas, Fernando Baquero, and Rafael Cantón. "In Vitro Prevention of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Early Biofilm Formation with Antibiotics Used in Cystic fibrosis Patients." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 40.2 (2012): 173-76. Print.]]<br />
<br />
===Why Antibiotics Typically Don't Work===<br />
Chronic lung infections of ''P. aeruginosa'' are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in CF patients [[#References|[1]]]. Once formed, these bacterial populations are unmanageable to treat, mainly due to the biofilm mode of growth. This growth in the lungs of CF patients’ accompanies an increased frequency of mutations, as well as the adaption of ''P. aeruginosa'' to the inflammatory defense mechanism to the lungs and antibiotic treatments. Mechanisms of resistance such as upregulated [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efflux_pump efflux pumps], mutations of antibiotic target molecules in the bacteria and chromosomal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-lactamase β-lactamase] aid ''P.aeruginosa'' survival. These conventional resistance mechanisms and formation of mucoid biofilms, biofilms with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alginic_acid alginate] as a large part of the polysaccharide protection, allow ''P. aeruginosa'' to survive for decades despite the antibiotic therapy, while the lung tissue is gradually destroyed. The immense antibiotic resistance may be attributed to low bacterial metabolic activity and increased doubling times of the bacterial cells in CF lungs.<br />
<br />
''P. aeruginosa’s'' ability to form antibiotic resistant biofilms is believed to account for the inability of current therapies to eliminate bacterial infections in the lungs of patients with CF. Although the progression of ''P. aeruginosa'' colonization makes eradication essentially impossible, early control seems to delay the onset of chronic lung infection [[#References|[17]]]. Different antimicrobial treatment protocols have been established once the first sign of ''P. aeruginosa'' colonization is exhibited [[#References|[17]]]. The early colonization of these bacteria involves non-mucous colonial morphotypes with low bacterial density. However, once ''P. aeruginosa'' begins to colonize, the bacteria density increases and switches to a mucous morphotype with a biofilm mode of growth that is less susceptible to antibiotics [[#References|[18]]]. Nebulized colistin, tobramycin and other antibiotics are already being used to treat ''P. aeruginosa'' infections in the CF lung. There is in vitro and in vivo evidence for using joint nebulized and systemic antibiotics in patients with the disease [[#References|[18]]].<br />
<br />
===Promising Antibiotics===<br />
Nonetheless, ''P. aeruginosa'' may be effectively eradicated during the early stages of colonization with appropriate antibiotic therapy. There is potential prevention of biofilm formation in the CF lung during early stages of colonization. Some evidence exists that suggests early aggressive antibiotic therapy can delay the onset of chronic ''P. aeruginosa'' infection in infants or children with CF [[#References|[19]]]. However, re-occurrence or re-infection eventually leads to the development of chronic ''P. aeruginosa'' infections by teenagers and adults [[#References|[19]]].<br />
<br />
A recent study done in Spain developed new parameters for defining antibiotic concentrations needed to prevent biofilm formation during early stages of colonization. The ''P. aeruginosa'' isolates that were believed to be the early colonizers demonstrated low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to the antibiotics tested. The isolates were completely susceptible to the following antibiotics: tobramycin, ceftazidime, colistin, imipenem, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin [[#References|[20]]]. Tobramycin, ceftazidime and colistin had the highest percentages of susceptibility [[#References|[20]]]. Antibiotics having the lowest biofilm prevention concentration's (BPC) were levofloxacin, tobramycin, colisitin and ciprofloxacin, while the highest were for ceftazidime and imipenem[[#References|[20]]]. As expected, antibiotics with a low BPC/MIC ratio had the fast killing kinetics [[#References|[20]]]. These antibiotics include fluroquinolones, aminoglycosides and colisitin. Thus, the antibiotics are active on formed biofilms as seen through their low biofilm inhibitory concentrations (BIC), while also successfully destroying planktonic cells during early biofilm formation [[#References|[20]]]. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Lactam_antibiotic β-lactam antibiotics] like ceftazidime and imipenem, had high BPC/MIC ratios and a small effect on established biofilms [[#References|[20]]]. <br />
<br />
The creation and growth of ''P. aeruginosa'' biofilms on mucosal surfaces is the product of complex kinetics. During planktonic dispersal stages of the process, microorganisms are regularly susceptible to antibiotics, however within the biofilms their susceptibility is strongly hindered [[#References|[20]]]. Biofilm development may be prevented through antibiotics active on early attached cells or planktonic cells. Results from this study confirm this belief due to usage of ''P. aeruginosa'' isolates from initial or early colonization stages that gave low BPCs for fluoroquinolones, tobramycin and colistin. In addition, the results give further evidence in supporting the present rules that recommend CF patients to use these antibiotics in initial or early colonisation stages. BPCs are below those of antibiotic concentrations attained at the colonization site, not only when using colistin or tobramycin in aerosols but also oral ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin [[#References|[14]]]. Moreover, azithromycin had the lowest BPC/MIC ratio (only 0.11), reflecting additional activity at initial stages of biofilm formation but less so for eradicating well-established biofilms (very high BBC values) [[#References|[20]]].<br />
<br />
=Future Work=<br />
[[Image:iron biofilm.jpg|thumb|490px|right|''The role of iron in P. aeruginosa biofilm formation. (a) In high iron conditions cells attach normally but do not remain attached and biofilms do not form. (b) In normal iron conditions (1–100 μM) bacteria attach, multiply and develop into microcolonies that mature into structured mushroom-like biofilms. (c) Low iron conditions promote the twitching phenomenon, cells attach and multiply but daughter cells move away from the point of replication disrupting the formation of structured biofilms.'' From Musk, D.J., and D.A. Banko. "Iron Salts Perturb Biofilm Formation and Disrupt Existing Bio- films of ''Pseudomonas Aeruginosa''." Chemical Biology 12 (2005): 789-96. Web.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
There may be hope for biofilm eradication through the usage of iron. Iron is vital to many important physiologic functions in microbial pathogens, such as regulation of gene expression, energy production, and oxygen transport. Iron also promotes biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces, partially regulating surface motility and stabilizing the biofilm polysaccharide matrix. One recent proposed way to eliminate ''P. aeruginosa'' biofilm formation is through chelating iron. <br />
<br />
Compounds like lactoferrin, EDTA, conalbumin and gallium have demonstrated a prevention or disruption of biofilm formation in respiratory epithelial cells. In the presence of low iron conditions induced by an iron chelator, such as lactoferrin, P. aeruginosa forms an irregular biofilm, with a thin layer of cells. In the absence of lactoferrin, and in the presence of adequate iron concentrations, a normal biofilm is formed. The iron level affects both the formation and maintenance of ''P. aeruginosa'' biofilms. A high iron concentration disturbs biofilm formation and stimulates separation of preformed biofilms [[#References|[21]]]. Musk et al. reported that iron salts (ferric sulfate, ferric chloride, ferrous sulfate and ammonium ferric citrate), at iron concentrations greater than 100 μM inhibited formation of ''P. aeruginosa'' biofilms without effecting growth [[#References|[21]]]. The first ten hours of development of initial biofilm formation were unaffected; thus the inhibition is not due to decreased adhesion of cells to the surface. More accurately, excess iron seems to disturb advanced stages of biofilm development, so that few cells stick to the surface by 48 hours [[#References|[21]]].<br />
<br />
=References=<br />
1. Dodd ME, Prasad SA. "Physiotherapy Management of Cystic Fibrosis." Chronic Respiratory Disease 2.3 (2005): 139-49. Web. http://crd.sagepub.com/content/2/3/139.long <br />
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2. Høiby, N., B. Frederiksen, and T. Pressler. "Eradication of Early Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infection." Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 4 (2005): 49-54. Web. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1569199305000688<br />
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3. Coutinho, H., V. S. Falcão-Silva, and G. Gonçalves. "Pulmonary Bacterial Pathogens in Cystic Fibrosis Patients and Antibiotic Therapy: A Tool for the Health Workers." International Archives of Medicine 1 (2008): 24. Web. <http://www.intarchmed.com/content/1/1/24>.<br />
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4. Kahl, B., M. Herrmann, A. S. Everding, H. G. Koch, K. Becker, E. Harms, R. A. Proctor, and G. Peters. "Persistent Infection with Small Colony Variant Strains of Staphylococcus Aureus in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis." Journal of Infectious Diseases 177.4 (1998): 1023-029. Web. http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/177/4/1023.long<br />
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5. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry 1997. Annual Data Report. Bethesda, Maryland: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.<br />
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6. Jenal U, Malone J, 2006. Mechanisms of Cyclic-di-GMP Signaling in Bacteria. Annual Review of Genetics, 40 (1): 385-407. Web. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.genet.40.110405.090423?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed<br />
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7. Newell, P. D., S. Yoshioka, K. L. Hvorecny, R. D. Monds, and G. A. O'toole. "Systematic Analysis of Diguanylate Cyclases That Promote Biofilm Formation by Pseudomonas Fluorescens Pf0-1." Journal of Bacteriology 193.18 (2011): 4685-698. Web. http://jb.asm.org/content/193/18/4685.long<br />
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8. Merritt, J. H., D.-G. Ha, K. N. Cowles, W. Lu, D. K. Morales, J. Rabinowitz, Z. Gitai, and G. A. O'toole. "Specific Control of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Surface-Associated Behaviors by Two C-di-GMP Diguanylate Cyclases." MBio 1.4 (2010): E00183-10-00183-18. Web. http://mbio.asm.org/content/1/4/e00183-10.full.html<br />
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9. "Medical Aspects of Exercise; Benefits and Risks." 1st ed. London: Royal College of Physicians of London, 1991. Print.<br />
<br />
10. Orenstein, D. "Cystic Fibrosis and Exercise." Cystic Fibrosis: A Guide for Patient and Family. 4th ed. N.p.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011. Print.<br />
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11. Webb, AK, and ME Dodd. "Exercise and Cystic Fibrosis." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 88.25 (1994): 30-36. Web. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1295056/<br />
<br />
12. Pérez, Margarita, Iris F. Groeneveld, Elena Santana-Sosa, Carmen Fiuza-Luces, Laura Gonzalez-Saiz, José R. Villa-Asensi, Luis M. López-Mojares, Margarita Rubio, and Alejandro Lucia. "Aerobic Fitness Is Associated with Lower Risk of Hospitalization in Children with Cystic Fibrosis." Pediatric Pulmonology (2013): Web. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppul.22878/abstract;jsessionid=71C57D69F0E5F5010C479391112C3854.f02t02<br />
<br />
13. Pianosi, P. "Peak Oxygen Uptake and Mortality in Children with Cystic Fibrosis." Thorax 60.1 (2005): 50-54. Web. http://thorax.bmj.com/content/60/1/50.long<br />
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14. Donaldson, Scott H., William D. Bennett, Kirby L. Zeman, Michael R. Knowles, Robert Tarran, and Richard C. Boucher. "Mucus Clearance and Lung Function in Cystic Fibrosis with Hypertonic Saline." New England Journal of Medicine 354.3 (2006): 241-50. Web. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa043891<br />
<br />
15. Mall, Marcus, Barbara R. Grubb, Jack R. Harkema, Wanda K. O'neal, and Richard C. Boucher. "Increased Airway Epithelial Na Absorption Produces Cystic Fibrosis-like Lung Disease in Mice." Nature Medicine 10.5 (2004): 487-93. Web. http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v10/n5/abs/nm1028.html<br />
<br />
16. Elkins, Mark R., Michael Robinson, Barbara R. Rose, Colin Harbour, Carmel P. Moriarty, Guy B. Marks, Elena G. Belousova, Wei Xuan, and Peter T.p. Bye. "A Controlled Trial of Long-Term Inhaled Hypertonic Saline in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis." New England Journal of Medicine 354.3 (2006): 229-40. Web. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa043900<br />
<br />
17. Stuart, Bridget, Jenny H. Lin, and Peter J. Mogayzel. "Early Eradication of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis." Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 11.3 (2010): 177-84. Web. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1526054210000394<br />
<br />
18. Hill, D., B. Rose, A. Pajkos, M. Robinson, P. Bye, S. Bell, M. Elkins, B. Thompson, C. Macleod, S. D. Aaron, and C. Harbour. "Antibiotic Susceptibilities of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolates Derived from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis under Aerobic, Anaerobic, and Biofilm Conditions." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43.10 (2005): 5085-090. Web. http://jcm.asm.org/content/43/10/5085<br />
<br />
19. Høiby, N., B. Frederiksen, and T. Pressler. "Eradication of Early Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infection." Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 4 (2005): 49-54. Web. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1569199305000688<br />
<br />
20. Fernández-Olmos, Ana, María García-Castillo, Luis Maiz, Adelaida Lamas, Fernando Baquero, and Rafael Cantón. "In Vitro Prevention of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Early Biofilm Formation with Antibiotics Used in Cystic fibrosis Patients." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 40.2 (2012): 173-76. Web. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924857912001641<br />
<br />
21. Musk, D.J., and D.A. Banko. "Iron Salts Perturb Biofilm Formation and Disrupt Existing Bio- films of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa." Chemical Biology 12 (2005): 789-96. Web. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074552105001389</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=98260Keck Science Class Pages2014-04-01T18:48:42Z<p>Nsullivan: /* Title and Author */</p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Eric Benjamins - sent as word document<br />
<br> [[MicrobeWiki:Yersinia Pestis: Origin and Resistance]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[User talk:Rachael Crooke14]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[Antimicrobial Effects of Honey]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[The role of Bifidobacterium on the Immune System]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Diana McDonnell - sent as word document<br />
<br> [[Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Activity From Natural Products]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus in Birds]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil and its Effectiveness in Treating Acne Vulgaris]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2)]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[Tuberculosis and HIV]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[Sovaldi and Olysio: Novel Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ Synechococcus and Biofuel]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=98259Keck Science Class Pages2014-04-01T18:46:21Z<p>Nsullivan: /* Title and Author */</p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Eric Benjamins - sent as word document<br />
<br> [[Yersinia Pestis: Origin and Resistance]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[User talk:Rachael Crooke14]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[Antimicrobial Effects of Honey]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[The role of Bifidobacterium on the Immune System]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Diana McDonnell - sent as word document<br />
<br> [[Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Activity From Natural Products]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus in Birds]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil and its Effectiveness in Treating Acne Vulgaris]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2)]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[Tuberculosis and HIV]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[Sovaldi and Olysio: Novel Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ Synechococcus and Biofuel]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=98258Keck Science Class Pages2014-04-01T18:45:31Z<p>Nsullivan: /* Title and Author */</p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Eric Benjamins - sent as word document<br />
<br> [[User talk:Sbobde2994]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[User talk:Rachael Crooke14]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[Antimicrobial Effects of Honey]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[The role of Bifidobacterium on the Immune System]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Diana McDonnell - sent as word document<br />
<br> [[Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Activity From Natural Products]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus in Birds]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil and its Effectiveness in Treating Acne Vulgaris]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2)]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[Tuberculosis and HIV]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[Sovaldi and Olysio: Novel Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ Synechococcus and Biofuel]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=98197Keck Science Class Pages2014-03-31T21:34:21Z<p>Nsullivan: /* Title and Author */</p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Eric Benjamins - sent as word document<br />
<br> [[User talk:Sbobde2994]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[User talk:Rachael Crooke14]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[Antimicrobial Effects of Honey]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[The role of Bifidobacterium on the Immune System]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Diana McDonnell - sent as word document<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus in Birds]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil and its Effectiveness in Treating Acne Vulgaris]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[Tuberculosis and HIV]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[Sovaldi and Olysio: Novel Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ Synechococcus and Biofuel]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=98196Keck Science Class Pages2014-03-31T19:41:23Z<p>Nsullivan: /* Title and Author */</p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[User talk:Sbobde2994]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[User talk:Rachael Crooke14]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[Antimicrobial Effects of Honey]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[The role of Bifidobacterium on the Immune System]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Diana McDonnell - sent as word document<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus in Birds]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil and its Effectiveness in Treating Acne Vulgaris]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[Tuberculosis and HIV]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[Sovaldi and Olysio: Novel Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ Synechococcus and Biofuel]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=98190Keck Science Class Pages2014-03-31T04:09:38Z<p>Nsullivan: /* Title and Author */</p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[User talk:Sbobde2994]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[User talk:Rachael Crooke14]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[The role of Bifidobacterium on the Immune System]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Diana McDonnell - sent as word document<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus in Birds]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil and its Effectiveness in Treating Acne Vulgaris]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[Tuberculosis and HIV]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[Sovaldi and Olysio: Novel Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ Synechococcus and Biofuel]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=98174Keck Science Class Pages2014-03-30T22:39:26Z<p>Nsullivan: /* Title and Author */</p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[User talk:Sbobde2994]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[User talk:Rachael Crooke14]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[The role of Bifidobacterium on the Immune System]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Diana McDonnell - sent as word document<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus in Birds]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[Tuberculosis and HIV]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[Sovaldi and Olysio: Novel Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ Synechococcus and Biofuel]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=98101Keck Science Class Pages2014-03-29T21:30:11Z<p>Nsullivan: /* Title and Author */</p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[User talk:Sbobde2994]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[User talk:Rachael Crooke14]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[The role of Bifidobacterium on the Immune System]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Diana McDonnell - sent as word document<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[Tuberculosis and HIV]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[Sovaldi and Olysio: Novel Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ Synechococcus and Biofuel]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=98093Keck Science Class Pages2014-03-28T22:13:47Z<p>Nsullivan: /* Title and Author */</p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[User talk:Sbobde2994]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[User talk:Rachael Crooke14]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Diana McDonnell - sent as word document<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[Tuberculosis and HIV]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[Sovaldi and Olysio: Novel Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ Synechococcus and Biofuel]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=98092Keck Science Class Pages2014-03-28T21:17:23Z<p>Nsullivan: /* Title and Author */</p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[User talk:Sbobde2994]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[User talk:Rachael Crooke14]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Diana McDonnell - sent as word document<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[Tuberculosis and HIV]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ Synechococcus and Biofuel]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=98091Keck Science Class Pages2014-03-28T21:16:23Z<p>Nsullivan: /* Title and Author */</p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[User talk:Sbobde2994]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[User talk:Rachael Crooke14]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Diana McDonnell<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[Tuberculosis and HIV]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ Synechococcus and Biofuel]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=97938Keck Science Class Pages2014-03-24T23:50:49Z<p>Nsullivan: /* Title and Author */</p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[User talk:Sbobde2994]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[User talk:Rachael Crooke14]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Diana McDonnell<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=97888Keck Science Class Pages2014-03-22T22:33:12Z<p>Nsullivan: /* Title and Author */</p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[User talk:Sbobde2994]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Diana McDonnell<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=97885Keck Science Class Pages2014-03-22T21:44:20Z<p>Nsullivan: /* Title and Author */</p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Diana McDonnell<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=97460Keck Science Class Pages2014-03-13T15:58:11Z<p>Nsullivan: /* Title and Author */</p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Diana McDonnell<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=97459Keck Science Class Pages2014-03-13T15:58:01Z<p>Nsullivan: /* Title and Author */</p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Diana McDonnell<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=97458Keck Science Class Pages2014-03-13T15:57:19Z<p>Nsullivan: /* Title and Author */</p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Diana McDonnell<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=97457Keck Science Class Pages2014-03-13T15:56:50Z<p>Nsullivan: </p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Diana McDonnell<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ ... ]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=97455Keck Science Class Pages2014-03-13T15:51:59Z<p>Nsullivan: </p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=95380Keck Science Class Pages2014-02-10T21:19:08Z<p>Nsullivan: </p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=95379Keck Science Class Pages2014-02-10T21:18:54Z<p>Nsullivan: </p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013 Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=95378Keck Science Class Pages2014-02-10T21:16:39Z<p>Nsullivan: </p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2014: Microbiology(Biology 168L)=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br />
<br> <br />
<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013 Microbial Life Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=95377Keck Science Class Pages2014-02-10T21:14:02Z<p>Nsullivan: </p>
<hr />
<div>Spring 2014: Microbiology(Biology 168L)<br />
<br />
<br />
Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S)</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=95375Keck Science Class Pages2014-02-10T19:51:05Z<p>Nsullivan: Nsullivan moved page MicrobeWiki:Microbial Life (Biology 187S) to MicrobeWiki:Keck Science Class Pages</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[MicrobeWiki:Microbiology Template (Biology 168L)]]</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Template:BIOL_187S_(Microbial_Life)&diff=95374Template:BIOL 187S (Microbial Life)2014-02-10T19:47:05Z<p>Nsullivan: Nsullivan moved page Template:BIOL 187S (Microbial Life) to Template:BIOL 168L (Microbiology)</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Template:BIOL 168L (Microbiology)]]</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Template:BIOL_168L_(Microbiology)&diff=95373Template:BIOL 168L (Microbiology)2014-02-10T19:47:05Z<p>Nsullivan: Nsullivan moved page Template:BIOL 187S (Microbial Life) to Template:BIOL 168L (Microbiology)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
This is the leader section -- here you can write a short description of your topic and why it is interesting. The goal is for this to quickly cover the main ideas of your topic and get the reader interested in reading the rest!<br />
<br />
==Section 1==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Ebola virus 1.jpeg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.]]<br />
<br>At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki. The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<br><b>Filename:</b> Ebola virus 1.jpeg<br />
<br><b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<br><b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<br><b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.<br />
<br><b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br><br>Other examples:<br />
<br><b>Bold</b><br />
<br><i>Italic</i><br />
<br><b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br><b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br />
<br>Overall paper length should be 3,000 words, with at least 3 figures with data.<br><br />
<br />
<br> <br><br />
<br />
==Section 2==<br />
<br>Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Section 3==<br />
<br>Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Further Reading==<br />
[Sample link] [http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/CDC: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever]—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
<!--Do not remove this line--><br />
Edited by (your name here), a student of [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/faculty/profile.asp?FacultyID=254 Nora Sullivan] in BIOL168L (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2014.<br />
<br />
<!--Do not edit or remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Nora Sullivan at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=95372Keck Science Class Pages2014-02-10T19:40:26Z<p>Nsullivan: Nsullivan moved page MicrobeWiki:Microbial Life (Biology 187S) to MicrobeWiki:Microbiology Template (Biology 168L)</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[MicrobeWiki:Microbiology Template (Biology 168L)]]</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Microbewiki:Microbiology_Template_(Biology_168L)&diff=95371Microbewiki:Microbiology Template (Biology 168L)2014-02-10T19:40:26Z<p>Nsullivan: Nsullivan moved page MicrobeWiki:Microbial Life (Biology 187S) to MicrobeWiki:Microbiology Template (Biology 168L)</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Microbial Life (Biology 187S)]]</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Template:BIOL_168L_(Microbiology)&diff=95370Template:BIOL 168L (Microbiology)2014-02-10T19:38:08Z<p>Nsullivan: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
This is the leader section -- here you can write a short description of your topic and why it is interesting. The goal is for this to quickly cover the main ideas of your topic and get the reader interested in reading the rest!<br />
<br />
==Section 1==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Ebola virus 1.jpeg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.]]<br />
<br>At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki. The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<br><b>Filename:</b> Ebola virus 1.jpeg<br />
<br><b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<br><b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<br><b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.<br />
<br><b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br><br>Other examples:<br />
<br><b>Bold</b><br />
<br><i>Italic</i><br />
<br><b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br><b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br />
<br>Overall paper length should be 3,000 words, with at least 3 figures with data.<br><br />
<br />
<br> <br><br />
<br />
==Section 2==<br />
<br>Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Section 3==<br />
<br>Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Further Reading==<br />
[Sample link] [http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/CDC: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever]—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
<!--Do not remove this line--><br />
Edited by (your name here), a student of [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/faculty/profile.asp?FacultyID=254 Nora Sullivan] in BIOL168L (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2014.<br />
<br />
<!--Do not edit or remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Nora Sullivan at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Template:BIOL_168L_(Microbiology)&diff=95369Template:BIOL 168L (Microbiology)2014-02-10T19:37:12Z<p>Nsullivan: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
This is the leader section -- here you can write a short description of your topic and why it is interesting. The goal is for this to quickly cover the main ideas of your topic and get the reader interested in reading the rest!<br />
<br />
==Section 1==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Ebola virus 1.jpeg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.]]<br />
<br>At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki. The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<br><b>Filename:</b> Ebola virus 1.jpeg<br />
<br><b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<br><b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<br><b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.<br />
<br><b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br><br>Other examples:<br />
<br><b>Bold</b><br />
<br><i>Italic</i><br />
<br><b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br><b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br />
<br>Overall paper length should be 3,000 words, with at least 3 figures with data.<br><br />
<br />
<br> <br><br />
<br />
==Section 2==<br />
<br>Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Section 3==<br />
<br>Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Further Reading==<br />
[Sample link] [http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/CDC: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever]—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
Edited by (your name here), a student of [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/faculty/profile.asp?FacultyID=254 Nora Sullivan] in BIOL168L (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2014.<br />
<br />
<!--Do not edit or remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Nora Sullivan at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Template:BIOL_168L_(Microbiology)&diff=95368Template:BIOL 168L (Microbiology)2014-02-10T19:36:21Z<p>Nsullivan: /* Further Reading */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
This is the leader section -- here you can write a short description of your topic and why it is interesting. The goal is for this to quickly cover the main ideas of your topic and get the reader interested in reading the rest!<br />
<br />
==Section 1==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Ebola virus 1.jpeg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.]]<br />
<br>At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki. The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<br><b>Filename:</b> Ebola virus 1.jpeg<br />
<br><b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<br><b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<br><b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.<br />
<br><b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br><br>Other examples:<br />
<br><b>Bold</b><br />
<br><i>Italic</i><br />
<br><b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br><b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br />
<br>Overall paper length should be 3,000 words, with at least 3 figures with data.<br><br />
<br />
<br> <br><br />
<br />
==Section 2==<br />
<br>Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Section 3==<br />
<br>Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Further Reading==<br />
[Sample link] [http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/CDC: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever]—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
Edited by (your name here), a student of [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/faculty/profile.asp?FacultyID=254/ Nora Sullivan] in BIOL168L (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2014.<br />
<br />
<!--Do not edit or remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Nora Sullivan at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Template:BIOL_168L_(Microbiology)&diff=95367Template:BIOL 168L (Microbiology)2014-02-10T19:36:08Z<p>Nsullivan: /* Further Reading */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
This is the leader section -- here you can write a short description of your topic and why it is interesting. The goal is for this to quickly cover the main ideas of your topic and get the reader interested in reading the rest!<br />
<br />
==Section 1==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Ebola virus 1.jpeg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.]]<br />
<br>At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki. The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<br><b>Filename:</b> Ebola virus 1.jpeg<br />
<br><b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<br><b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<br><b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.<br />
<br><b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br><br>Other examples:<br />
<br><b>Bold</b><br />
<br><i>Italic</i><br />
<br><b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br><b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br />
<br>Overall paper length should be 3,000 words, with at least 3 figures with data.<br><br />
<br />
<br> <br><br />
<br />
==Section 2==<br />
<br>Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Section 3==<br />
<br>Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Further Reading==<br />
[Sample link][http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/CDC: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever]—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
Edited by (your name here), a student of [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/faculty/profile.asp?FacultyID=254/ Nora Sullivan] in BIOL168L (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2014.<br />
<br />
<!--Do not edit or remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Nora Sullivan at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Template:BIOL_168L_(Microbiology)&diff=95366Template:BIOL 168L (Microbiology)2014-02-10T19:35:36Z<p>Nsullivan: /* Further Reading */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
This is the leader section -- here you can write a short description of your topic and why it is interesting. The goal is for this to quickly cover the main ideas of your topic and get the reader interested in reading the rest!<br />
<br />
==Section 1==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Ebola virus 1.jpeg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.]]<br />
<br>At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki. The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<br><b>Filename:</b> Ebola virus 1.jpeg<br />
<br><b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<br><b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<br><b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.<br />
<br><b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br><br>Other examples:<br />
<br><b>Bold</b><br />
<br><i>Italic</i><br />
<br><b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br><b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br />
<br>Overall paper length should be 3,000 words, with at least 3 figures with data.<br><br />
<br />
<br> <br><br />
<br />
==Section 2==<br />
<br>Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Section 3==<br />
<br>Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Further Reading==<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/CDC: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
Edited by (your name here), a student of [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/faculty/profile.asp?FacultyID=254/ Nora Sullivan] in BIOL168L (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2014.<br />
<br />
<!--Do not edit or remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Nora Sullivan at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Template:BIOL_168L_(Microbiology)&diff=95365Template:BIOL 168L (Microbiology)2014-02-10T19:35:02Z<p>Nsullivan: /* Section 1 */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
This is the leader section -- here you can write a short description of your topic and why it is interesting. The goal is for this to quickly cover the main ideas of your topic and get the reader interested in reading the rest!<br />
<br />
==Section 1==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Ebola virus 1.jpeg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.]]<br />
<br>At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki. The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<br><b>Filename:</b> Ebola virus 1.jpeg<br />
<br><b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<br><b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<br><b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.<br />
<br><b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br><br>Other examples:<br />
<br><b>Bold</b><br />
<br><i>Italic</i><br />
<br><b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br><b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br />
<br>Overall paper length should be 3,000 words, with at least 3 figures with data.<br><br />
<br />
<br> <br><br />
<br />
==Section 2==<br />
<br>Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Section 3==<br />
<br>Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Further Reading==<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/]CDC: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
Edited by (your name here), a student of [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/faculty/profile.asp?FacultyID=254/ Nora Sullivan] in BIOL168L (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2014.<br />
<br />
<!--Do not edit or remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Nora Sullivan at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Nsullivanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Template:BIOL_168L_(Microbiology)&diff=95364Template:BIOL 168L (Microbiology)2014-02-10T19:34:24Z<p>Nsullivan: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
This is the leader section -- here you can write a short description of your topic and why it is interesting. The goal is for this to quickly cover the main ideas of your topic and get the reader interested in reading the rest!<br />
<br />
==Section 1==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Ebola virus 1.jpeg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.]]<br />
<br>At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki. The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<br><b>Filename:</b> Ebola virus 1.jpeg<br />
<br><b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<br><b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<br><b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.<br />
<br><b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br><br>Other examples:<br />
<br><b>Bold</b><br />
<br><i>Italic</i><br />
<br><b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br><b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br />
<br>Overall paper length should be 3,000 words, with at least 3 figures.<br><br />
<br />
<br> <br><br />
<br />
==Section 2==<br />
<br>Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Section 3==<br />
<br>Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Further Reading==<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/]CDC: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
<br />
Edited by (your name here), a student of [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/faculty/profile.asp?FacultyID=254/ Nora Sullivan] in BIOL168L (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2014.<br />
<br />
<!--Do not edit or remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Nora Sullivan at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Nsullivan