https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Samuel+DeRosa16&feedformat=atommicrobewiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T08:06:31ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109855Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-17T00:08:04Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: /* Future research */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
[[File:Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks]]<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans. [[File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|thumb|440px|right|Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010]]<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. <br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline choline deficiency], an essential compound in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein lipid transport] and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylamine methylamines] then excreted by the body. <br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium <i>Clostridium</i>] a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Hepaticfailure.jpg|thumb|200px|Hepaticfailure]]<br />
<br><br />
Cirrhosis is considered the pathological end stage of chronic liver disease <sup>15</sup>. In China and much of eastern asia it comes about from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B hepatitis B virus], however in the United States, Cirrhosis is caused predominantly by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism alcoholism] and diet related issues. Since it is also considered the end stage for chronic liver disease in general, we see some of the same microbial changes that are found at different stages of chronic liver disease. Prevalence of <i>Bacteriodetes</i> were found to be significantly lower in participants with Cirrhosis while bacterial communities of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteobacteria <i>Proteobacteria</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusobacterium <i>Fusobacteria</i>] were found to be higher <sup>15</sup>. This disruption of <i>Bacteriodetes</i>, a very important and prominent group in the gut, is a common characteristic in most chronic liver diseases and other metabolic disorders associated with the gut.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
====Convention Medicine====<br />
<br />
[[File:probiotic_capsules.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Probiotic Capsules]]<br />
<br><br />
Top of the list of potential treatments for gut microbiota disorders is that of fecal transplants, a historically widely used treatment method that has be "rediscovered" in the past decade as an effective treatment for disorders related to the constituents of the human gut microbiota <sup>16</sup>. Primary in viably known treatment for many of these chronic metabolic disorders are simply associated with diet, considering that much the microbial involvement in metabolic disorders are due to disruption of an individuals [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_microbiota commensal microbiota] established at birth <sup>16</sup>. Often times these commensal communities are not necessarily "ill" or "bad", just out of balance, making the goal of treatment to "re-balance" an individual's gut microbiota. Recently in the United States there is a increased usage of probiotics as means by which to introduce or affirm certain communities of bacteria <sup>17</sup>.<br />
<br><br />
<br />
====Alternative treatments====<br />
[[File:Close-up of pine-needle 85.JPG|thumb|300px|Close-up of the needles of a Scots Pine.]]<br />
Although not considered a viable form of treatment by many doctors today, there are a growing number of medical professionals that are recognizing herbal, and what many call [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine "eastern medicine"] as a very affective form of treatment especially as it relates to the digestive system. A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_herbology ancient chinese herbal formula] was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella Shigella] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia Escherichia] both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. Additionally an Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil essential oils] finding that [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_pine Scots pine oil] was an affective antibiotic agent most affective in treatment of <i>Clostridium ramosum</i>, a bacterial species found to be directly associated with choline deficiency in the gut and the development of NAFLD <sup>1</sup>,<sup>3</sup>,<sup>5</sup>. Its specificity to <i>C. ramosum</i> signifies it could be used as a potential dietary supplement to treat individuals with choline deficiency and the resulting metabolic disorders.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>15</sup> [Chen, Y., Yang, F., Lu, H., Wang, B., Chen, Y., Lei, D., Wang, Y., Zhu, B. and Li, L. (2011), Characterization of fecal microbial communities in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology, 54: 562–572. doi: 10.1002/hep.24423]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>16</sup> ["Fecal microbiota transplantation: a new old kid on the block for the management of gut microbiota-related disease". Journal of clinical gastroenterology (0192-0790), 48 Suppl 1, p. S80.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>17</sup> [Dethlefsen, L., Huse, S., Sogin, M. L., & Relman, D. A. (2008). The Pervasive Effects of an Antibiotic on the Human Gut Microbiota, as Revealed by Deep 16S rRNA Sequencing. PLoS Biology, 6(11), e280. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060280]<br />
<br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109854Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-17T00:07:46Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: /* Convention Medicine */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
[[File:Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks]]<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans. [[File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|thumb|440px|right|Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010]]<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. <br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline choline deficiency], an essential compound in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein lipid transport] and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylamine methylamines] then excreted by the body. <br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium <i>Clostridium</i>] a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Hepaticfailure.jpg|thumb|200px|Hepaticfailure]]<br />
<br><br />
Cirrhosis is considered the pathological end stage of chronic liver disease <sup>15</sup>. In China and much of eastern asia it comes about from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B hepatitis B virus], however in the United States, Cirrhosis is caused predominantly by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism alcoholism] and diet related issues. Since it is also considered the end stage for chronic liver disease in general, we see some of the same microbial changes that are found at different stages of chronic liver disease. Prevalence of <i>Bacteriodetes</i> were found to be significantly lower in participants with Cirrhosis while bacterial communities of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteobacteria <i>Proteobacteria</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusobacterium <i>Fusobacteria</i>] were found to be higher <sup>15</sup>. This disruption of <i>Bacteriodetes</i>, a very important and prominent group in the gut, is a common characteristic in most chronic liver diseases and other metabolic disorders associated with the gut.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
====Convention Medicine====<br />
<br />
[[File:probiotic_capsules.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Probiotic Capsules]]<br />
<br><br />
Top of the list of potential treatments for gut microbiota disorders is that of fecal transplants, a historically widely used treatment method that has be "rediscovered" in the past decade as an effective treatment for disorders related to the constituents of the human gut microbiota <sup>16</sup>. Primary in viably known treatment for many of these chronic metabolic disorders are simply associated with diet, considering that much the microbial involvement in metabolic disorders are due to disruption of an individuals [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_microbiota commensal microbiota] established at birth <sup>16</sup>. Often times these commensal communities are not necessarily "ill" or "bad", just out of balance, making the goal of treatment to "re-balance" an individual's gut microbiota. Recently in the United States there is a increased usage of probiotics as means by which to introduce or affirm certain communities of bacteria <sup>17</sup>.<br />
<br><br />
<br />
====Alternative treatments====<br />
[[File:Close-up of pine-needle 85.JPG|thumb|300px|Close-up of the needles of a Scots Pine.]]<br />
Although not considered a viable form of treatment by many doctors today, there are a growing number of medical professionals that are recognizing herbal, and what many call [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine "eastern medicine"] as a very affective form of treatment especially as it relates to the digestive system. A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_herbology ancient chinese herbal formula] was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella Shigella] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia Escherichia] both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. Additionally an Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil essential oils] finding that [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_pine Scots pine oil] was an affective antibiotic agent most affective in treatment of <i>Clostridium ramosum</i>, a bacterial species found to be directly associated with choline deficiency in the gut and the development of NAFLD <sup>1</sup>,<sup>3</sup>,<sup>5</sup>. Its specificity to <i>C. ramosum</i> signifies it could be used as a potential dietary supplement to treat individuals with choline deficiency and the resulting metabolic disorders.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Future research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>15</sup> [Chen, Y., Yang, F., Lu, H., Wang, B., Chen, Y., Lei, D., Wang, Y., Zhu, B. and Li, L. (2011), Characterization of fecal microbial communities in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology, 54: 562–572. doi: 10.1002/hep.24423]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>16</sup> ["Fecal microbiota transplantation: a new old kid on the block for the management of gut microbiota-related disease". Journal of clinical gastroenterology (0192-0790), 48 Suppl 1, p. S80.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>17</sup> [Dethlefsen, L., Huse, S., Sogin, M. L., & Relman, D. A. (2008). The Pervasive Effects of an Antibiotic on the Human Gut Microbiota, as Revealed by Deep 16S rRNA Sequencing. PLoS Biology, 6(11), e280. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060280]<br />
<br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=File:Probiotic_capsules.jpg&diff=109853File:Probiotic capsules.jpg2015-04-17T00:06:50Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109852Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-17T00:06:01Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: /* Potential Treatments */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
[[File:Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks]]<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans. [[File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|thumb|440px|right|Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010]]<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. <br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline choline deficiency], an essential compound in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein lipid transport] and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylamine methylamines] then excreted by the body. <br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium <i>Clostridium</i>] a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Hepaticfailure.jpg|thumb|200px|Hepaticfailure]]<br />
<br><br />
Cirrhosis is considered the pathological end stage of chronic liver disease <sup>15</sup>. In China and much of eastern asia it comes about from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B hepatitis B virus], however in the United States, Cirrhosis is caused predominantly by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism alcoholism] and diet related issues. Since it is also considered the end stage for chronic liver disease in general, we see some of the same microbial changes that are found at different stages of chronic liver disease. Prevalence of <i>Bacteriodetes</i> were found to be significantly lower in participants with Cirrhosis while bacterial communities of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteobacteria <i>Proteobacteria</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusobacterium <i>Fusobacteria</i>] were found to be higher <sup>15</sup>. This disruption of <i>Bacteriodetes</i>, a very important and prominent group in the gut, is a common characteristic in most chronic liver diseases and other metabolic disorders associated with the gut.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
====Convention Medicine====<br />
<br />
[[File:My nightly probiotics to help me, barely holding back PostOp issues! Very GRATEFUL for them!.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Probiotic Capsules]]<br />
<br><br />
Top of the list of potential treatments for gut microbiota disorders is that of fecal transplants, a historically widely used treatment method that has be "rediscovered" in the past decade as an effective treatment for disorders related to the constituents of the human gut microbiota <sup>16</sup>. Primary in viably known treatment for many of these chronic metabolic disorders are simply associated with diet, considering that much the microbial involvement in metabolic disorders are due to disruption of an individuals [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_microbiota commensal microbiota] established at birth <sup>16</sup>. Often times these commensal communities are not necessarily "ill" or "bad", just out of balance, making the goal of treatment to "re-balance" an individual's gut microbiota. Recently in the United States there is a increased usage of probiotics as means by which to introduce or affirm certain communities of bacteria <sup>17</sup>.<br />
<br><br />
<br />
====Alternative treatments====<br />
[[File:Close-up of pine-needle 85.JPG|thumb|300px|Close-up of the needles of a Scots Pine.]]<br />
Although not considered a viable form of treatment by many doctors today, there are a growing number of medical professionals that are recognizing herbal, and what many call [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine "eastern medicine"] as a very affective form of treatment especially as it relates to the digestive system. A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_herbology ancient chinese herbal formula] was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella Shigella] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia Escherichia] both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. Additionally an Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil essential oils] finding that [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_pine Scots pine oil] was an affective antibiotic agent most affective in treatment of <i>Clostridium ramosum</i>, a bacterial species found to be directly associated with choline deficiency in the gut and the development of NAFLD <sup>1</sup>,<sup>3</sup>,<sup>5</sup>. Its specificity to <i>C. ramosum</i> signifies it could be used as a potential dietary supplement to treat individuals with choline deficiency and the resulting metabolic disorders.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Future research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>15</sup> [Chen, Y., Yang, F., Lu, H., Wang, B., Chen, Y., Lei, D., Wang, Y., Zhu, B. and Li, L. (2011), Characterization of fecal microbial communities in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology, 54: 562–572. doi: 10.1002/hep.24423]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>16</sup> ["Fecal microbiota transplantation: a new old kid on the block for the management of gut microbiota-related disease". Journal of clinical gastroenterology (0192-0790), 48 Suppl 1, p. S80.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>17</sup> [Dethlefsen, L., Huse, S., Sogin, M. L., & Relman, D. A. (2008). The Pervasive Effects of an Antibiotic on the Human Gut Microbiota, as Revealed by Deep 16S rRNA Sequencing. PLoS Biology, 6(11), e280. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060280]<br />
<br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109851Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-17T00:05:40Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: /* Convention Medicine */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
[[File:Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks]]<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans. [[File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|thumb|440px|right|Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010]]<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. <br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline choline deficiency], an essential compound in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein lipid transport] and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylamine methylamines] then excreted by the body. <br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium <i>Clostridium</i>] a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Hepaticfailure.jpg|thumb|200px|Hepaticfailure]]<br />
<br><br />
Cirrhosis is considered the pathological end stage of chronic liver disease <sup>15</sup>. In China and much of eastern asia it comes about from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B hepatitis B virus], however in the United States, Cirrhosis is caused predominantly by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism alcoholism] and diet related issues. Since it is also considered the end stage for chronic liver disease in general, we see some of the same microbial changes that are found at different stages of chronic liver disease. Prevalence of <i>Bacteriodetes</i> were found to be significantly lower in participants with Cirrhosis while bacterial communities of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteobacteria <i>Proteobacteria</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusobacterium <i>Fusobacteria</i>] were found to be higher <sup>15</sup>. This disruption of <i>Bacteriodetes</i>, a very important and prominent group in the gut, is a common characteristic in most chronic liver diseases and other metabolic disorders associated with the gut.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
====Convention Medicine====<br />
<br />
[[File:My nightly probiotics to help me, barely holding back PostOp issues! Very GRATEFUL for them!.jpg|thumb|200px|Probiotic Capsules]]<br />
<br><br />
Top of the list of potential treatments for gut microbiota disorders is that of fecal transplants, a historically widely used treatment method that has be "rediscovered" in the past decade as an effective treatment for disorders related to the constituents of the human gut microbiota <sup>16</sup>. Primary in viably known treatment for many of these chronic metabolic disorders are simply associated with diet, considering that much the microbial involvement in metabolic disorders are due to disruption of an individuals [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_microbiota commensal microbiota] established at birth <sup>16</sup>. Often times these commensal communities are not necessarily "ill" or "bad", just out of balance, making the goal of treatment to "re-balance" an individual's gut microbiota. Recently in the United States there is a increased usage of probiotics as means by which to introduce or affirm certain communities of bacteria <sup>17</sup>.<br />
<br><br />
<br />
====Alternative treatments====<br />
[[File:Close-up of pine-needle 85.JPG|thumb|300px|Close-up of the needles of a Scots Pine.]]<br />
Although not considered a viable form of treatment by many doctors today, there are a growing number of medical professionals that are recognizing herbal, and what many call [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine "eastern medicine"] as a very affective form of treatment especially as it relates to the digestive system. A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_herbology ancient chinese herbal formula] was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella Shigella] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia Escherichia] both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. Additionally an Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil essential oils] finding that [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_pine Scots pine oil] was an affective antibiotic agent most affective in treatment of <i>Clostridium ramosum</i>, a bacterial species found to be directly associated with choline deficiency in the gut and the development of NAFLD <sup>1</sup>,<sup>3</sup>,<sup>5</sup>. Its specificity to <i>C. ramosum</i> signifies it could be used as a potential dietary supplement to treat individuals with choline deficiency and the resulting metabolic disorders.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Future research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>15</sup> [Chen, Y., Yang, F., Lu, H., Wang, B., Chen, Y., Lei, D., Wang, Y., Zhu, B. and Li, L. (2011), Characterization of fecal microbial communities in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology, 54: 562–572. doi: 10.1002/hep.24423]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>16</sup> ["Fecal microbiota transplantation: a new old kid on the block for the management of gut microbiota-related disease". Journal of clinical gastroenterology (0192-0790), 48 Suppl 1, p. S80.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>17</sup> [Dethlefsen, L., Huse, S., Sogin, M. L., & Relman, D. A. (2008). The Pervasive Effects of an Antibiotic on the Human Gut Microbiota, as Revealed by Deep 16S rRNA Sequencing. PLoS Biology, 6(11), e280. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060280]<br />
<br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109850Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-17T00:02:47Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
[[File:Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks]]<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans. [[File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|thumb|440px|right|Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010]]<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. <br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline choline deficiency], an essential compound in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein lipid transport] and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylamine methylamines] then excreted by the body. <br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium <i>Clostridium</i>] a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Hepaticfailure.jpg|thumb|200px|Hepaticfailure]]<br />
<br><br />
Cirrhosis is considered the pathological end stage of chronic liver disease <sup>15</sup>. In China and much of eastern asia it comes about from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B hepatitis B virus], however in the United States, Cirrhosis is caused predominantly by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism alcoholism] and diet related issues. Since it is also considered the end stage for chronic liver disease in general, we see some of the same microbial changes that are found at different stages of chronic liver disease. Prevalence of <i>Bacteriodetes</i> were found to be significantly lower in participants with Cirrhosis while bacterial communities of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteobacteria <i>Proteobacteria</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusobacterium <i>Fusobacteria</i>] were found to be higher <sup>15</sup>. This disruption of <i>Bacteriodetes</i>, a very important and prominent group in the gut, is a common characteristic in most chronic liver diseases and other metabolic disorders associated with the gut.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
====Convention Medicine====<br />
<br><br />
Top of the list of potential treatments for gut microbiota disorders is that of fecal transplants, a historically widely used treatment method that has be "rediscovered" in the past decade as an effective treatment for disorders related to the constituents of the human gut microbiota <sup>16</sup>. Primary in viably known treatment for many of these chronic metabolic disorders are simply associated with diet, considering that much the microbial involvement in metabolic disorders are due to disruption of an individuals [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_microbiota commensal microbiota] established at birth <sup>16</sup>. Often times these commensal communities are not necessarily "ill" or "bad", just out of balance, making the goal of treatment to "re-balance" an individual's gut microbiota. Recently in the United States there is a increased usage of probiotics as means by which to introduce or affirm certain communities of bacteria <sup>17</sup>.<br />
<br><br />
====Alternative treatments====<br />
[[File:Close-up of pine-needle 85.JPG|thumb|300px|Close-up of the needles of a Scots Pine.]]<br />
Although not considered a viable form of treatment by many doctors today, there are a growing number of medical professionals that are recognizing herbal, and what many call [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine "eastern medicine"] as a very affective form of treatment especially as it relates to the digestive system. A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_herbology ancient chinese herbal formula] was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella Shigella] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia Escherichia] both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. Additionally an Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil essential oils] finding that [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_pine Scots pine oil] was an affective antibiotic agent most affective in treatment of <i>Clostridium ramosum</i>, a bacterial species found to be directly associated with choline deficiency in the gut and the development of NAFLD <sup>1</sup>,<sup>3</sup>,<sup>5</sup>. Its specificity to <i>C. ramosum</i> signifies it could be used as a potential dietary supplement to treat individuals with choline deficiency and the resulting metabolic disorders.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Future research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>15</sup> [Chen, Y., Yang, F., Lu, H., Wang, B., Chen, Y., Lei, D., Wang, Y., Zhu, B. and Li, L. (2011), Characterization of fecal microbial communities in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology, 54: 562–572. doi: 10.1002/hep.24423]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>16</sup> ["Fecal microbiota transplantation: a new old kid on the block for the management of gut microbiota-related disease". Journal of clinical gastroenterology (0192-0790), 48 Suppl 1, p. S80.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>17</sup> [Dethlefsen, L., Huse, S., Sogin, M. L., & Relman, D. A. (2008). The Pervasive Effects of an Antibiotic on the Human Gut Microbiota, as Revealed by Deep 16S rRNA Sequencing. PLoS Biology, 6(11), e280. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060280]<br />
<br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109849Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T23:50:39Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: /* Potential Treatments */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
[[File:Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks]]<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans. [[File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|thumb|440px|right|Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010]]<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. <br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline choline deficiency], an essential compound in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein lipid transport] and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylamine methylamines] then excreted by the body. <br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium <i>Clostridium</i>] a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Hepaticfailure.jpg|thumb|200px|Hepaticfailure]]<br />
<br><br />
Cirrhosis is considered the pathological end stage of chronic liver disease <sup>15</sup>. In China and much of eastern asia it comes about from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B hepatitis B virus], however in the United States, Cirrhosis is caused predominantly by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism alcoholism] and diet related issues. Since it is also considered the end stage for chronic liver disease in general, we see some of the same microbial changes that are found at different stages of chronic liver disease. Prevalence of <i>Bacteriodetes</i> were found to be significantly lower in participants with Cirrhosis while bacterial communities of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteobacteria <i>Proteobacteria</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusobacterium <i>Fusobacteria</i>] were found to be higher <sup>15</sup>. This disruption of <i>Bacteriodetes</i>, a very important and prominent group in the gut, is a common characteristic in most chronic liver diseases and other metabolic disorders associated with the gut.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
====Convention Medicine====<br />
<br><br />
Top of the list of potential treatments for gut microbiota disorders is that of fecal transplants, a historically widely used treatment method that has be "rediscovered" in the past decade as an effective treatment for disorders related to the constituents of the human gut microbiota <sup>16</sup>.<br />
<br><br />
====Alternative treatments====<br />
[[File:Close-up of pine-needle 85.JPG|thumb|300px|Close-up of the needles of a Scots Pine.]]<br />
Although not considered a viable form of treatment by many doctors today, there are a growing number of medical professionals that are recognizing herbal, and what many call [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine "eastern medicine"] as a very affective form of treatment especially as it relates to the digestive system. A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_herbology ancient chinese herbal formula] was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella Shigella] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia Escherichia] both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. Additionally an Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil essential oils] finding that [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_pine Scots pine oil] was an affective antibiotic agent most affective in treatment of <i>Clostridium ramosum</i>, a bacterial species found to be directly associated with choline deficiency in the gut and the development of NAFLD <sup>1</sup>,<sup>3</sup>,<sup>5</sup>. Its specificity to <i>C. ramosum</i> signifies it could be used as a potential dietary supplement to treat individuals with choline deficiency and the resulting metabolic disorders.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Future research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>15</sup> [Chen, Y., Yang, F., Lu, H., Wang, B., Chen, Y., Lei, D., Wang, Y., Zhu, B. and Li, L. (2011), Characterization of fecal microbial communities in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology, 54: 562–572. doi: 10.1002/hep.24423]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>16</sup> ["Fecal microbiota transplantation: a new old kid on the block for the management of gut microbiota-related disease". Journal of clinical gastroenterology (0192-0790), 48 Suppl 1, p. S80.]<br />
<br><br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109848Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T23:50:20Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
[[File:Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks]]<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans. [[File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|thumb|440px|right|Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010]]<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. <br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline choline deficiency], an essential compound in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein lipid transport] and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylamine methylamines] then excreted by the body. <br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium <i>Clostridium</i>] a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Hepaticfailure.jpg|thumb|200px|Hepaticfailure]]<br />
<br><br />
Cirrhosis is considered the pathological end stage of chronic liver disease <sup>15</sup>. In China and much of eastern asia it comes about from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B hepatitis B virus], however in the United States, Cirrhosis is caused predominantly by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism alcoholism] and diet related issues. Since it is also considered the end stage for chronic liver disease in general, we see some of the same microbial changes that are found at different stages of chronic liver disease. Prevalence of <i>Bacteriodetes</i> were found to be significantly lower in participants with Cirrhosis while bacterial communities of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteobacteria <i>Proteobacteria</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusobacterium <i>Fusobacteria</i>] were found to be higher <sup>15</sup>. This disruption of <i>Bacteriodetes</i>, a very important and prominent group in the gut, is a common characteristic in most chronic liver diseases and other metabolic disorders associated with the gut.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
====Convention Medicine====<br />
<br><br />
Top of the list of potential treatments for gut microbiota disorders is that of fecal transplants, a historically widely used treatment method that has be "rediscovered" in the past decade as an effective treatment for disorders related to the constituents of the human gut microbiota <sup>16</sup>.<br />
<br><br />
====Alternative treatments====<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Close-up of pine-needle 85.JPG|thumb|300px|Close-up of the needles of a Scots Pine.]]<br />
<br><br />
Although not considered a viable form of treatment by many doctors today, there are a growing number of medical professionals that are recognizing herbal, and what many call [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine "eastern medicine"] as a very affective form of treatment especially as it relates to the digestive system. A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_herbology ancient chinese herbal formula] was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella Shigella] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia Escherichia] both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. Additionally an Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil essential oils] finding that [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_pine Scots pine oil] was an affective antibiotic agent most affective in treatment of <i>Clostridium ramosum</i>, a bacterial species found to be directly associated with choline deficiency in the gut and the development of NAFLD <sup>1</sup>,<sup>3</sup>,<sup>5</sup>. Its specificity to <i>C. ramosum</i> signifies it could be used as a potential dietary supplement to treat individuals with choline deficiency and the resulting metabolic disorders.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Future research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>15</sup> [Chen, Y., Yang, F., Lu, H., Wang, B., Chen, Y., Lei, D., Wang, Y., Zhu, B. and Li, L. (2011), Characterization of fecal microbial communities in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology, 54: 562–572. doi: 10.1002/hep.24423]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>16</sup> ["Fecal microbiota transplantation: a new old kid on the block for the management of gut microbiota-related disease". Journal of clinical gastroenterology (0192-0790), 48 Suppl 1, p. S80.]<br />
<br><br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109847Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T23:49:13Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: /* Potential Treatments */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
[[File:Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks]]<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans. [[File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|thumb|440px|right|Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010]]<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. <br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline choline deficiency], an essential compound in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein lipid transport] and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylamine methylamines] then excreted by the body. <br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium <i>Clostridium</i>] a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Hepaticfailure.jpg|thumb|200px|Hepaticfailure]]<br />
<br><br />
Cirrhosis is considered the pathological end stage of chronic liver disease <sup>15</sup>. In China and much of eastern asia it comes about from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B hepatitis B virus], however in the United States, Cirrhosis is caused predominantly by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism alcoholism] and diet related issues. Since it is also considered the end stage for chronic liver disease in general, we see some of the same microbial changes that are found at different stages of chronic liver disease. Prevalence of <i>Bacteriodetes</i> were found to be significantly lower in participants with Cirrhosis while bacterial communities of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteobacteria <i>Proteobacteria</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusobacterium <i>Fusobacteria</i>] were found to be higher <sup>15</sup>. This disruption of <i>Bacteriodetes</i>, a very important and prominent group in the gut, is a common characteristic in most chronic liver diseases and other metabolic disorders associated with the gut.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
====Convention Medicine====<br />
<br><br />
Top of the list of potential treatments for gut microbiota disorders is that of fecal transplants, a historically widely used treatment method that has be "rediscovered" in the past decade as an effective treatment for disorders related to the constituents of the human gut microbiota <sup>16</sup>.<br />
<br><br />
====Alternative treatments====<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Close-up of pine-needle 85.JPG|thumb|300px|Close-up of the needles of a Scots Pine.]]<br />
<br><br />
Although not considered a viable form of treatment by many doctors today, there are a growing number of medical professionals that are recognizing herbal, and what many call [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine "eastern medicine"] as a very affective form of treatment especially as it relates to the digestive system. A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_herbology ancient chinese herbal formula] was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella Shigella] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia Escherichia] both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. Additionally an Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil essential oils] finding that [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_pine Scots pine oil] was an affective antibiotic agent most affective in treatment of <i>Clostridium ramosum</i>, a bacterial species found to be directly associated with choline deficiency in the gut and the development of NAFLD <sup>1</sup>,<sup>3</sup>,<sup>5</sup>. Its specificity to <i>C. ramosum</i> signifies it could be used as a potential dietary supplement to treat individuals with choline deficiency and the resulting metabolic disorders.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Future research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109846Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T23:17:52Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: /* Potential Treatments */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
[[File:Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks]]<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans. [[File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|thumb|440px|right|Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010]]<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. <br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline choline deficiency], an essential compound in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein lipid transport] and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylamine methylamines] then excreted by the body. <br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium <i>Clostridium</i>] a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Hepaticfailure.jpg|thumb|200px|Hepaticfailure]]<br />
<br><br />
Cirrhosis is considered the pathological end stage of chronic liver disease <sup>15</sup>. In China and much of eastern asia it comes about from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B hepatitis B virus], however in the United States, Cirrhosis is caused predominantly by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism alcoholism] and diet related issues. Since it is also considered the end stage for chronic liver disease in general, we see some of the same microbial changes that are found at different stages of chronic liver disease. Prevalence of <i>Bacteriodetes</i> were found to be significantly lower in participants with Cirrhosis while bacterial communities of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteobacteria <i>Proteobacteria</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusobacterium <i>Fusobacteria</i>] were found to be higher <sup>15</sup>. This disruption of <i>Bacteriodetes</i>, a very important and prominent group in the gut, is a common characteristic in most chronic liver diseases and other metabolic disorders associated with the gut.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
====Convention Medicine====<br />
<br><br />
Top of the list of potential treatments for gut microbiota disorders is that of fecal transplants, <br />
<br><br />
====Alternative treatments====<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Close-up of pine-needle 85.JPG|thumb|300px|Close-up of the needles of a Scots Pine.]]<br />
<br><br />
Although not considered a viable form of treatment by many doctors today, there are a growing number of medical professionals that are recognizing herbal, and what many call [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine "eastern medicine"] as a very affective form of treatment especially as it relates to the digestive system. A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_herbology ancient chinese herbal formula] was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella Shigella] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia Escherichia] both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. Additionally an Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil essential oils] finding that [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_pine Scots pine oil] was an affective antibiotic agent most affective in treatment of <i>Clostridium ramosum</i>, a bacterial species found to be directly associated with choline deficiency in the gut and the development of NAFLD <sup>1</sup>,<sup>3</sup>,<sup>5</sup>. <br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Future research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109845Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T23:13:14Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: /* Cirrhosis */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
[[File:Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks]]<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans. [[File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|thumb|440px|right|Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010]]<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. <br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline choline deficiency], an essential compound in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein lipid transport] and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylamine methylamines] then excreted by the body. <br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium <i>Clostridium</i>] a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Hepaticfailure.jpg|thumb|200px|Hepaticfailure]]<br />
<br><br />
Cirrhosis is considered the pathological end stage of chronic liver disease <sup>15</sup>. In China and much of eastern asia it comes about from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B hepatitis B virus], however in the United States, Cirrhosis is caused predominantly by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism alcoholism] and diet related issues. Since it is also considered the end stage for chronic liver disease in general, we see some of the same microbial changes that are found at different stages of chronic liver disease. Prevalence of <i>Bacteriodetes</i> were found to be significantly lower in participants with Cirrhosis while bacterial communities of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteobacteria <i>Proteobacteria</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusobacterium <i>Fusobacteria</i>] were found to be higher <sup>15</sup>. This disruption of <i>Bacteriodetes</i>, a very important and prominent group in the gut, is a common characteristic in most chronic liver diseases and other metabolic disorders associated with the gut.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
====Convention Medicine====<br />
<br><br />
Top of the list of potential treatments for gut microbiota disorders is that of fecal transplants, <br />
<br><br />
====Alternative treatments====<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Close-up of pine-needle 85.JPG|thumb|300px|Close-up of the needles of a Scots Pine.]]<br />
<br><br />
Although not considered a viable form of treatment by many doctors today, there are a growing number of medical professionals that are recognizing herbal, and what many call "eastern medicine" as a very affective form of treatment especially as it relates to the digestive system. A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. Additionally an Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils finding that Scotch pine oil was an affective antibiotic agent most affective in treatment of <i>Clostridium ramosum</i>, a bacterial species found to be directly associated with choline deficiency in the gut and the development of NAFLD <sup>1</sup>,<sup>3</sup>,<sup>5</sup>. <br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Future research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109844Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T23:09:46Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: /* Cirrhosis */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
[[File:Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks]]<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans. [[File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|thumb|440px|right|Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010]]<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. <br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline choline deficiency], an essential compound in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein lipid transport] and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylamine methylamines] then excreted by the body. <br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium <i>Clostridium</i>] a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Hepaticfailure.jpg|thumb|200px|Hepaticfailure]]<br />
<br><br />
Cirrhosis is considered the pathological end stage of chronic liver disease <sup>15</sup>. In China and much of eastern asia it comes about from the hepatitis B virus, however in the United States, Cirrhosis is caused predominantly by alcoholism and diet related issues. Since it is also considered the end stage for chronic liver disease in general, we see some of the same microbial changes that are found at different stages of chronic liver disease. Prevalence of <i>Bacteriodetes</i> were found to be significantly lower in participants with Cirrhosis while bacterial communities of <i>Proteobacteria</i> and <i>Fusiobacteria</i> were found to be higher <sup>15</sup>. This disruption of <i>Bacteriodetes</i>, a very important and prominant group in the gut, is a common characteristic in most chronic liver diseases and other metabolic disorders associated with the gut.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
====Convention Medicine====<br />
<br><br />
Top of the list of potential treatments for gut microbiota disorders is that of fecal transplants, <br />
<br><br />
====Alternative treatments====<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Close-up of pine-needle 85.JPG|thumb|300px|Close-up of the needles of a Scots Pine.]]<br />
<br><br />
Although not considered a viable form of treatment by many doctors today, there are a growing number of medical professionals that are recognizing herbal, and what many call "eastern medicine" as a very affective form of treatment especially as it relates to the digestive system. A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. Additionally an Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils finding that Scotch pine oil was an affective antibiotic agent most affective in treatment of <i>Clostridium ramosum</i>, a bacterial species found to be directly associated with choline deficiency in the gut and the development of NAFLD <sup>1</sup>,<sup>3</sup>,<sup>5</sup>. <br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Future research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=File:Hepaticfailure.jpg&diff=109843File:Hepaticfailure.jpg2015-04-16T23:08:51Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109842Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T23:08:29Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: /* Cirrhosis */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
[[File:Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks]]<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans. [[File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|thumb|440px|right|Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010]]<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. <br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline choline deficiency], an essential compound in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein lipid transport] and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylamine methylamines] then excreted by the body. <br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium <i>Clostridium</i>] a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Hepaticfailure.jpg|thumb|350px|Hepaticfailure]]<br />
Cirrhosis is considered the pathological end stage of chronic liver disease <sup>15</sup>. In China and much of eastern asia it comes about from the hepatitis B virus, however in the United States, Cirrhosis is caused predominantly by alcoholism and diet related issues. Since it is also considered the end stage for chronic liver disease in general, we see some of the same microbial changes that are found at different stages of chronic liver disease. Prevalence of <i>Bacteriodetes</i> were found to be significantly lower in participants with Cirrhosis while bacterial communities of <i>Proteobacteria</i> and <i>Fusiobacteria</i> were found to be higher <sup>15</sup>. This disruption of <i>Bacteriodetes</i>, a very important and prominant group in the gut, is a common characteristic in most chronic liver diseases and other metabolic disorders associated with the gut.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
====Convention Medicine====<br />
<br><br />
Top of the list of potential treatments for gut microbiota disorders is that of fecal transplants, <br />
<br><br />
====Alternative treatments====<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Close-up of pine-needle 85.JPG|thumb|300px|Close-up of the needles of a Scots Pine.]]<br />
<br><br />
Although not considered a viable form of treatment by many doctors today, there are a growing number of medical professionals that are recognizing herbal, and what many call "eastern medicine" as a very affective form of treatment especially as it relates to the digestive system. A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. Additionally an Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils finding that Scotch pine oil was an affective antibiotic agent most affective in treatment of <i>Clostridium ramosum</i>, a bacterial species found to be directly associated with choline deficiency in the gut and the development of NAFLD <sup>1</sup>,<sup>3</sup>,<sup>5</sup>. <br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Future research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109841Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T23:06:09Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: /* Potential Treatments */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
[[File:Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks]]<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans. [[File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|thumb|440px|right|Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010]]<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. <br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline choline deficiency], an essential compound in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein lipid transport] and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylamine methylamines] then excreted by the body. <br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium <i>Clostridium</i>] a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
Cirrhosis is considered the pathological end stage of chronic liver disease <sup>15</sup>. In China and much of eastern asia it comes about from the hepatitis B virus, however in the United States, Cirrhosis is caused predominantly by alcoholism and diet related issues. Since it is also considered the end stage for chronic liver disease in general, we see some of the same microbial changes that are found at different stages of chronic liver disease. Prevalence of <i>Bacteriodetes</i> were found to be significantly lower in participants with Cirrhosis while bacterial communities of <i>Proteobacteria</i> and <i>Fusiobacteria</i> were found to be higher <sup>15</sup>. This disruption of <i>Bacteriodetes</i>, a very important and prominant group in the gut, is a common characteristic in most chronic liver diseases and other metabolic disorders associated with the gut.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
====Convention Medicine====<br />
<br><br />
Top of the list of potential treatments for gut microbiota disorders is that of fecal transplants, <br />
<br><br />
====Alternative treatments====<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Close-up of pine-needle 85.JPG|thumb|300px|Close-up of the needles of a Scots Pine.]]<br />
<br><br />
Although not considered a viable form of treatment by many doctors today, there are a growing number of medical professionals that are recognizing herbal, and what many call "eastern medicine" as a very affective form of treatment especially as it relates to the digestive system. A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. Additionally an Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils finding that Scotch pine oil was an affective antibiotic agent most affective in treatment of <i>Clostridium ramosum</i>, a bacterial species found to be directly associated with choline deficiency in the gut and the development of NAFLD <sup>1</sup>,<sup>3</sup>,<sup>5</sup>. <br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Future research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=File:Close-up_of_pine-needle_85.JPG&diff=109840File:Close-up of pine-needle 85.JPG2015-04-16T23:03:15Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109839Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T22:53:43Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
[[File:Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks]]<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans. [[File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|thumb|440px|right|Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010]]<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. <br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline choline deficiency], an essential compound in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein lipid transport] and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylamine methylamines] then excreted by the body. <br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium <i>Clostridium</i>] a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
Cirrhosis is considered the pathological end stage of chronic liver disease <sup>15</sup>. In China and much of eastern asia it comes about from the hepatitis B virus, however in the United States, Cirrhosis is caused predominantly by alcoholism and diet related issues. Since it is also considered the end stage for chronic liver disease in general, we see some of the same microbial changes that are found at different stages of chronic liver disease. Prevalence of <i>Bacteriodetes</i> were found to be significantly lower in participants with Cirrhosis while bacterial communities of <i>Proteobacteria</i> and <i>Fusiobacteria</i> were found to be higher <sup>15</sup>. This disruption of <i>Bacteriodetes</i>, a very important and prominant group in the gut, is a common characteristic in most chronic liver diseases and other metabolic disorders associated with the gut.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
====Convention Medicine====<br />
<br><br />
Top of the list of potential treatments for gut microbiota disorders is that of fecal transplants, <br />
<br><br />
====Alternative treatments====<br />
<br><br />
[[File:Close-up of pine-needle 85.JPG|thumb|300px|Close-up of pine-needle 85]]<br />
<br><br />
Although not considered a viable form of treatment by many doctors today, there are a growing number of medical professionals that are recognizing herbal, and what many call "eastern medicine" as a very affective form of treatment especially as it relates to the digestive system. A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. Additionally an Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils finding that Scotch pine oil was an affective antibiotic agent most affective in treatment of <i>Clostridium ramosum</i>, a bacterial species found to be directly associated with choline deficiency in the gut and the development of NAFLD <sup>1</sup>,<sup>3</sup>,<sup>5</sup>. <br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Future research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109838Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T22:50:36Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
[[File:Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks]]<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans. [[File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|thumb|440px|right|Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010]]<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. <br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline choline deficiency], an essential compound in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein lipid transport] and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylamine methylamines] then excreted by the body. <br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium <i>Clostridium</i>] a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
Cirrhosis is considered the pathological end stage of chronic liver disease <sup>15</sup>. In China and much of eastern asia it comes about from the hepatitis B virus, however in the United States, Cirrhosis is caused predominantly by alcoholism and diet related issues. Since it is also considered the end stage for chronic liver disease in general, we see some of the same microbial changes that are found at different stages of chronic liver disease. Prevalence of <i>Bacteriodetes</i> were found to be significantly lower in participants with Cirrhosis while bacterial communities of <i>Proteobacteria</i> and <i>Fusiobacteria</i> were found to be higher <sup>15</sup>. This disruption of <i>Bacteriodetes</i>, a very important and prominant group in the gut, is a common characteristic in most chronic liver diseases and other metabolic disorders associated with the gut.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
====Convention Medicine====<br />
<br><br />
Top of the list of potential treatments for gut microbiota disorders is that of fecal transplants, <br />
<br><br />
====Alternative treatments====<br />
<br><br />
Although not considered a viable form of treatment by many doctors today, there are a growing number of medical professionals that are recognizing herbal, and what many call "eastern medicine" as a very affective form of treatment especially as it relates to the digestive system. A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. Additionally an Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils finding that Scotch pine oil was an affective antibiotic agent most affective in treatment of <i>Clostridium ramosum</i>, a bacterial species found to be directly associated with choline deficiency in the gut and the development of NAFLD <sup>1</sup>,<sup>3</sup>,<sup>5</sup>. <br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Future research==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109837Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T22:22:03Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
[[File:Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks]]<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans. [[File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|thumb|440px|right|Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010]]<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. <br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline choline deficiency], an essential compound in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein lipid transport] and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylamine methylamines] then excreted by the body. <br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium <i>Clostridium</i>] a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
Cirrhosis is considered the pathological end stage of chronic liver disease <sup>15</sup>. In China and much of eastern asia it comes about from the hepatitis B virus, however in the United States, Cirrhosis is caused predominantly by alcoholism and diet related issues. Since it is also considered the end stage for chronic liver disease in general, we see some of the same microbial changes that are found at different stages of chronic liver disease. Prevalence of <i>Bacteriodetes</i> were found to be significantly lower in participants with Cirrhosis while bacterial communities of <i>Proteobacteria</i> and <i>Fusiobacteria</i> were found to be higher <sup>15</sup>. This disruption of <i>Bacteriodetes</i>, a very important and prominant group in the gut, is a common characteristic in most chronic liver diseases and other metabolic disorders associated with the gut.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. An Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils <sup>5</sup>.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=109802Keck Science Class Pages2015-04-16T16:13:57Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: /* Title and Author */</p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2015: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Section 1: Nora Sullivan ==<br />
=== Title and Author ===<br />
<br> [[Alternative Treatments for Chronic Gastritis Caused by H. pylori Infection]] by Elizabeth Augustine<br />
<br> [[Fungal Endophytes: Drought Tolerance in Plants]] by Sarah Barnes<br />
<br> [[Adhesion Property in Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus acidophilus]] by Ashley Barnhill<br />
<br> [[Cercopithecine herpesvirus I]] by Alexis Boone<br />
<br> [[Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: A Potential Treatment for Crohn’s Disease]]by Phuongngan Bui<br />
<br> [[Teixobactin]] by Lisette Espinosa<br />
<br> [[Borrelia burgdorferi Survival Mechanisms Against the Mammalian Immune System]] by Mia Farago-Iwamasa<br />
<br> [[Leptospira Interrogans]] by Emily Gratke<br />
<br> [[Ebola]] by Constanza Jackson<br />
<br> [[Bordetella pertussis Vaccine]] by Kristina Millar<br />
<br> [[Influenza Hemagglutinin]] by Gabriella Newman<br />
<br> [[Chlorhexidine]] by Martha Seranno<br />
<br> [[Discovery of Sea Star Associated Densovirus]] by Kaitlyn Spees<br />
<br> [[Clostridium as a Cancer Therapy]] by Anh Tran<br />
<br> [[Ebola Virus Disease]] by Joshua Weiss<br />
<br> [[Microbial Growth in Insulation, Plasters and Wallpaper in the Built Environment]] by Jocelyn Wensel<br />
<br> [[Herpes Simplex Virus and Cancer]] by Alejandro Zuniga<br />
<br><br />
<br />
== Section 2: Suzanne Kern ==<br />
=== Title and Author ===<br />
<br> [[Antibiotic Resistance Within Staphylococcus Aureus]] by Elizabeth Ach<br />
<br> [[Pseudomonas and Bioremediation]] by Jessica Cheng<br />
<br> [[Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota]] by Sam DeRosa<br />
<br> [[Evolution of HIV]] by Samuel Du<br />
<br> [[Yeast Culture in Baking]] by Owen Foster<br />
<br> [[A Beautiful Colonizer: Vibrio fischeri and its Host Euprymna scolopes]] by Giselle Garcia<br />
<br> [[Pathogenesis of Lyme Disease and Gene Expression in Borrelia burgdorferi]] by Jenny Han<br />
<br> [[Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis]] by Noah Knowlton-Latkin<br />
<br> [[Methanogenic Anaerobic Digestion of Wastewater]] by Yen Fang Koh<br />
<br> [[The use of antibiotics on Wolbachia as treatment for filarial diseases]] by Nitin Kuppanda<br />
<br> [[The Acquisition, Metabolism, and Pathological Mechanisms Underlying Giardia Lamblia]] by Shana Levenson<br />
<br> [[Early gut colonization and type 1 diabetes mellitus]] by Kathleen Muenzen<br />
<br> [[Vinification, flavor, and aroma]] by Patrick Niedermeyer<br />
<br> [[Bacteroide composition in the gut]] by Maggie Schein<br />
<br> [[Vibrio cholerae pathogenesis]] by Tina Solvik<br />
<br> [[Differences in the Gut Microbiome due to Environment and during Development]] by Christina Timko<br />
<br> [[Magnetotactic Bacteria]] by Kelsey Waite<br />
<br> [[Prevotella nigrescens]] by Nancy Zhu<br />
<br><br />
<br />
= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[User talk:Eric benjamins16]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[MicrobeWiki:Yersinia Pestis: Origin and Resistance]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[Poliovirus and its three serotypes]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[Necrotizing fasciitis induced by Vibrio vulnificus]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[Antimicrobial Effects of Honey]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[The role of Bifidobacterium on the Immune System]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[Symbiosis of Termites and the Microbes in their Gut: Digestion of Lignocellulose]] by Diana McDonnell<br />
<br> [[Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Activity From Natural Products]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus in Birds]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil and its Effectiveness in Treating Acne Vulgaris]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2)]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[Tuberculosis and HIV]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[Sovaldi and Olysio: Novel Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ Synechococcus and Biofuel]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Keck_Science_Class_Pages&diff=109801Keck Science Class Pages2015-04-16T16:12:54Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: </p>
<hr />
<div>= Spring 2015: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Section 1: Nora Sullivan ==<br />
=== Title and Author ===<br />
<br> [[Alternative Treatments for Chronic Gastritis Caused by H. pylori Infection]] by Elizabeth Augustine<br />
<br> [[Fungal Endophytes: Drought Tolerance in Plants]] by Sarah Barnes<br />
<br> [[Adhesion Property in Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus acidophilus]] by Ashley Barnhill<br />
<br> [[Cercopithecine herpesvirus I]] by Alexis Boone<br />
<br> [[Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: A Potential Treatment for Crohn’s Disease]]by Phuongngan Bui<br />
<br> [[Teixobactin]] by Lisette Espinosa<br />
<br> [[Borrelia burgdorferi Survival Mechanisms Against the Mammalian Immune System]] by Mia Farago-Iwamasa<br />
<br> [[Leptospira Interrogans]] by Emily Gratke<br />
<br> [[Ebola]] by Constanza Jackson<br />
<br> [[Bordetella pertussis Vaccine]] by Kristina Millar<br />
<br> [[Influenza Hemagglutinin]] by Gabriella Newman<br />
<br> [[Chlorhexidine]] by Martha Seranno<br />
<br> [[Discovery of Sea Star Associated Densovirus]] by Kaitlyn Spees<br />
<br> [[Clostridium as a Cancer Therapy]] by Anh Tran<br />
<br> [[Ebola Virus Disease]] by Joshua Weiss<br />
<br> [[Microbial Growth in Insulation, Plasters and Wallpaper in the Built Environment]] by Jocelyn Wensel<br />
<br> [[Herpes Simplex Virus and Cancer]] by Alejandro Zuniga<br />
<br><br />
<br />
== Section 2: Suzanne Kern ==<br />
=== Title and Author ===<br />
<br> [[Antibiotic Resistance Within Staphylococcus Aureus]] by Elizabeth Ach<br />
<br> [[Pseudomonas and Bioremediation]] by Jessica Cheng<br />
<br> [[Metabolic disorders associated human gut microbiota]] by Sam DeRosa<br />
<br> [[Evolution of HIV]] by Samuel Du<br />
<br> [[Yeast Culture in Baking]] by Owen Foster<br />
<br> [[A Beautiful Colonizer: Vibrio fischeri and its Host Euprymna scolopes]] by Giselle Garcia<br />
<br> [[Pathogenesis of Lyme Disease and Gene Expression in Borrelia burgdorferi]] by Jenny Han<br />
<br> [[Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis]] by Noah Knowlton-Latkin<br />
<br> [[Methanogenic Anaerobic Digestion of Wastewater]] by Yen Fang Koh<br />
<br> [[The use of antibiotics on Wolbachia as treatment for filarial diseases]] by Nitin Kuppanda<br />
<br> [[The Acquisition, Metabolism, and Pathological Mechanisms Underlying Giardia Lamblia]] by Shana Levenson<br />
<br> [[Early gut colonization and type 1 diabetes mellitus]] by Kathleen Muenzen<br />
<br> [[Vinification, flavor, and aroma]] by Patrick Niedermeyer<br />
<br> [[Bacteroide composition in the gut]] by Maggie Schein<br />
<br> [[Vibrio cholerae pathogenesis]] by Tina Solvik<br />
<br> [[Differences in the Gut Microbiome due to Environment and during Development]] by Christina Timko<br />
<br> [[Magnetotactic Bacteria]] by Kelsey Waite<br />
<br> [[Prevotella nigrescens]] by Nancy Zhu<br />
<br><br />
<br />
= Spring 2014: Microbiology (Biology 168L) Student Pages=<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[User talk:Eric benjamins16]] by Eric Benjamins<br />
<br> [[MicrobeWiki:Yersinia Pestis: Origin and Resistance]] by Shravani Bobde<br />
<br> [[Poliovirus and its three serotypes]] by Rachael Crooke<br />
<br> [[Necrotizing fasciitis induced by Vibrio vulnificus]] by Elana Goldstein<br />
<br> [[Antimicrobial Effects of Honey]] by Celina Hayashi<br />
<br> [[The role of Bifidobacterium on the Immune System]] by Christina Kang<br />
<br> [[Bat Influenza A]] by Erin Mackey<br />
<br> [[Unique structures found in hyperthermophilic archaea, specifically those in Pyrolobus fumarii]] by Libby Mannucci<br />
<br> [[Symbiosis of Termites and the Microbes in their Gut: Digestion of Lignocellulose]] by Diana McDonnell<br />
<br> [[Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Activity From Natural Products]] by Amie Patel<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus in Birds]] by Leah Pomernatz<br />
<br> [[Treatments against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lungs]] by Megan Richman<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil and its Effectiveness in Treating Acne Vulgaris]] by Alex Sheridan<br />
<br> [[Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2)]] by Casey Sprague<br />
<br> [[ Persister Cells in E. coli ]] by Michelle Suarez<br />
<br> [[Tuberculosis and HIV]] by Inna Tounkel<br />
<br> [[Sovaldi and Olysio: Novel Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C]] by Vicki Wong<br />
<br> [[ Synechococcus and Biofuel]] by Caitlyn Young<br />
<br />
=Spring 2013: Microbial Life (Biology 187S) Student Pages=<br />
<br />
== Title and Author ==<br />
<br> <br />
<br> [[Medical Bioremediation]] by Sebastian Aguiar<br />
<br> [[West Nile Virus]] Lyndsay Bergus<br />
<br> [[Plasmodium Falcuparum Control Strategies]] by Lydia dePillis-Lindheim<br />
<br> [[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]] by Claire Forster<br />
<br> [[Ebola Transmission]] by Victoria Gawlik<br />
<br> [[Efficacy of vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae]] Mehar Kaur<br />
<br> [[Xylitol in Dental Decay Prevention]] by Zoe Kiklis<br />
<br> [[Coral bleaching and climate change]] by Kendall Kritzik<br />
<br> [[Bacillus anthracis as a Bioterrorism Agent]] Alison Lerner<br />
<br> [[Tea Tree Oil Treatment of MRSA]] by Karen Leung <br />
<br> [[Spiroplasma poulsonii]] by Jennifer Martin<br />
<br> [[Dengue virus envelope proteins]] by Claire Mazahery<br />
<br> [[Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Atherosclerosis]] by Tara McIntyre<br />
<br> [[Thermophiles in Astrobiology and Biotechnology]] by Paloma Medina<br />
<br> [[Chronic Salmonella Typhi Infection and Gallbladder Cancer]] by Hannah Moore<br />
<br> [[Acanthamoeba polyphaga]] by Alexa Moy<br />
<br> [[Virus Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Formation]] by Justine Oesterle<br />
<br> [[Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen]] Katie Pruett<br />
<br> [[Microbial production of recombinant chymosin]] by Enrique Rodriguez Rubio<br />
<br> [[Calicivirius Norovirus]] Oliver Smith<br />
<br> [[Pseudoalteromonas]] by Jaclyn Smrecek<br />
<br> [[SARS-CoV: nsp7 and nsp8]] by Amy Tran<br />
<br> [[Microalgal symbionts: Evolution of the coral - dinoflagellate relationship]] by Breanna Walker<br />
<br> [[Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and its Probiotic Use]] by Hannah Whittemore</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109800Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T16:01:49Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: /* Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
[[File:Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks]]<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans. [[File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|thumb|440px|right|Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010]]<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. <br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline choline deficiency], an essential compound in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein lipid transport] and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylamine methylamines] then excreted by the body. <br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium <i>Clostridium</i>] a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
Cirrhosis is one of the most dangerous conditions associated with the gut microbiota.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. An Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils <sup>5</sup>.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=File:Anatomy_Abdomen_Tiesworks.jpg&diff=109799File:Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks.jpg2015-04-16T15:55:42Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109798Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T15:55:16Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
[[File:Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Anatomy Abdomen Tiesworks]]<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans. [[File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|thumb|440px|right|Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010]]<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. <br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with choline deficiency, an essential compound in lipid transport and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into methylamines then excreted by the body. <br />
<i>Clostridium</i> a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
Cirrhosis is one of the most dangerous conditions associated with the gut microbiota.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. An Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils <sup>5</sup>.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109797Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T15:47:11Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans. [[File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|thumb|440px|right|Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010]]<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. <br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with choline deficiency, an essential compound in lipid transport and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into methylamines then excreted by the body. <br />
<i>Clostridium</i> a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
Cirrhosis is one of the most dangerous conditions associated with the gut microbiota.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. An Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils <sup>5</sup>.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109796Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T15:46:40Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans. [[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. [[File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|thumb|440px|right|Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010]]<br />
<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with choline deficiency, an essential compound in lipid transport and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into methylamines then excreted by the body. <br />
<i>Clostridium</i> a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
Cirrhosis is one of the most dangerous conditions associated with the gut microbiota.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. An Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils <sup>5</sup>.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109795Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T15:45:48Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: /* Obesity and Type II diabetes */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans.<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. [[File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|thumb|440px|right|Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010]]<br />
<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with choline deficiency, an essential compound in lipid transport and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into methylamines then excreted by the body. <br />
<i>Clostridium</i> a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
Cirrhosis is one of the most dangerous conditions associated with the gut microbiota.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. An Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils <sup>5</sup>.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=File:Obesity_county_level_estimates_2004-2010.gif&diff=109794File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif2015-04-16T15:44:59Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109793Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T15:44:02Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans.<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. [[File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|thumb|44px|right|Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010]]<br />
<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with choline deficiency, an essential compound in lipid transport and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into methylamines then excreted by the body. <br />
<i>Clostridium</i> a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
Cirrhosis is one of the most dangerous conditions associated with the gut microbiota.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. An Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils <sup>5</sup>.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109792Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T15:42:27Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans.<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. [[Image: county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|thumb|400px|Obesity levels per county 2004–2009.]]<br />
<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with choline deficiency, an essential compound in lipid transport and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into methylamines then excreted by the body. <br />
<i>Clostridium</i> a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
Cirrhosis is one of the most dangerous conditions associated with the gut microbiota.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. An Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils <sup>5</sup>.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109791Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T15:39:44Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: /* Obesity and Type II diabetes */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans.<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. [[File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|thumb|400px|Obesity levels per county 2004–2009.]]<br />
<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with choline deficiency, an essential compound in lipid transport and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into methylamines then excreted by the body. <br />
<i>Clostridium</i> a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
Cirrhosis is one of the most dangerous conditions associated with the gut microbiota.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. An Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils <sup>5</sup>.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109790Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T15:38:14Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: /* Obesity and Type II diabetes */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans.<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>. [[File:Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010.gif|Obesity county level estimates 2004-2010]]<br />
<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with choline deficiency, an essential compound in lipid transport and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into methylamines then excreted by the body. <br />
<i>Clostridium</i> a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
Cirrhosis is one of the most dangerous conditions associated with the gut microbiota.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. An Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils <sup>5</sup>.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109789Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T15:33:52Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans.<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota. Separately type II diabetes has been shown to be associated with increased levels of <i>Roseburia</i> species and <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> <sup>12</sup>. This association is thought to be a relationship between the bacteria and humans in which the bacteria are affecting the phenotype of the person, however research done on individuals with Type I and Type II individuals suggestions that this might be a more complex cyclic system in which insulin insufficiency has a direct impact on the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota <sup>13</sup> <sup>14</sup>.<br />
<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with choline deficiency, an essential compound in lipid transport and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into methylamines then excreted by the body. <br />
<i>Clostridium</i> a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
<br />
====Cirrhosis====<br />
Cirrhosis is one of the most dangerous conditions associated with the gut microbiota.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. An Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils <sup>5</sup>.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>12</sup> [Qin J., Li Y., Cai Z., Li S., Zhu J., Zhang F., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature 490 55–60 10.1038/nature11450]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>13</sup> [Serino M., Fernández-Real J. M., Fuentes E. G., Queipo-Ortuño M., Moreno-Navarrete J. M., Sánchez A., et al. (2013). The gut microbiota profile is associated with insulin action in humans. Acta Diabetol. 50 753–761 10.1007/s00592-012-0410-5]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>14</sup> [Murri M., Leiva I., Gomez-Zumaquero J. M., Tinahones F. J., Cardona F., Soriguer F., et al. (2013). Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case–control study. BMC Med. 11:46 10.1186/1741-7015-11-46]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109784Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T14:55:36Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans.<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>] and decreases in the relative abundance of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifidobacterium_animalis <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i>] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i>] <sup>11</sup> affiriming the proposition that these disorders are significantly linked to the composition of the gut microbiota.<br />
<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with choline deficiency, an essential compound in lipid transport and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into methylamines then excreted by the body. <br />
<i>Clostridium</i> a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. An Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils <sup>5</sup>.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br />
<br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109783Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T14:51:00Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans.<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] are two of the most prominent metabolic disorders we find in developed countries in this day and age. For a great deal of time researchers have been trying to find the link between human genetic abnormalities and these disorders, however have been unsuccessful in finding a correlation between the two<sup>9</sup>, even in cases in which one monozygotic twin has Type II diabetes and the other does not <sup>10</sup>. For obesity there have been some studies showing a correlation between increased relative abundance of <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i> and decreases in the relative abundance of <i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i> and <i>Methanobrevibacter smithii</i> <sup>11</sup>.<br />
<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with choline deficiency, an essential compound in lipid transport and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into methylamines then excreted by the body. <br />
<i>Clostridium</i> a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. An Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils <sup>5</sup>.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>9</sup> [Moreno-Indias, I., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo-Ortuño, M. I. (2014). Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5, 190. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00190] <br />
<br><br />
<sup>10</sup> [Medici F., Hawa M., Ianari A., Pyke D. A., Leslie R. D. (1999). Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42 146–150 10.1007/s001250051132]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>11</sup> [Million M., Maraninchi M., Henry M., Armougom F., Raoult D. (2012). Obesity-associated gut microbiota is enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri and depleted in Bifidobacterium animalis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Int. J. Obes. 36 817–825 10.1038/ijo.2011.153]<br />
<br />
<br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109763Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T06:41:03Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: /* Metabolic Disorder: */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. What is known, is that an individuals gut microbiota is significantly determined by what an individual was born with, majorly dependent on their mother <sup>7</sup>, and because of the uniqueness of each individuals microbiota we see a diversity of disorders and intensity of those disorders depending on the individual. Crucial to building a firmer understand of how the human microbiota interacts with an individual biologically depends on knowing which bacteria are present in an individual. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project The Human Microbiome Project] is doing a great deal to isolate, identify, and delineate what microbes are commonly found on and in humans.<br />
<br> <br />
====Obesity and Type II diabetes====<br />
Although obesity and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2 type 2 diabetes] have been thoroughy linked to <br />
<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with choline deficiency, an essential compound in lipid transport and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into methylamines then excreted by the body. <br />
<i>Clostridium</i> a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. An Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils <sup>5</sup>.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109759Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T06:28:43Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: /* Metabolic Disorder: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorder: ==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota however there is still a great deal unknown about the specific ways that bacteria found in the human digestive system influence metabolic processes throughout the body. <br />
<br />
====Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease====<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with choline deficiency, an essential compound in lipid transport and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into methylamines then excreted by the body. <br />
<i>Clostridium</i> a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. An Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils <sup>5</sup>.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109757Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T06:26:20Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: /* Metabolic Disorder: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorder: <br> Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota <br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with choline deficiency, an essential compound in lipid transport and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into methylamines then excreted by the body. <br />
<i>Clostridium</i> a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. An Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils <sup>5</sup>.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109756Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T06:25:52Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorder: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease==<br />
There is currently a great deal of research being dedicated to understanding the exact ways that animal [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorders metabolic disorders] are connected to the human gut microbiota <br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with choline deficiency, an essential compound in lipid transport and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into methylamines then excreted by the body. <br />
<i>Clostridium</i> a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. An Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils <sup>5</sup>.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br />
Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109752Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T06:22:43Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Function of Gut Microbiota in Animals==<br />
<br><br />
It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Metabolic Disorders==<br />
"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with choline deficiency, an essential compound in lipid transport and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into methylamines then excreted by the body. <br />
<i>Clostridium</i> a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==Potential Treatments==<br />
<br><br />
A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. An Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils <sup>5</sup>.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
<br><br />
<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
<br />
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Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
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[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Metabolic_disorders_associated_with_the_human_gut_microbiota&diff=109750Metabolic disorders associated with the human gut microbiota2015-04-16T06:20:36Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: Created page with " [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate con..."</p>
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity<i>Obesity</i>] is one of the foremost serious health problems in the United States and with a long list of causations and associate conditions; it is crucial to identify influencing factors. More and more research is being directed towards the affects of the complex system of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora microbes that live in the guts of all humans] and the potential effects of specific bacteria on metabolic pathways. There have been many correlations drawn between the composition of individuals’ gut microbiota and conditions such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver Fatty Liver Disease] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatohepatitis Steatohepatitis] both directly related with obesity, however there has only recently (ie. 2014) been growing research done on what specific genus and species of bacteria are involved in the complex symbiotic pathways that lead to the development of these metabolic disorders. Bacteria in the phylogenetic classes [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelotrichia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria] have been shown to be directly correlated to metabolic disorders <sup>1</sup>.<br />
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==Metabolic Disorders Associated with the Gut Microbiota==<br />
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It is thought that microbes and animals developed symbiotically over evolutionary time, specifically microbes found in the digestive systems of animals that produced valuable [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite metabolites] for the animal. It is through this interaction that we see microbes found in the gut of animals are inherently linked to that animal's metabolic systems <sup>6</sup>. Due to this linkage there is a direct correlation between any observed metabolic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype phenotypes] in animals and the bacteria that are present in that animal's gut. <br />
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"Fatty Liver Disease (FLD)" and in its latter and more dangerous phase Steatohepatitis have been linked to the presence and levels of specific classes of bacteria, Ersipelotrichi and Gammaproteobacteria, naturally found in the human microbiota <sup>1</sup>. These classes of bacteria have been correlated with choline deficiency, an essential compound in lipid transport and storage in the body. Further research has shown correlation to bacteria found in the microbiota of a specific mouse strain to choline deficiency in via the chemical conversion of choline into methylamines then excreted by the body. <br />
<i>Clostridium</i> a genus in the class Ersipelotrichi, is associated with obesity and other metabolic disorders in humans, and was found to be linked with fat deposition in mice as opposed to its metabolization <sup>3</sup> and potentially plays a role in causing choline deficiency. Additionally in humans individuals with NAFLD were found to have higher levels of the genus clostridium and lower levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes], a class of bacteria that make up a significant portion of the human gut microbiota and help to regulate proper digestive function <sup>8</sup>.<br />
[[Image:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png|thumb|550px|right|High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SIHUMI mice fed a low-fat diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial cell numbers were determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization or plating on Rogosa agar (Lactobacillus plantarum). Mean values ± standard errors of the means (SEM) are shown. n = 8 mice per group. (Woting et al. 2014)<sup>[http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01530-14/F1.large.jpg/]</sup>]]<br />
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==Potential Treatments==<br />
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A chinese case study in rats <sup>4</sup> showed that regular treatment of rats with an ancient chinese herbal formula was affective in alleviating symptoms of fatty liver disease correlating to a decrease in the presence of bacterial genera Shigella and Escherichia both members of the phenotypic class Erysipelotrichi <sup>4</sup>. An Eastern European case study also found a correlation between treatment of Clostridium genera with a variety of essential oils <sup>5</sup>.<br />
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==References==<br />
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<sup>1</sup> [Spencer, M D (03/2011). "Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency". Gastroenterology (New York, N.Y. 1943) (0016-5085), 140 (3), p. 976.]<br />
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<sup>2</sup> [Dumas M-E, Barton RH, Toye A, et al. Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2006;103(33):12511-12516. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601056103.]<br />
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<sup>3</sup> [http://mbio.asm.org.ccl.idm.oclc.org/content/5/5/e01530-14 Woting A, Pfeiffer N, Loh G, Klaus S, Blaut M. 2014. Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models. mBio 5(5):e01530-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.01530-14.]<br />
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<sup>4</sup> [Yin, X (05/2013). "Structural changes of gut microbiota in a rat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model treated with a Chinese herbal formula". Systematic and applied microbiology (0723-2020), 36 (3), p. 188.]<br />
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<sup>5</sup> [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601234.2014.896673#.VREQUGTF9jE Kačániová, Miroslava, et al. "Antibacterial activity against Clostridium genus and antiradical activity of the essential oils from different origin." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 49.7 (2014): 505-512.]<br />
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<sup>6</sup> [T. Hosokawa, Y. Kikuchi, N. Nikoh, M. Shimada, T. Fukatsu, Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria. PLoS Biol. 4, e337 (2006).]<br />
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<sup>7</sup> [Nicholsom, Jeremy K. et al. June 2012. "Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions". Science. 336 (6086), 1262-1267.]<br />
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<sup>8</sup> [Mouzaki, M., Comelli, E. M., Arendt, B. M., Bonengel, J., Fung, S. K., Fischer, S. E., McGilvray, I. D. and Allard, J. P. (2013), Intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 58: 120–127. doi: 10.1002/hep.26319]<br />
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Edited by Sam DeRosa, a student of in BIOL187S (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2015<br />
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[[Category:Pages edited by students of Suzanne Kern at the Claremont Colleges]]</div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=File:Figure_1_fat_diet_Microbewiki.png&diff=108908File:Figure 1 fat diet Microbewiki.png2015-04-14T05:27:42Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: </p>
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<div></div>Samuel DeRosa16https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=File:Figure_1.png&diff=108900File:Figure 1.png2015-04-14T05:15:03Z<p>Samuel DeRosa16: Samuel DeRosa16 uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Figure 1.png&quot;: High-fat diet feeding for 4 weeks increases the cecal proportion of Clostridium ramosum (red) in mice harboring a simplified human intestinal microbiota (SIHUMI) compared with SI</p>
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<div></div>Samuel DeRosa16