https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Tiachung-swanson2021&feedformat=atommicrobewiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T19:17:29ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=143262Arctic Soils2020-06-12T23:20:50Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
Arctic soils contain a large reservoir of stored carbon in the form of permafrost. When permafrost thaws, soil microbes activate and contribute heavily to biogeochemical nutrient cycling. This may have severe implications for Arctic microbial communities and the future of climate change.<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost%20map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref name=Tedrow>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref name=IPA>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref name=SoilTax>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO<sub>2</sub><ref name=Waelbroeck>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name=Nordin>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
[[Image:arcticsoildiversity.png|thumb|500px|left|Alpha diversity of bacterial phyla, bacterial classes, archaeal phyla, and fungal phyla. From a meta-analysis from [https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce, 2018].]]<br />
Arctic soils are dominated by Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. The next most common phyla are Bacteriodetes and Actinobacteria, but the proportion of these two varies by study site.<ref name=Malard>[https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce: Microbial diversity and biogeography in Arctic soils. Environmental Microbiology Reports 2018 10:06.]</ref> The proportion of cyanobacteria is very low compared to other nutrient-rich soils like molisols due to the much thinner active layer of Arctic soils. <br />
<br> The archaeal phyla are much less consistent. Most phyla are represented, but in different proportions across study sites, though there are consistently very few members from the Parvarchaeota phylum compared to the other phyla. Fungal phyla are dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. <ref name=Malard/><br />
<br />
==Contributions to Climate Change==<br />
Anthropogenic climate change is ongoing, and it causes temperatures to rise, particularly at high latitudes. This warming contributes to permafrost thaw, which creates a positive feedback loop that releases more greenhouse gases and spurs further climate change.<ref name=Cox>[https://doi.org/10.1038/35041539 Cox et al.: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 2000 408.]</ref> This has been happening for a relatively short time scale, so it is not completely certain how this will affect microbes in the affected areas. However, some experiments have found that soil microbes do not acclimate to the warming trend and continue to accelerate climate change.<ref name=Hartley>[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01223.x Hartley et al.: Soil microbial respiration in Arctic soil does not acclimate to temperature. Ecology Letters 2008 11:10.]</ref> Microbial communities in Arctic soil also may be permanently altered by the warming trend.<ref name=Deslippe>[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01350.x Deslippe et al.: Long-term warming alters the composition of Arctic soil microbial communities. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 2012 82:02.]</ref><br />
===Carbon===<br />
Permafrost thaw exposes organic carbon that has not been broken down previously, because the cold temperatures have preserved it. The thaw allows previously inactive microbes to use it for respiration and create CO<sub>2</sub>. When the CO<sub>2</sub> is produced, it enters the atmosphere and becomes part of the active carbon cycle rather than being stored in the permafrost reservoir. Atmospheric carbon contributes to the greenhouse effect, which keeps Earth warm by storing the heat from the sun, like a greenhouse. This is generally a helpful effect that keeps life possible, but the increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to human contributions has caused the mean global temperature to rise over time. The heat then contributes to more permafrost thaw, leading to more CO<sub>2</sub> release, creating a positive feedback loop that could heat Earth until it reaches dangerous levels. There is no way to re-freeze permafrost besides a total Earth temperature decrease, so we must decrease our carbon emissions and work on degrading the greenhouse gases that we've already released. <br />
<br />
===Nitrogen===<br />
Nitrogen fixation is the process in which nitrogen gas (N<sub>2</sub>) is converted into biologically useful forms of nitrogen, like ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>). Eukaryotes are unable to do this for the most part, so they depend on bacteria and some archaea to create useful nitrogen for them. Some nitrogen fixers create ammonia, which does not have a very long residence time in the atmosphere, but others create N<sub>2</sub>O, which has a similar contribution to the greenhouse effect as CO<sub>2</sub> at first. However, after about 120 years, N<sub>2</sub>O moves up to the troposphere, where it eventually leads to the destruction of stratospheric ozone.<ref>[http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/mguidry/Unnamed_Site_2/Chapter%202/Chapter2C3.html Myron B. Thompson Academy: Climate and Water Resource Case Study. 2006.]</ref> <br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
Nitrogen fixing Proteobacteria, including Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, Xanthomonadales, and Myxococcales dominate and do all of the nitrogen fixing in Arctic soils. These orders belong to Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria respectively. Despite the low percentage of Cyanobacteria in these soils, Cyanobacteria are still critically important because they are responsible for most of the CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> uptake.<ref name=Malard/> Nitrogen fixers are so important that one study found that Arctic microbial communities are actually N-limited, rather than C-limited like most other soil microbial communities.<ref name=Nordin/> <br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
Arctic soils are diverse in terms of microbial life, despite their extreme climatic conditions. As the active layer gets thicker, additional microbial activity contributes to greenhouse gases that add to further warming in a positive feedback loop. More work is needed in the study of Arctic soils to determine how to slow this warming effect and prevent more harm to our planet.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=143261Arctic Soils2020-06-12T23:16:12Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: /* Nitrogen */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
Arctic soils contain a large reservoir of stored carbon in the form of permafrost. When permafrost thaws, soil microbes activate and contribute heavily to biogeochemical nutrient cycling. This may have severe implications for Arctic microbial communities and the future of climate change.<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost%20map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref name=Tedrow>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref name=IPA>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref name=SoilTax>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO<sub>2</sub><ref name=Waelbroeck>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name=Nordin>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
[[Image:arcticsoildiversity.png|thumb|500px|left|Alpha diversity of bacterial phyla, bacterial classes, archaeal phyla, and fungal phyla. From a meta-analysis from [https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce, 2018].]]<br />
Arctic soils are dominated by Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. The next most common phyla are Bacteriodetes and Actinobacteria, but the proportion of these two varies by study site.<ref name=Malard>[https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce: Microbial diversity and biogeography in Arctic soils. Environmental Microbiology Reports 2018 10:06.]</ref> The proportion of cyanobacteria is very low compared to other nutrient-rich soils like molisols due to the much thinner active layer of Arctic soils. <br />
<br> The archaeal phyla are much less consistent. Most phyla are represented, but in different proportions across study sites, though there are consistently very few members from the Parvarchaeota phylum compared to the other phyla. Fungal phyla are dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. <ref name=Malard/><br />
<br />
==Contributions to Climate Change==<br />
Anthropogenic climate change is ongoing, and it causes temperatures to rise, particularly at high latitudes. This warming contributes to permafrost thaw, which creates a positive feedback loop that releases more greenhouse gases and spurs further climate change.<ref name=Cox>[https://doi.org/10.1038/35041539 Cox et al.: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 2000 408.]</ref> This has been happening for a relatively short time scale, so it is not completely certain how this will affect microbes in the affected areas. However, some experiments have found that soil microbes do not acclimate to the warming trend and continue to accelerate climate change.<ref name=Hartley>[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01223.x Hartley et al.: Soil microbial respiration in Arctic soil does not acclimate to temperature. Ecology Letters 2008 11:10.]</ref> Microbial communities in Arctic soil also may be permanently altered by the warming trend.<ref name=Deslippe>[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01350.x Deslippe et al.: Long-term warming alters the composition of Arctic soil microbial communities. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 2012 82:02.]</ref><br />
===Carbon===<br />
Permafrost thaw exposes organic carbon that has not been broken down previously, because the cold temperatures have preserved it. The thaw allows previously inactive microbes to use it for respiration and create CO<sub>2</sub>. When the CO<sub>2</sub> is produced, it enters the atmosphere and becomes part of the active carbon cycle rather than being stored in the permafrost reservoir. Atmospheric carbon contributes to the greenhouse effect, which keeps Earth warm by storing the heat from the sun, like a greenhouse. This is generally a helpful effect that keeps life possible, but the increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to human contributions has caused the mean global temperature to rise over time. The heat then contributes to more permafrost thaw, leading to more CO<sub>2</sub> release, creating a positive feedback loop that could heat Earth until it reaches dangerous levels. There is no way to re-freeze permafrost besides a total Earth temperature decrease, so we must decrease our carbon emissions and work on degrading the greenhouse gases that we've already released. <br />
<br />
===Nitrogen===<br />
Nitrogen fixation is the process in which nitrogen gas (N<sub>2</sub>) is converted into biologically useful forms of nitrogen, like ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>). Eukaryotes are unable to do this for the most part, so they depend on bacteria and some archaea to create useful nitrogen for them.<br />
Some nitrogen fixers create ammonia, which does not have a very long residence time in the atmosphere, but others create N<sub>2</sub>O, which has a similar contribution to the greenhouse effect as CO<sub>2</sub> at first. However, after about 120 years, N<sub>2</sub>O moves up to the troposphere, where it eventually leads to the destruction of stratospheric ozone.<br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
Nitrogen fixing Proteobacteria, including Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, Xanthomonadales, and Myxococcales dominate and do all of the nitrogen fixing in Arctic soils. These orders belong to Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria respectively. Despite the low percentage of Cyanobacteria in these soils, Cyanobacteria are still critically important because they are responsible for most of the CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> uptake.<ref name=Malard/> Nitrogen fixers are so important that one study found that Arctic microbial communities are actually N-limited, rather than C-limited like most other soil microbial communities.<ref name=Nordin/> <br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
Arctic soils are diverse in terms of microbial life, despite their extreme climatic conditions. As the active layer gets thicker, additional microbial activity contributes to greenhouse gases that add to further warming in a positive feedback loop. More work is needed in the study of Arctic soils to determine how to slow this warming effect and prevent more harm to our planet.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=143255Arctic Soils2020-06-12T23:10:07Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
Arctic soils contain a large reservoir of stored carbon in the form of permafrost. When permafrost thaws, soil microbes activate and contribute heavily to biogeochemical nutrient cycling. This may have severe implications for Arctic microbial communities and the future of climate change.<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost%20map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref name=Tedrow>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref name=IPA>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref name=SoilTax>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO<sub>2</sub><ref name=Waelbroeck>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name=Nordin>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
[[Image:arcticsoildiversity.png|thumb|500px|left|Alpha diversity of bacterial phyla, bacterial classes, archaeal phyla, and fungal phyla. From a meta-analysis from [https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce, 2018].]]<br />
Arctic soils are dominated by Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. The next most common phyla are Bacteriodetes and Actinobacteria, but the proportion of these two varies by study site.<ref name=Malard>[https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce: Microbial diversity and biogeography in Arctic soils. Environmental Microbiology Reports 2018 10:06.]</ref> The proportion of cyanobacteria is very low compared to other nutrient-rich soils like molisols due to the much thinner active layer of Arctic soils. <br />
<br> The archaeal phyla are much less consistent. Most phyla are represented, but in different proportions across study sites, though there are consistently very few members from the Parvarchaeota phylum compared to the other phyla. Fungal phyla are dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. <ref name=Malard/><br />
<br />
==Contributions to Climate Change==<br />
Anthropogenic climate change is ongoing, and it causes temperatures to rise, particularly at high latitudes. This warming contributes to permafrost thaw, which creates a positive feedback loop that releases more greenhouse gases and spurs further climate change.<ref name=Cox>[https://doi.org/10.1038/35041539 Cox et al.: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 2000 408.]</ref> This has been happening for a relatively short time scale, so it is not completely certain how this will affect microbes in the affected areas. However, some experiments have found that soil microbes do not acclimate to the warming trend and continue to accelerate climate change.<ref name=Hartley>[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01223.x Hartley et al.: Soil microbial respiration in Arctic soil does not acclimate to temperature. Ecology Letters 2008 11:10.]</ref> Microbial communities in Arctic soil also may be permanently altered by the warming trend.<ref name=Deslippe>[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01350.x Deslippe et al.: Long-term warming alters the composition of Arctic soil microbial communities. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 2012 82:02.]</ref><br />
===Carbon===<br />
Permafrost thaw exposes organic carbon that has not been broken down previously, because the cold temperatures have preserved it. The thaw allows previously inactive microbes to use it for respiration and create CO<sub>2</sub>. When the CO<sub>2</sub> is produced, it enters the atmosphere and becomes part of the active carbon cycle rather than being stored in the permafrost reservoir. Atmospheric carbon contributes to the greenhouse effect, which keeps Earth warm by storing the heat from the sun, like a greenhouse. This is generally a helpful effect that keeps life possible, but the increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to human contributions has caused the mean global temperature to rise over time. The heat then contributes to more permafrost thaw, leading to more CO<sub>2</sub> release, creating a positive feedback loop that could heat Earth until it reaches dangerous levels. There is no way to re-freeze permafrost besides a total Earth temperature decrease, so we must decrease our carbon emissions and work on degrading the greenhouse gases that we've already released. <br />
<br />
===Nitrogen===<br />
Nitrogen fixation is the process in which nitrogen gas (N<sub>2</sub>) is converted into biologically useful forms of nitrogen, like ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>). Eukaryotes are unable to do this for the most part, so they depend on bacteria and some archaea to create useful nitrogen for them. <br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
Nitrogen fixing Proteobacteria, including Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, Xanthomonadales, and Myxococcales dominate and do all of the nitrogen fixing in Arctic soils. These orders belong to Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria respectively. Despite the low percentage of Cyanobacteria in these soils, Cyanobacteria are still critically important because they are responsible for most of the CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> uptake.<ref name=Malard/> Nitrogen fixers are so important that one study found that Arctic microbial communities are actually N-limited, rather than C-limited like most other soil microbial communities.<ref name=Nordin/> <br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
Arctic soils are diverse in terms of microbial life, despite their extreme climatic conditions. As the active layer gets thicker, additional microbial activity contributes to greenhouse gases that add to further warming in a positive feedback loop. More work is needed in the study of Arctic soils to determine how to slow this warming effect and prevent more harm to our planet.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=143244Arctic Soils2020-06-12T22:51:46Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: /* Carbon */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
Arctic soils contain a large reservoir of stored carbon in the form of permafrost. When permafrost thaws, soil microbes activate and contribute heavily to biogeochemical nutrient cycling. This may have severe implications for Arctic microbial communities and the future of climate change.<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost%20map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref name=Tedrow>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref name=IPA>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref name=SoilTax>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO<sub>2</sub><ref name=Waelbroeck>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name=Nordin>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
[[Image:arcticsoildiversity.png|thumb|500px|left|Alpha diversity of bacterial phyla, bacterial classes, archaeal phyla, and fungal phyla. From a meta-analysis from [https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce, 2018].]]<br />
Arctic soils are dominated by Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. The next most common phyla are Bacteriodetes and Actinobacteria, but the proportion of these two varies by study site.<ref name=Malard>[https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce: Microbial diversity and biogeography in Arctic soils. Environmental Microbiology Reports 2018 10:06.]</ref> The proportion of cyanobacteria is very low compared to other nutrient-rich soils like molisols due to the much thinner active layer of Arctic soils. <br />
<br> The archaeal phyla are much less consistent. Most phyla are represented, but in different proportions across study sites, though there are consistently very few members from the Parvarchaeota phylum compared to the other phyla. Fungal phyla are dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. <ref name=Malard/><br />
<br />
==Contributions to Climate Change==<br />
Anthropogenic climate change is ongoing, and it causes temperatures to rise, particularly at high latitudes. This warming contributes to permafrost thaw, which creates a positive feedback loop that releases more greenhouse gases and spurs further climate change.<ref name=Cox>[https://doi.org/10.1038/35041539 Cox et al.: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 2000 408.]</ref> This has been happening for a relatively short time scale, so it is not completely certain how this will affect microbes in the affected areas. However, some experiments have found that soil microbes do not acclimate to the warming trend and continue to accelerate climate change.<ref name=Hartley>[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01223.x Hartley et al.: Soil microbial respiration in Arctic soil does not acclimate to temperature. Ecology Letters 2008 11:10.]</ref> Microbial communities in Arctic soil also may be permanently altered by the warming trend.<ref name=Deslippe>[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01350.x Deslippe et al.: Long-term warming alters the composition of Arctic soil microbial communities. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 2012 82:02.]</ref><br />
===Carbon===<br />
Permafrost thaw exposes organic carbon that has not been broken down previously, because the cold temperatures have preserved it. The thaw allows previously inactive microbes to use it for respiration and create CO<sub>2</sub>. When the CO<sub>2</sub> is produced, it enters the atmosphere and becomes part of the active carbon cycle rather than being stored in the permafrost reservoir. Atmospheric carbon contributes to the greenhouse effect,<br />
<br />
===Nitrogen===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
Nitrogen fixing Proteobacteria, including Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, Xanthomonadales, and Myxococcales dominate and do all of the nitrogen fixing in Arctic soils. These orders belong to Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria respectively. Despite the low percentage of Cyanobacteria in these soils, Cyanobacteria are still critically important because they are responsible for most of the CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> uptake.<ref name=Malard/> Nitrogen fixers are so important that one study found that Arctic microbial communities are actually N-limited, rather than C-limited like most other soil microbial communities.<ref name=Nordin/> <br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
Arctic soils are diverse in terms of microbial life, despite their extreme climatic conditions. As the active layer gets thicker, additional microbial activity contributes to greenhouse gases that add to further warming in a positive feedback loop. More work is needed in the study of Arctic soils to determine how to slow this warming effect and prevent more harm to our planet.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=143242Arctic Soils2020-06-12T22:50:58Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
Arctic soils contain a large reservoir of stored carbon in the form of permafrost. When permafrost thaws, soil microbes activate and contribute heavily to biogeochemical nutrient cycling. This may have severe implications for Arctic microbial communities and the future of climate change.<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost%20map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref name=Tedrow>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref name=IPA>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref name=SoilTax>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO<sub>2</sub><ref name=Waelbroeck>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name=Nordin>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
[[Image:arcticsoildiversity.png|thumb|500px|left|Alpha diversity of bacterial phyla, bacterial classes, archaeal phyla, and fungal phyla. From a meta-analysis from [https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce, 2018].]]<br />
Arctic soils are dominated by Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. The next most common phyla are Bacteriodetes and Actinobacteria, but the proportion of these two varies by study site.<ref name=Malard>[https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce: Microbial diversity and biogeography in Arctic soils. Environmental Microbiology Reports 2018 10:06.]</ref> The proportion of cyanobacteria is very low compared to other nutrient-rich soils like molisols due to the much thinner active layer of Arctic soils. <br />
<br> The archaeal phyla are much less consistent. Most phyla are represented, but in different proportions across study sites, though there are consistently very few members from the Parvarchaeota phylum compared to the other phyla. Fungal phyla are dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. <ref name=Malard/><br />
<br />
==Contributions to Climate Change==<br />
Anthropogenic climate change is ongoing, and it causes temperatures to rise, particularly at high latitudes. This warming contributes to permafrost thaw, which creates a positive feedback loop that releases more greenhouse gases and spurs further climate change.<ref name=Cox>[https://doi.org/10.1038/35041539 Cox et al.: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 2000 408.]</ref> This has been happening for a relatively short time scale, so it is not completely certain how this will affect microbes in the affected areas. However, some experiments have found that soil microbes do not acclimate to the warming trend and continue to accelerate climate change.<ref name=Hartley>[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01223.x Hartley et al.: Soil microbial respiration in Arctic soil does not acclimate to temperature. Ecology Letters 2008 11:10.]</ref> Microbial communities in Arctic soil also may be permanently altered by the warming trend.<ref name=Deslippe>[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01350.x Deslippe et al.: Long-term warming alters the composition of Arctic soil microbial communities. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 2012 82:02.]</ref><br />
===Carbon===<br />
Permafrost thaw exposes organic carbon that has not been broken down previously, because the cold temperatures have preserved it. The thaw allows previously inactive microbes to use it for respiration and create CO<sub>2</sub>. When the CO<sub>2</sub> is produced, it enters the atmosphere and becomes part of the active carbon cycle rather than being stored in the permafrost reservoir. Atmospheric carbon contributes to the greenhouse effect, <br />
===Nitrogen===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
Nitrogen fixing Proteobacteria, including Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, Xanthomonadales, and Myxococcales dominate and do all of the nitrogen fixing in Arctic soils. These orders belong to Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria respectively. Despite the low percentage of Cyanobacteria in these soils, Cyanobacteria are still critically important because they are responsible for most of the CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> uptake.<ref name=Malard/> Nitrogen fixers are so important that one study found that Arctic microbial communities are actually N-limited, rather than C-limited like most other soil microbial communities.<ref name=Nordin/> <br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
Arctic soils are diverse in terms of microbial life, despite their extreme climatic conditions. As the active layer gets thicker, additional microbial activity contributes to greenhouse gases that add to further warming in a positive feedback loop. More work is needed in the study of Arctic soils to determine how to slow this warming effect and prevent more harm to our planet.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=143232Arctic Soils2020-06-12T22:28:37Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
Arctic soils contain a large reservoir of stored carbon in the form of permafrost. When permafrost thaws, soil microbes activate and contribute heavily to biogeochemical nutrient cycling. This may have severe implications for Arctic microbial communities and the future of climate change.<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost%20map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref name=Tedrow>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref name=IPA>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref name=SoilTax>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO<sub>2</sub><ref name=Waelbroeck>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name=Nordin>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
[[Image:arcticsoildiversity.png|thumb|500px|left|Alpha diversity of bacterial phyla, bacterial classes, archaeal phyla, and fungal phyla. From a meta-analysis from [https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce, 2018].]]<br />
Arctic soils are dominated by Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. The next most common phyla are Bacteriodetes and Actinobacteria, but the proportion of these two varies by study site.<ref name=Malard>[https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce: Microbial diversity and biogeography in Arctic soils. Environmental Microbiology Reports 2018 10:06.]</ref> The proportion of cyanobacteria is very low compared to other nutrient-rich soils like molisols due to the much thinner active layer of Arctic soils. <br />
<br> The archaeal phyla are much less consistent. Most phyla are represented, but in different proportions across study sites, though there are consistently very few members from the Parvarchaeota phylum compared to the other phyla. Fungal phyla are dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. <ref name=Malard/><br />
<br />
==Contributions to Climate Change==<br />
Anthropogenic climate change is ongoing, and it causes temperatures to rise, particularly at high latitudes. This warming contributes to permafrost thaw, which creates a positive feedback loop that releases more greenhouse gases and spurs further climate change.<ref name=Cox>[https://doi.org/10.1038/35041539 Cox et al.: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 2000 408.]</ref> This has been happening for a relatively short time scale, so it is not completely certain how this will affect microbes in the affected areas. However, some experiments have found that soil microbes do not acclimate to the warming trend and continue to accelerate climate change.<ref name=Hartley>[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01223.x Hartley et al.: Soil microbial respiration in Arctic soil does not acclimate to temperature. Ecology Letters 2008 11:10.]</ref> Microbial communities in Arctic soil also may be permanently altered by the warming trend.<ref name=Deslippe>[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01350.x Deslippe et al.: Long-term warming alters the composition of Arctic soil microbial communities. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 2012 82:02.]</ref><br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
Nitrogen fixing Proteobacteria, including Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, Xanthomonadales, and Myxococcales dominate and do all of the nitrogen fixing in Arctic soils. These orders belong to Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria respectively. Despite the low percentage of Cyanobacteria in these soils, Cyanobacteria are still critically important because they are responsible for most of the CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> uptake.<ref name=Malard/> Nitrogen fixers are so important that one study found that Arctic microbial communities are actually N-limited, rather than C-limited like most other soil microbial communities.<ref name=Nordin/> <br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
Arctic soils are diverse in terms of microbial life, despite their extreme climatic conditions. As the active layer gets thicker, additional microbial activity contributes to greenhouse gases that add to further warming in a positive feedback loop. More work is needed in the study of Arctic soils to determine how to slow this warming effect and prevent more harm to our planet.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=142802Arctic Soils2020-06-05T04:53:21Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: /* Contributions to Climate Change */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
Arctic soils contain a large reservoir of stored carbon in the form of permafrost. When permafrost thaws, soil microbes activate and contribute heavily to biogeochemical nutrient cycling. This may have severe implications for Arctic microbial communities and the future of climate change.<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost%20map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref name=Tedrow>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref name=IPA>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref name=SoilTax>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO<sub>2</sub><ref name=Waelbroeck>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name=Nordin>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
[[Image:arcticsoildiversity.png|thumb|500px|left|Alpha diversity of bacterial phyla, bacterial classes, archaeal phyla, and fungal phyla. From a meta-analysis from [https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce, 2018].]]<br />
Arctic soils are dominated by Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. The next most common phyla are Bacteriodetes and Actinobacteria, but the proportion of these two varies by study site.<ref name=Malard>[https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce: Microbial diversity and biogeography in Arctic soils. Environmental Microbiology Reports 2018 10:06.]</ref> The proportion of cyanobacteria is very low compared to other nutrient-rich soils like molisols due to the much thinner active layer of Arctic soils. <br />
<br> The archaeal phyla are much less consistent. Most phyla are represented, but in different proportions across study sites, though there are consistently very few members from the Parvarchaeota phylum compared to the other phyla. Fungal phyla are dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. <ref name=Malard/><br />
<br />
==Contributions to Climate Change==<br />
Anthropogenic climate change is ongoing, and it causes temperatures to rise, particularly at high latitudes. This warming contributes to permafrost thaw, which creates a positive feedback loop that releases more greenhouse gases and spurs further climate change.<ref name=Cox>[https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128908 Cox et al.: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 2000 408.]</ref> This has been happening for a relatively short time scale, so it is not completely certain how this will affect microbes in the affected areas. However, some experiments have found that soil microbes do not acclimate to the warming trend and continue to accelerate climate change.<ref name=Hartley>[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01223.x Hartley et al.: Soil microbial respiration in Arctic soil does not acclimate to temperature. Ecology Letters 2008 11:10.]</ref> Microbial communities in Arctic soil also may be permanently altered by the warming trend.<ref name=Deslippe>[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01350.x Deslippe et al.: Long-term warming alters the composition of Arctic soil microbial communities. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 2012 82:02.]</ref><br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
Nitrogen fixing Proteobacteria, including Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, Xanthomonadales, and Myxococcales dominate and do all of the nitrogen fixing in Arctic soils. These orders belong to Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria respectively. Despite the low percentage of Cyanobacteria in these soils, Cyanobacteria are still critically important because they are responsible for most of the CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> uptake.<ref name=Malard/> Nitrogen fixers are so important that one study found that Arctic microbial communities are actually N-limited, rather than C-limited like most other soil microbial communities.<ref name=Nordin/> <br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
Arctic soils are diverse in terms of microbial life, despite their extreme climatic conditions. As the active layer gets thicker, additional microbial activity contributes to greenhouse gases that add to further warming in a positive feedback loop. More work is needed in the study of Arctic soils to determine how to slow this warming effect and prevent more harm to our planet.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=142801Arctic Soils2020-06-05T04:49:20Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: /* Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
Arctic soils contain a large reservoir of stored carbon in the form of permafrost. When permafrost thaws, soil microbes activate and contribute heavily to biogeochemical nutrient cycling. This may have severe implications for Arctic microbial communities and the future of climate change.<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost%20map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref name=Tedrow>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref name=IPA>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref name=SoilTax>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO<sub>2</sub><ref name=Waelbroeck>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name=Nordin>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
[[Image:arcticsoildiversity.png|thumb|500px|left|Alpha diversity of bacterial phyla, bacterial classes, archaeal phyla, and fungal phyla. From a meta-analysis from [https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce, 2018].]]<br />
Arctic soils are dominated by Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. The next most common phyla are Bacteriodetes and Actinobacteria, but the proportion of these two varies by study site.<ref name=Malard>[https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce: Microbial diversity and biogeography in Arctic soils. Environmental Microbiology Reports 2018 10:06.]</ref> The proportion of cyanobacteria is very low compared to other nutrient-rich soils like molisols due to the much thinner active layer of Arctic soils. <br />
<br> The archaeal phyla are much less consistent. Most phyla are represented, but in different proportions across study sites, though there are consistently very few members from the Parvarchaeota phylum compared to the other phyla. Fungal phyla are dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. <ref name=Malard/><br />
<br />
==Contributions to Climate Change==<br />
Anthropogenic climate change is ongoing, and it causes temperatures to rise, particularly at high latitudes. This warming contributes to permafrost thaw, which creates a positive feedback loop that releases more greenhouse gases and spurs further climate change.<ref name=Cox>[doi.org/10.1126/science.1128908 Cox et al.: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 2000 408.]</ref> This has been happening for a relatively short time scale, so it is not completely certain how this will affect microbes in the affected areas. However, some experiments have found that soil microbes do not acclimate to the warming trend and continue to accelerate climate change.<ref name=Hartley>[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01223.x Hartley et al.: Soil microbial respiration in Arctic soil does not acclimate to temperature. Ecology Letters 2008 11:10.]</ref> Microbial communities in Arctic soil also may be permanently altered by the warming trend.<ref name=Deslippe>[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01350.x Deslippe et al.: Long-term warming alters the composition of Arctic soil microbial communities. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 2012 82:02.]</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
Nitrogen fixing Proteobacteria, including Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, Xanthomonadales, and Myxococcales dominate and do all of the nitrogen fixing in Arctic soils. These orders belong to Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria respectively. Despite the low percentage of Cyanobacteria in these soils, Cyanobacteria are still critically important because they are responsible for most of the CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> uptake.<ref name=Malard/> Nitrogen fixers are so important that one study found that Arctic microbial communities are actually N-limited, rather than C-limited like most other soil microbial communities.<ref name=Nordin/> <br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
Arctic soils are diverse in terms of microbial life, despite their extreme climatic conditions. As the active layer gets thicker, additional microbial activity contributes to greenhouse gases that add to further warming in a positive feedback loop. More work is needed in the study of Arctic soils to determine how to slow this warming effect and prevent more harm to our planet.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=142729Arctic Soils2020-06-04T01:15:26Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Overview==<br />
By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
Arctic soils contain a large reservoir of stored carbon in the form of permafrost. When permafrost thaws, soil microbes activate and contribute heavily to biogeochemical nutrient cycling. This may have severe implications for Arctic microbial communities and the future of climate change.<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost%20map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref name=Tedrow>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref name=IPA>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref name=SoilTax>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO<sub>2</sub><ref name=Waelbroeck>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name=Nordin>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
[[Image:arcticsoildiversity.png|thumb|450px|left|Alpha diversity of bacterial phyla, bacterial classes, archaeal phyla, and fungal phyla. From a meta-analysis from [https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce, 2018].]]<br />
Arctic soils are dominated by Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. The next most common phyla are Bacteriodetes and Actinobacteria, but the proportion of these two varies by study site.<ref name=Malard>[https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce: Microbial diversity and biogeography in Arctic soils. Environmental Microbiology Reports 2018 10:06.]</ref> The proportion of cyanobacteria is very low compared to other nutrient-rich soils like molisols due to the much thinner active layer of Arctic soils. <br />
<br> The archaeal phyla are much less consistent, though there are consistently very few members from the Parvarchaeota phylum. Fungal phyla are dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. <ref name=Malard/><br />
<br />
==Contributions to Climate Change==<br />
Anthropogenic climate change is ongoing, and it causes temperatures to rise, particularly at high latitudes. This warming contributes to permafrost thaw, which creates a positive feedback loop that releases more greenhouse gases and spurs further climate change.<ref name=Cox>[doi.org/10.1126/science.1128908 Cox et al.: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 2000 408.]</ref> This has been happening for a relatively short time scale, so it is not completely certain how this will affect microbes in the affected areas. However, some experiments have found that soil microbes do not acclimate to the warming trend and continue to accelerate climate change.<ref name=Hartley>[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01223.x Hartley et al.: Soil microbial respiration in Arctic soil does not acclimate to temperature. Ecology Letters 2008 11:10.]</ref> Microbial communities in Arctic soil also may be permanently altered by the warming trend.<ref name=Deslippe>[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01350.x Deslippe et al.: Long-term warming alters the composition of Arctic soil microbial communities. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 2012 82:02.]</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
Nitrogen fixing Proteobacteria, including Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, Xanthomonadales, and Myxococcales dominate and do all of the nitrogen fixing in Arctic soils. These orders belong to Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria respectively. Despite the low percentage of Cyanobacteria in these soils, Cyanobacteria are still critically important because they are responsible for most of the CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> uptake.<ref name=Malard/> Nitrogen fixers are so important that one study found that Arctic microbial communities are actually N-limited, rather than C-limited like most other soil microbial communities.<ref name=Nordin/> <br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
Arctic soils are diverse in terms of microbial life, despite their extreme climatic conditions. As the active layer gets thicker, additional microbial activity contributes to greenhouse gases that add to further warming in a positive feedback loop. More work is needed in the study of Arctic soils to determine how to slow this warming effect and prevent more harm to our planet.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=142728Arctic Soils2020-06-04T01:03:13Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: /* Overview */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Arctic Soils==<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
Arctic soils contain a large reservoir of stored carbon in the form of permafrost. When permafrost thaws, soil microbes activate and contribute heavily to biogeochemical nutrient cycling. This may have severe implications for Arctic microbial communities and the future of climate change.<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost%20map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref name=Tedrow>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref name=IPA>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref name=SoilTax>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO<sub>2</sub><ref name=Waelbroeck>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name=Nordin>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
[[Image:arcticsoildiversity.png|thumb|450px|left|Alpha diversity of bacterial phyla, bacterial classes, archaeal phyla, and fungal phyla. From a meta-analysis from [https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce, 2018].]]<br />
Arctic soils are dominated by Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. The next most common phyla are Bacteriodetes and Actinobacteria, but the proportion of these two varies by study site.<ref name=Malard>[https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce: Microbial diversity and biogeography in Arctic soils. Environmental Microbiology Reports 2018 10:06.]</ref> The proportion of cyanobacteria is very low compared to other nutrient-rich soils like molisols due to the much thinner active layer of Arctic soils. <br />
<br> The archaeal phyla are much less consistent, though there are consistently very few members from the Parvarchaeota phylum. Fungal phyla are dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. <ref name=Malard/><br />
<br />
==Contributions to Climate Change==<br />
Anthropogenic climate change is ongoing, and it causes temperatures to rise, particularly at high latitudes. This warming contributes to permafrost thaw, which creates a positive feedback loop that releases more greenhouse gases and spurs further climate change.<ref name=Cox>[doi.org/10.1126/science.1128908 Cox et al.: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 2000 408.]</ref> This has been happening for a relatively short time scale, so it is not completely certain how this will affect microbes in the affected areas. However, some experiments have found that soil microbes do not acclimate to the warming trend and continue to accelerate climate change.<ref name=Hartley>[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01223.x Hartley et al.: Soil microbial respiration in Arctic soil does not acclimate to temperature. Ecology Letters 2008 11:10.]</ref> Microbial communities in Arctic soil also may be permanently altered by the warming trend.<ref name=Deslippe>[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01350.x Deslippe et al.: Long-term warming alters the composition of Arctic soil microbial communities. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 2012 82:02.]</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
Nitrogen fixing Proteobacteria, including Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, Xanthomonadales, and Myxococcales dominate and do all of the nitrogen fixing in Arctic soils. These orders belong to Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria respectively. Despite the low percentage of Cyanobacteria in these soils, Cyanobacteria are still critically important because they are responsible for most of the CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> uptake.<ref name=Malard/> Nitrogen fixers are so important that one study found that Arctic microbial communities are actually N-limited, rather than C-limited like most other soil microbial communities.<ref name=Nordin/> <br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
Arctic soils are diverse in terms of microbial life, despite their extreme climatic conditions. As the active layer gets thicker, additional microbial activity contributes to greenhouse gases that add to further warming in a positive feedback loop. More work is needed in the study of Arctic soils to determine how to slow this warming effect and prevent more harm to our planet.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=142727Arctic Soils2020-06-04T01:02:07Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Arctic Soils==<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
<br>By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
Arctic soils contain a large reservoir of stored carbon in the form of permafrost. When permafrost thaws, soil microbes activate and contribute heavily to biogeochemical nutrient cycling. <br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost%20map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref name=Tedrow>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref name=IPA>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref name=SoilTax>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO<sub>2</sub><ref name=Waelbroeck>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name=Nordin>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
[[Image:arcticsoildiversity.png|thumb|450px|left|Alpha diversity of bacterial phyla, bacterial classes, archaeal phyla, and fungal phyla. From a meta-analysis from [https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce, 2018].]]<br />
Arctic soils are dominated by Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. The next most common phyla are Bacteriodetes and Actinobacteria, but the proportion of these two varies by study site.<ref name=Malard>[https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce: Microbial diversity and biogeography in Arctic soils. Environmental Microbiology Reports 2018 10:06.]</ref> The proportion of cyanobacteria is very low compared to other nutrient-rich soils like molisols due to the much thinner active layer of Arctic soils. <br />
<br> The archaeal phyla are much less consistent, though there are consistently very few members from the Parvarchaeota phylum. Fungal phyla are dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. <ref name=Malard/><br />
<br />
==Contributions to Climate Change==<br />
Anthropogenic climate change is ongoing, and it causes temperatures to rise, particularly at high latitudes. This warming contributes to permafrost thaw, which creates a positive feedback loop that releases more greenhouse gases and spurs further climate change.<ref name=Cox>[doi.org/10.1126/science.1128908 Cox et al.: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 2000 408.]</ref> This has been happening for a relatively short time scale, so it is not completely certain how this will affect microbes in the affected areas. However, some experiments have found that soil microbes do not acclimate to the warming trend and continue to accelerate climate change.<ref name=Hartley>[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01223.x Hartley et al.: Soil microbial respiration in Arctic soil does not acclimate to temperature. Ecology Letters 2008 11:10.]</ref> Microbial communities in Arctic soil also may be permanently altered by the warming trend.<ref name=Deslippe>[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01350.x Deslippe et al.: Long-term warming alters the composition of Arctic soil microbial communities. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 2012 82:02.]</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
Nitrogen fixing Proteobacteria, including Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, Xanthomonadales, and Myxococcales dominate and do all of the nitrogen fixing in Arctic soils. These orders belong to Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria respectively. Despite the low percentage of Cyanobacteria in these soils, Cyanobacteria are still critically important because they are responsible for most of the CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> uptake.<ref name=Malard/> Nitrogen fixers are so important that one study found that Arctic microbial communities are actually N-limited, rather than C-limited like most other soil microbial communities.<ref name=Nordin/> <br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
Arctic soils are diverse in terms of microbial life, despite their extreme climatic conditions. As the active layer gets thicker, additional microbial activity contributes to greenhouse gases that add to further warming in a positive feedback loop. More work is needed in the study of Arctic soils to determine how to slow this warming effect and prevent more harm to our planet.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=142717Arctic Soils2020-06-03T23:57:29Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Arctic Soils==<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:PHIL_1181_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].]]<br />
<br />
<br>By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
<br />
At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki.<br><br>The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<b>Filename:</b> PHIL_1181_lores.jpg<br />
<b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC]. Every image requires a link to the source.<br />
<b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br>Other examples:<br />
<b>Bold</b><br />
<i>Italic</I><br />
<b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br>Introduce environment. Give key information relevant to the microbial ecology of the environment. <br><br />
<br />
<ref name=a>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref><br />
<br><ref name=a/><br />
<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost%20map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref name=Tedrow>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref name=IPA>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref name=SoilTax>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO<sub>2</sub><ref name=Waelbroeck>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name=Nordin>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
[[Image:arcticsoildiversity.png|thumb|450px|left|Alpha diversity of bacterial phyla, bacterial classes, archaeal phyla, and fungal phyla. From a meta-analysis from [https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce, 2018].]]<br />
Arctic soils are dominated by Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. The next most common phyla are Bacteriodetes and Actinobacteria, but the proportion of these two varies by study site.<ref name=Malard>[https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce: Microbial diversity and biogeography in Arctic soils. Environmental Microbiology Reports 2018 10:06.]</ref> The proportion of cyanobacteria is very low compared to other nutrient-rich soils like molisols due to the much thinner active layer of Arctic soils. <br />
<br> The archaeal phyla are much less consistent, though there are consistently very few members from the Parvarchaeota phylum. Fungal phyla are dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. <ref name=Malard/><br />
<br />
==Expansion topic 1-3==<br />
<br />
How you expand upon the basics will depend on your environment. Pick a couple or three of interesting subtopics and describe them in detail. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
<br />
In all of your systems there will be at least a couple of key microbial players. Describe these in detail. Where do they fall on the tree of life? Are they cultured? What do they do in general and as it relates to your target environment?<br><br />
<br />
<br>Nitrogen fixing Proteobacteria, including Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, Xanthomonadales, and Myxococcales dominate and do all of the nitrogen fixing in Arctic soils. These orders belong to Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria respectively. Despite the low percentage of Cyanobacteria in these soils, Cyanobacteria are still critically important because they are responsible for most of the CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> uptake.<ref name=Malard/> Nitrogen fixers are so important that one study found that Arctic microbial communities are actually N-limited, rather than C-limited like most other soil microbial communities.<ref name=Nordin/> <br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=142713Arctic Soils2020-06-03T23:18:25Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Arctic Soils==<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:PHIL_1181_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].]]<br />
<br />
<br>By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
<br />
At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki.<br><br>The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<b>Filename:</b> PHIL_1181_lores.jpg<br />
<b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC]. Every image requires a link to the source.<br />
<b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br>Other examples:<br />
<b>Bold</b><br />
<i>Italic</I><br />
<b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br>Introduce environment. Give key information relevant to the microbial ecology of the environment. <br><br />
<br />
<ref name=a>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref><br />
<br><ref name=a/><br />
<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost%20map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref name=Tedrow>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref name=IPA>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref name=SoilTax>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO<sub>2</sub><ref name=Waelbroeck>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name=Nordin>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
[[Image:arcticsoildiversity.png|thumb|450px|left|Alpha diversity of bacterial phyla, bacterial classes, archaeal phyla, and fungal phyla. From a meta-analysis from [https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce, 2018].]]<br />
Arctic soils are dominated by Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. The next most common phyla are Bacteriodetes and Actinobacteria, but the proportion of these two varies by study site.<ref name=Malard>[https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce: Microbial diversity and biogeography in Arctic soils. Environmental Microbiology Reports 2018 10:06.]</ref> The proportion of cyanobacteria is very low compared to other nutrient-rich soils like molisols due to the much thinner active layer of Arctic soils. <br />
<br> The archaeal phyla are much less consistent, though there are consistently very few members from the Parvarchaeota phylum. Fungal phyla are dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. <ref name=Malard/><br />
<br />
==Expansion topic 1-3==<br />
<br />
How you expand upon the basics will depend on your environment. Pick a couple or three of interesting subtopics and describe them in detail. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
<br />
In all of your systems there will be at least a couple of key microbial players. Describe these in detail. Where do they fall on the tree of life? Are they cultured? What do they do in general and as it relates to your target environment?<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=142712Arctic Soils2020-06-03T23:16:38Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Arctic Soils==<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:PHIL_1181_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].]]<br />
<br />
<br>By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
<br />
At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki.<br><br>The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<b>Filename:</b> PHIL_1181_lores.jpg<br />
<b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC]. Every image requires a link to the source.<br />
<b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br>Other examples:<br />
<b>Bold</b><br />
<i>Italic</I><br />
<b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br>Introduce environment. Give key information relevant to the microbial ecology of the environment. <br><br />
<br />
<ref name=a>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref><br />
<br><ref name=a/><br />
<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost%20map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref name=Tedrow>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref name=IPA>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref name=SoilTax>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO<sub>2</sub><ref name=Waelbroeck>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name=Nordin>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
[[Image:arcticsoildiversity.png|thumb|600px|left|Alpha diversity of bacterial phyla, bacterial classes, archaeal phyla, and fungal phyla. From a meta-analysis from [https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce, 2018].]]<br />
Arctic soils are dominated by Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. The next most common phyla are Bacteriodetes and Actinobacteria, but the proportion of these two varies by study site.<ref name=Malard>[https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce: Microbial diversity and biogeography in Arctic soils. Environmental Microbiology Reports 2018 10:06.]</ref> The proportion of cyanobacteria is very low compared to other nutrient-rich soils like molisols due to the much thinner active layer of Arctic soils. <br />
<br> The archaeal phyla are much less consistent, though there are consistently very few members from the Parvarchaeota phylum. Fungal phyla are dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. <ref name=Malard/><br />
<br />
==Expansion topic 1-3==<br />
<br />
How you expand upon the basics will depend on your environment. Pick a couple or three of interesting subtopics and describe them in detail. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
<br />
In all of your systems there will be at least a couple of key microbial players. Describe these in detail. Where do they fall on the tree of life? Are they cultured? What do they do in general and as it relates to your target environment?<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=142711Arctic Soils2020-06-03T23:01:34Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Arctic Soils==<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:PHIL_1181_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].]]<br />
<br />
<br>By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
<br />
At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki.<br><br>The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<b>Filename:</b> PHIL_1181_lores.jpg<br />
<b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC]. Every image requires a link to the source.<br />
<b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br>Other examples:<br />
<b>Bold</b><br />
<i>Italic</I><br />
<b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br>Introduce environment. Give key information relevant to the microbial ecology of the environment. <br><br />
<br />
<ref name=a>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref><br />
<br><ref name=a/><br />
<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost%20map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref name=Tedrow>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref name=IPA>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref name=SoilTax>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO<sub>2</sub><ref name=Waelbroeck>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name=Nordin>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
[[Image:arcticsoildiversity.jpg|thumb|600px|left|Alpha diversity of bacterial phyla, bacterial classes, archaeal phyla, and fungal phyla. From a meta-analysis from [https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce, 2018].]]<br />
Arctic soils are dominated by Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. The next most common phyla are Bacteriodetes and Actinobacteria, but the proportion of these two varies by study site.<ref name=Malard>[https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce: Microbial diversity and biogeography in Arctic soils. Environmental Microbiology Reports 2018 10:06.]</ref> The proportion of cyanobacteria is very low compared to other nutrient-rich soils like molisols due to the much thinner active layer of Arctic soils. <br />
<br> The archaeal phyla are much less consistent, though there are consistently very few members from the Parvarchaeota phylum. Fungal phyla are dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. <ref name=Malard/><br />
<br />
==Expansion topic 1-3==<br />
<br />
How you expand upon the basics will depend on your environment. Pick a couple or three of interesting subtopics and describe them in detail. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
<br />
In all of your systems there will be at least a couple of key microbial players. Describe these in detail. Where do they fall on the tree of life? Are they cultured? What do they do in general and as it relates to your target environment?<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=File:Arcticsoildiversity.png&diff=142710File:Arcticsoildiversity.png2020-06-03T22:45:49Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=142709Arctic Soils2020-06-03T20:27:39Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Arctic Soils==<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:PHIL_1181_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].]]<br />
<br />
<br>By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
<br />
<br>At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki.<br><br>The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<br />
<br><b>Filename:</b> PHIL_1181_lores.jpg<br />
<br />
<br><b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC]. Every image requires a link to the source.<br />
<br />
<br><b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br>Other examples:<br />
<b>Bold</b><br />
<i>Italic</I><br />
<b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br>Introduce environment. Give key information relevant to the microbial ecology of the environment. <br><br />
<br />
<ref name=a>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref><br />
<br><ref name=a/><br />
<br>A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|450px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost%20map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref name=Tedrow>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref name=IPA>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref name=SoilTax>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO<sub>2</sub><ref name=Waelbroeck>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name=Nordin>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
<br />
Discuss the alpha and beta diversity of the system. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<ref name=Tedrow/><br />
==Expansion topic 1-3==<br />
<br />
How you expand upon the basics will depend on your environment. Pick a couple or three of interesting subtopics and describe them in detail. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
<br />
In all of your systems there will be at least a couple of key microbial players. Describe these in detail. Where do they fall on the tree of life? Are they cultured? What do they do in general and as it relates to your target environment?<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=142708Arctic Soils2020-06-03T20:26:47Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Arctic Soils==<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:PHIL_1181_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].]]<br />
<br />
<br>By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
<br />
<br>At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki.<br><br>The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<br />
<br><b>Filename:</b> PHIL_1181_lores.jpg<br />
<br />
<br><b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC]. Every image requires a link to the source.<br />
<br />
<br><b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br>Other examples:<br />
<b>Bold</b><br />
<i>Italic</I><br />
<b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br>Introduce environment. Give key information relevant to the microbial ecology of the environment. <br><br />
<br />
<ref name=a>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref><br />
<br><ref name=a/><br />
<br>A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|450px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost%20map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref name=Tedrow>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref name=IPA>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref name=SoilTax>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO<sub>2</sub><ref name=Waelbroeck>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name=Nordin>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
<br />
Discuss the alpha and beta diversity of the system. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Expansion topic 1-3==<br />
<br />
How you expand upon the basics will depend on your environment. Pick a couple or three of interesting subtopics and describe them in detail. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
<br />
In all of your systems there will be at least a couple of key microbial players. Describe these in detail. Where do they fall on the tree of life? Are they cultured? What do they do in general and as it relates to your target environment?<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=142707Arctic Soils2020-06-03T20:21:05Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Arctic Soils==<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:PHIL_1181_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].]]<br />
<br />
<br>By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
<br />
<br>At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki.<br><br>The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<br />
<br><b>Filename:</b> PHIL_1181_lores.jpg<br />
<br />
<br><b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC]. Every image requires a link to the source.<br />
<br />
<br><b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br>Other examples:<br />
<b>Bold</b><br />
<i>Italic</I><br />
<b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br>Introduce environment. Give key information relevant to the microbial ecology of the environment. <br><br />
<br />
<ref name=a>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref><br />
<br />
<br>A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|450px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost%20map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO<sub>2</sub><ref>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O.<ref>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
<br />
Discuss the alpha and beta diversity of the system. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Expansion topic 1-3==<br />
<br />
How you expand upon the basics will depend on your environment. Pick a couple or three of interesting subtopics and describe them in detail. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
<br />
In all of your systems there will be at least a couple of key microbial players. Describe these in detail. Where do they fall on the tree of life? Are they cultured? What do they do in general and as it relates to your target environment?<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=142706Arctic Soils2020-06-03T20:20:04Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Arctic Soils==<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:PHIL_1181_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].]]<br />
<br />
<br>By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
<br />
<br>At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki.<br><br>The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<br />
<br><b>Filename:</b> PHIL_1181_lores.jpg<br />
<br />
<br><b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC]. Every image requires a link to the source.<br />
<br />
<br><b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br>Other examples:<br />
<b>Bold</b><br />
<i>Italic</I><br />
<b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br>Introduce environment. Give key information relevant to the microbial ecology of the environment. <br><br />
<br />
<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref><br />
<br />
<br>A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|450px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost%20map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO<sub>2</sub><ref>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O.<ref>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
<br />
Discuss the alpha and beta diversity of the system. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref><br />
==Expansion topic 1-3==<br />
<br />
How you expand upon the basics will depend on your environment. Pick a couple or three of interesting subtopics and describe them in detail. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
<br />
In all of your systems there will be at least a couple of key microbial players. Describe these in detail. Where do they fall on the tree of life? Are they cultured? What do they do in general and as it relates to your target environment?<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=142668Arctic Soils2020-06-03T17:51:44Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: /* Detailed Environmental Description */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Arctic Soils==<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:PHIL_1181_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].]]<br />
<br />
<br>By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
<br />
<br>At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki.<br><br>The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<br />
<br><b>Filename:</b> PHIL_1181_lores.jpg<br />
<br />
<br><b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC]. Every image requires a link to the source.<br />
<br />
<br><b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br>Other examples:<br />
<b>Bold</b><br />
<i>Italic</I><br />
<b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br>Introduce environment. Give key information relevant to the microbial ecology of the environment. <br><br />
<br />
<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref><br />
<br />
<br>A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|450px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost%20map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO<sub>2</sub><ref>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O.<ref>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
<br />
Discuss the alpha and beta diversity of the system. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Expansion topic 1-3==<br />
<br />
How you expand upon the basics will depend on your environment. Pick a couple or three of interesting subtopics and describe them in detail. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
<br />
In all of your systems there will be at least a couple of key microbial players. Describe these in detail. Where do they fall on the tree of life? Are they cultured? What do they do in general and as it relates to your target environment?<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=142667Arctic Soils2020-06-03T17:50:42Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: /* Overview */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Arctic Soils==<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:PHIL_1181_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].]]<br />
<br />
<br>By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
<br />
<br>At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki.<br><br>The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<br />
<br><b>Filename:</b> PHIL_1181_lores.jpg<br />
<br />
<br><b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC]. Every image requires a link to the source.<br />
<br />
<br><b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br>Other examples:<br />
<b>Bold</b><br />
<i>Italic</I><br />
<b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br>Introduce environment. Give key information relevant to the microbial ecology of the environment. <br><br />
<br />
<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref><br />
<br />
<br>A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|450px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost%20map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO2<ref>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH4, and N2O.<ref>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
<br />
Discuss the alpha and beta diversity of the system. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Expansion topic 1-3==<br />
<br />
How you expand upon the basics will depend on your environment. Pick a couple or three of interesting subtopics and describe them in detail. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
<br />
In all of your systems there will be at least a couple of key microbial players. Describe these in detail. Where do they fall on the tree of life? Are they cultured? What do they do in general and as it relates to your target environment?<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=142664Arctic Soils2020-06-03T17:48:52Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: /* Detailed Environmental Description */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Arctic Soils==<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:PHIL_1181_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].]]<br />
<br />
<br>By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
<br />
<br>At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki.<br><br>The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<br />
<br><b>Filename:</b> PHIL_1181_lores.jpg<br />
<br />
<br><b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC]. Every image requires a link to the source.<br />
<br />
<br><b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br><br>Other examples:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Bold</b><br />
<br />
<br><i>Italic</I><br />
<br />
<br><b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
<br><b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br>Introduce environment. Give key information relevant to the microbial ecology of the environment. <br><br />
<br />
<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref><br />
<br />
<br><br>A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|450px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost%20map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO2<ref>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH4, and N2O.<ref>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
<br />
Discuss the alpha and beta diversity of the system. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Expansion topic 1-3==<br />
<br />
How you expand upon the basics will depend on your environment. Pick a couple or three of interesting subtopics and describe them in detail. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
<br />
In all of your systems there will be at least a couple of key microbial players. Describe these in detail. Where do they fall on the tree of life? Are they cultured? What do they do in general and as it relates to your target environment?<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=142661Arctic Soils2020-06-03T17:47:48Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Arctic Soils==<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:PHIL_1181_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].]]<br />
<br />
<br>By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
<br />
<br>At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki.<br><br>The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<br />
<br><b>Filename:</b> PHIL_1181_lores.jpg<br />
<br />
<br><b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC]. Every image requires a link to the source.<br />
<br />
<br><b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br><br>Other examples:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Bold</b><br />
<br />
<br><i>Italic</I><br />
<br />
<br><b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
<br><b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br>Introduce environment. Give key information relevant to the microbial ecology of the environment. <br><br />
<br />
<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref><br />
<br />
<br><br>A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|600px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO2<ref>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH4, and N2O.<ref>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
<br />
Discuss the alpha and beta diversity of the system. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Expansion topic 1-3==<br />
<br />
How you expand upon the basics will depend on your environment. Pick a couple or three of interesting subtopics and describe them in detail. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
<br />
In all of your systems there will be at least a couple of key microbial players. Describe these in detail. Where do they fall on the tree of life? Are they cultured? What do they do in general and as it relates to your target environment?<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=File:Permafrost_map.jpg&diff=142658File:Permafrost map.jpg2020-06-03T17:43:13Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=142657Arctic Soils2020-06-03T17:42:41Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Arctic Soils==<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:PHIL_1181_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].]]<br />
<br />
<br>By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
<br />
<br>At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki.<br><br>The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<br />
<br><b>Filename:</b> PHIL_1181_lores.jpg<br />
<br />
<br><b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC]. Every image requires a link to the source.<br />
<br />
<br><b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br><br>Other examples:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Bold</b><br />
<br />
<br><i>Italic</I><br />
<br />
<br><b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
<br><b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br>Introduce environment. Give key information relevant to the microbial ecology of the environment. <br><br />
<br />
<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref><br />
<br />
<br><br>A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
[[Image:C:\Users\tiamo\Downloads\permafrost map.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].]]<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO2<ref>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH4, and N2O.<ref>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
<br />
Discuss the alpha and beta diversity of the system. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Expansion topic 1-3==<br />
<br />
How you expand upon the basics will depend on your environment. Pick a couple or three of interesting subtopics and describe them in detail. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
<br />
In all of your systems there will be at least a couple of key microbial players. Describe these in detail. Where do they fall on the tree of life? Are they cultured? What do they do in general and as it relates to your target environment?<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=142654Arctic Soils2020-06-03T17:39:03Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: /* Detailed Environmental Description */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Arctic Soils==<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:PHIL_1181_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].]]<br />
<br />
<br>By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
<br />
<br>At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki.<br><br>The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<br />
<br><b>Filename:</b> PHIL_1181_lores.jpg<br />
<br />
<br><b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC]. Every image requires a link to the source.<br />
<br />
<br><b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br><br>Other examples:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Bold</b><br />
<br />
<br><i>Italic</I><br />
<br />
<br><b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
<br><b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br>Introduce environment. Give key information relevant to the microbial ecology of the environment. <br><br />
<br />
<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref><br />
<br />
<br><br>A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of permafrost. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as gelisols within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO2<ref>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH4, and N2O.<ref>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
<br />
Discuss the alpha and beta diversity of the system. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Expansion topic 1-3==<br />
<br />
How you expand upon the basics will depend on your environment. Pick a couple or three of interesting subtopics and describe them in detail. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
<br />
In all of your systems there will be at least a couple of key microbial players. Describe these in detail. Where do they fall on the tree of life? Are they cultured? What do they do in general and as it relates to your target environment?<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=142653Arctic Soils2020-06-03T17:38:05Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Arctic Soils==<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:PHIL_1181_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].]]<br />
<br />
<br>By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
<br />
<br>At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki.<br><br>The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<br />
<br><b>Filename:</b> PHIL_1181_lores.jpg<br />
<br />
<br><b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC]. Every image requires a link to the source.<br />
<br />
<br><b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br><br>Other examples:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Bold</b><br />
<br />
<br><i>Italic</I><br />
<br />
<br><b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
<br><b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br>Introduce environment. Give key information relevant to the microbial ecology of the environment. <br><br />
<br />
<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref><br />
<br />
<br><br>A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
<br />
<br>In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of permafrost. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as gelisols within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO2<ref>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH4, and N2O.<ref>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref> This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of. <br />
<br> Every point of information REQUIRES CITATION using the citation tool shown above.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
<br />
Discuss the alpha and beta diversity of the system. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Expansion topic 1-3==<br />
<br />
How you expand upon the basics will depend on your environment. Pick a couple or three of interesting subtopics and describe them in detail. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
<br />
In all of your systems there will be at least a couple of key microbial players. Describe these in detail. Where do they fall on the tree of life? Are they cultured? What do they do in general and as it relates to your target environment?<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=142642Arctic Soils2020-06-03T17:21:48Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: /* Detailed Environmental Description */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Arctic Soils==<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:PHIL_1181_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].]]<br />
<br />
<br>By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
<br />
<br>At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki.<br><br>The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<br />
<br><b>Filename:</b> PHIL_1181_lores.jpg<br />
<br />
<br><b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC]. Every image requires a link to the source.<br />
<br />
<br><b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br><br>Other examples:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Bold</b><br />
<br />
<br><i>Italic</I><br />
<br />
<br><b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
<br><b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br>Introduce environment. Give key information relevant to the microbial ecology of the environment. <br><br />
<br />
<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref><br />
<br />
<br><br>A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.<br />
<br />
<br>To repeat the citation for other statements, the reference needs to have a names: "<ref name=aa>”<br />
<br />
<br> The repeated citation works like this, with a back slash.<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref name=Ted>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of permafrost. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter (IPA). Today, arctic soils are classified as gelisols within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.” (Soil Taxonomy) Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO2 (Waelbroeck) and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH4, and N2O (Nordin). This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of. <br />
<br> Every point of information REQUIRES CITATION using the citation tool shown above.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
<br />
Discuss the alpha and beta diversity of the system. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Expansion topic 1-3==<br />
<br />
How you expand upon the basics will depend on your environment. Pick a couple or three of interesting subtopics and describe them in detail. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
<br />
In all of your systems there will be at least a couple of key microbial players. Describe these in detail. Where do they fall on the tree of life? Are they cultured? What do they do in general and as it relates to your target environment?<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=142641Arctic Soils2020-06-03T17:21:22Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: /* Overview */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Arctic Soils==<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:PHIL_1181_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].]]<br />
<br />
<br>By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
<br />
<br>At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki.<br><br>The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<br />
<br><b>Filename:</b> PHIL_1181_lores.jpg<br />
<br />
<br><b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC]. Every image requires a link to the source.<br />
<br />
<br><b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br><br>Other examples:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Bold</b><br />
<br />
<br><i>Italic</I><br />
<br />
<br><b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
<br><b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br>Introduce environment. Give key information relevant to the microbial ecology of the environment. <br><br />
<br />
<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref><br />
<br />
<br><br>A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.<br />
<br />
<br>To repeat the citation for other statements, the reference needs to have a names: "<ref name=aa>”<br />
<br />
<br> The repeated citation works like this, with a back slash.<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref name=Ted>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref name=Ted> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of permafrost. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter (IPA). Today, arctic soils are classified as gelisols within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.” (Soil Taxonomy) Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO2 (Waelbroeck) and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH4, and N2O (Nordin). This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of. <br />
<br> Every point of information REQUIRES CITATION using the citation tool shown above.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
<br />
Discuss the alpha and beta diversity of the system. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Expansion topic 1-3==<br />
<br />
How you expand upon the basics will depend on your environment. Pick a couple or three of interesting subtopics and describe them in detail. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
<br />
In all of your systems there will be at least a couple of key microbial players. Describe these in detail. Where do they fall on the tree of life? Are they cultured? What do they do in general and as it relates to your target environment?<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=142640Arctic Soils2020-06-03T17:20:13Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Arctic Soils==<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:PHIL_1181_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].]]<br />
<br />
<br>By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
<br />
<br>At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki.<br><br>The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<br />
<br><b>Filename:</b> PHIL_1181_lores.jpg<br />
<br />
<br><b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC]. Every image requires a link to the source.<br />
<br />
<br><b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br><br>Other examples:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Bold</b><br />
<br />
<br><i>Italic</I><br />
<br />
<br><b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
<br><b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br>Introduce environment. Give key information relevant to the microbial ecology of the environment. <br><br />
<br />
<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref><br />
<br />
<br><br>A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.<br />
<br />
<br>To repeat the citation for other statements, the reference needs to have a names: "<ref name=aa>”<br />
<br />
<br> The repeated citation works like this, with a back slash.<br />
<br />
==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
<br />
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref name=Ted>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of permafrost. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter (IPA). Today, arctic soils are classified as gelisols within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.” (Soil Taxonomy) Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO2 (Waelbroeck) and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH4, and N2O (Nordin). This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of. <br />
<br> Every point of information REQUIRES CITATION using the citation tool shown above.<br />
<br />
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
<br />
Discuss the alpha and beta diversity of the system. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
==Expansion topic 1-3==<br />
<br />
How you expand upon the basics will depend on your environment. Pick a couple or three of interesting subtopics and describe them in detail. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Key Microbial Players==<br />
<br />
In all of your systems there will be at least a couple of key microbial players. Describe these in detail. Where do they fall on the tree of life? Are they cultured? What do they do in general and as it relates to your target environment?<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Conclusion==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Arctic_Soils&diff=142639Arctic Soils2020-06-03T17:19:04Z<p>Tiachung-swanson2021: Created page with "==Arctic Soils== ==Overview== Image:PHIL_1181_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, o..."</p>
<hr />
<div>==Arctic Soils==<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
[[Image:PHIL_1181_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].]]<br />
<br />
<br>By Tia Chung-Swanson<br><br />
<br />
<br>At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki.<br><br>The insertion code consists of:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Double brackets:</b> [[<br />
<br />
<br><b>Filename:</b> PHIL_1181_lores.jpg<br />
<br />
<br><b>Thumbnail status:</b> |thumb|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Pixel size:</b> |300px|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Placement on page:</b> |right|<br />
<br />
<br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC]. Every image requires a link to the source.<br />
<br />
<br><b>Closed double brackets:</b> ]]<br />
<br />
<br><br>Other examples:<br />
<br />
<br><b>Bold</b><br />
<br />
<br><i>Italic</I><br />
<br />
<br><b>Subscript:</b> H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
<br><b>Superscript:</b> Fe<sup>3+</sup><br />
<br />
<br>Introduce environment. Give key information relevant to the microbial ecology of the environment. <br><br />
<br />
<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref><br />
<br />
<br><br>A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.<br />
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==Detailed Environmental Description==<br />
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In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref name=Ted>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref> Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of permafrost. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter (IPA). Today, arctic soils are classified as gelisols within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.” (Soil Taxonomy) Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO2 (Waelbroeck) and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH4, and N2O (Nordin). This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of. <br />
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==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==<br />
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Discuss the alpha and beta diversity of the system. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
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==Expansion topic 1-3==<br />
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How you expand upon the basics will depend on your environment. Pick a couple or three of interesting subtopics and describe them in detail. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br><br />
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==Key Microbial Players==<br />
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In all of your systems there will be at least a couple of key microbial players. Describe these in detail. Where do they fall on the tree of life? Are they cultured? What do they do in general and as it relates to your target environment?<br><br />
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==Conclusion==<br />
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==References==<br />
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<br><br>Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by [mailto:maggie@northwestern.edu Magdalena Osburn], 2020, [https://www.earth.northwestern.edu/ NU Earth Page].</div>Tiachung-swanson2021