https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Vilee&feedformat=atommicrobewiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T11:47:20ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=14735Wolbachia pipientis2007-06-04T23:50:24Z<p>Vilee: /* Application to Biotechnology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher Order Taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome: - ''<font size="2">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=163164 Wolbachia pipientis wMel] '''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Wolbachia pipientis are bacteria that infect a wide range of invertebrate, mainly arthropods and numerous insects. Wolbachia is one of the most common pathogens on Earth that infect the reproductive system of insects; it is estimated with more than 18% of insects are infected by it including spider, mosquito, and flies. The bacteria give various physical characteristics of its infection that cause a variety of result including deterring chromosomal sex determination from gamete fertilization. Also, it may initiate parthenogenesis that causes growth and development without fertilization by sperm because it can selectively kill males; thus, it creates a detrimental competition against sperm and causes cytoplasmic incompatibility in fertilized eggs. Although the types of hosts that Wolbachia infect are insignificant, their uniqueness in altering reproduction has caught many scientist to research the biology of infection and their potential use for controlling pest and pathosis.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
From further observation of the genomic structure, analyzing the different types of bacterial nucleus, has unfold the many mystery of biology and evolution of the bacteria. For instance, orthologous genes that are unique from bacteria of the same genus show a similar pattern among the bacteria that originate from the same ancestor. Different species of the same genus have a closely related DNA sequences with the same repetitiveness and mobile elements. According to a research, this observation, in conjunction with evolutionary dogma, gives an impression that natural selection may somehow ineffective because of population bottleneck.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, the chromosome of ''Wolbachia'' appears to be circular just like many other bacteria with about 1.3mbp. Of the sequence, about 1mbp are the primary coding region. The number of genes are estimated to be around 800 with 34 tRNA genes and 3 rRNA genes. The number of A+T nucleotides base pairing is estimated 65% while the number of G+C nucleotides base pairing is 35%.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
Wolbachia is a gram-negative bacteria. In these bacteria, the cell wall contains fewer layer of peptidoglycan than gram-positive bacteria. So, the structure of the outer membrane contains porins that help to transfer molecules, and lipopolysaccharide that contains Lipid A, core polysaccharide, and O-polysaccharide. Furthermore, lipoproteins are attached to the polysaccharide backbone.<br />
<br />
Another analysis to the genomes, shows a pattern of paralogous genes which have similar function, but often times not because the copy of the duplicated gene is less practical; this copy is free to mutate and acquire new functions. Unlike the metabolic activity of a closely related Rickettsia that are able to generate ATP from their hosts, Wolbachia use glycolysis and purine synthesis. Another observation includes the lack of lipopolysaccharide synthesis in Wolbachia.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Based on many studies, the evidence vertical gene transfer in their hosts by Wolbachia is apparent. However, there’s no proof that supports any lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D melanogaster or between Wolbachia and any other hosts. Furthermore, evolutionary evidence show that mitochondria share a common ancestros with alpha-Proteobacteria, but has no evidence for similarity with mitochondria with species in the order of Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Cellular examination of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red. Photo credit to UCSC]] <br />
<br />
''Wolbachia'' is a parasitic bacteria that infects reproductive system of insects which ultimately affects their linage continuation. The symbiosis between the bacteria and host is complex. Depending on the interaction, it ranges from mutualism to parasitism. The bacteria infect different types of organ, but the remarkable characteristic is their ability to alter the way maternal genes are passed on to the next generation by infecting the testes and ovaries of their hosts. <br />
There are four different phenotypes expressed:<br />
* male killing (death of infected males). This selectively allows females to survive and more likely to reproduce even in the absence of males. <br />
*feminization (infected males grow as either fully fertile females or infertile pseudo-females) <br />
*parthenogenesis(reproduction of infected females asexually) <br />
*Cytoplasmic incompatibility (the inability of ''Wolbachia''-infected males to successfully reproduce with uninfected females). This method causes a certain ''Wolbachia'' strain to be more dominant over the others.<br />
Furthermore, ''Wolbachia'' are not found in mature sperms, but are found in mature eggs. So, the infection is carried along to offspring by infected females but not males.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Currently, there's no known compound or enzyme identified for biotechnological use.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
*The bacteria were first identified in 1924 by Hertig and Wolbach in ''Culex pipiens'', a species of mosquito<br />
*Research by Sullivan uncovers modus operandi of parasitic bacterium in insects<br />
*Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'': natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility<br />
*Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission: Toward the genetic manipulation of crop pests<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
===Genome Structure===<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]<br />
<br />
===Pathology===<br />
*[http://microbiology.ucsc.edu/confocal.html Sullivan's laboratory confocal microscopy examination.]<br />
<br />
===Current Research===<br />
* M. Hertig & S. B. Wolbach (1924). "Studies on ''Rickettsia''-like microorganisms in insects". ''Journal of Medical Research'' 44: 329–374<br />
*[http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2005/10/28/sullivan/index.shtml Research by Sullivan]<br />
*[http://pondside.uchicago.edu/%7Efeder/MSS/overcome.html Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'']<br />
*[http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/projects/wolbachia/china_wolbachia.html Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=14376Wolbachia pipientis2007-06-04T19:15:39Z<p>Vilee: /* Application to Biotechnology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher Order Taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome: - ''<font size="2">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=163164 Wolbachia pipientis wMel] '''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Wolbachia pipientis are bacteria that infect a wide range of invertebrate, mainly arthropods and numerous insects. Wolbachia is one of the most common pathogens on Earth that infect the reproductive system of insects; it is estimated with more than 18% of insects are infected by it including spider, mosquito, and flies. The bacteria give various physical characteristics of its infection that cause a variety of result including deterring chromosomal sex determination from gamete fertilization. Also, it may initiate parthenogenesis that causes growth and development without fertilization by sperm because it can selectively kill males; thus, it creates a detrimental competition against sperm and causes cytoplasmic incompatibility in fertilized eggs. Although the types of hosts that Wolbachia infect are insignificant, their uniqueness in altering reproduction has caught many scientist to research the biology of infection and their potential use for controlling pest and pathosis.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
From further observation of the genomic structure, analyzing the different types of bacterial nucleus, has unfold the many mystery of biology and evolution of the bacteria. For instance, orthologous genes that are unique from bacteria of the same genus show a similar pattern among the bacteria that originate from the same ancestor. Different species of the same genus have a closely related DNA sequences with the same repetitiveness and mobile elements. According to a research, this observation, in conjunction with evolutionary dogma, gives an impression that natural selection may somehow ineffective because of population bottleneck.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, the chromosome of ''Wolbachia'' appears to be circular just like many other bacteria with about 1.3mbp. Of the sequence, about 1mbp are the primary coding region. The number of genes are estimated to be around 800 with 34 tRNA genes and 3 rRNA genes. The number of A+T nucleotides base pairing is estimated 65% while the number of G+C nucleotides base pairing is 35%.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
Wolbachia is a gram-negative bacteria. In these bacteria, the cell wall contains fewer layer of peptidoglycan than gram-positive bacteria. So, the structure of the outer membrane contains porins that help to transfer molecules, and lipopolysaccharide that contains Lipid A, core polysaccharide, and O-polysaccharide. Furthermore, lipoproteins are attached to the polysaccharide backbone.<br />
<br />
Another analysis to the genomes, shows a pattern of paralogous genes which have similar function, but often times not because the copy of the duplicated gene is less practical; this copy is free to mutate and acquire new functions. Unlike the metabolic activity of a closely related Rickettsia that are able to generate ATP from their hosts, Wolbachia use glycolysis and purine synthesis. Another observation includes the lack of lipopolysaccharide synthesis in Wolbachia.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Based on many studies, the evidence vertical gene transfer in their hosts by Wolbachia is apparent. However, there’s no proof that supports any lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D melanogaster or between Wolbachia and any other hosts. Furthermore, evolutionary evidence show that mitochondria share a common ancestros with alpha-Proteobacteria, but has no evidence for similarity with mitochondria with species in the order of Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Cellular examination of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red. Photo credit to UCSC]] <br />
<br />
''Wolbachia'' is a parasitic bacteria that infects reproductive system of insects which ultimately affects their linage continuation. The symbiosis between the bacteria and host is complex. Depending on the interaction, it ranges from mutualism to parasitism. The bacteria infect different types of organ, but the remarkable characteristic is their ability to alter the way maternal genes are passed on to the next generation by infecting the testes and ovaries of their hosts. <br />
There are four different phenotypes expressed:<br />
* male killing (death of infected males). This selectively allows females to survive and more likely to reproduce even in the absence of males. <br />
*feminization (infected males grow as either fully fertile females or infertile pseudo-females) <br />
*parthenogenesis(reproduction of infected females asexually) <br />
*Cytoplasmic incompatibility (the inability of ''Wolbachia''-infected males to successfully reproduce with uninfected females). This method causes a certain ''Wolbachia'' strain to be more dominant over the others.<br />
Furthermore, ''Wolbachia'' are not found in mature sperms, but are found in mature eggs. So, the infection is carried along to offspring by infected females but not males.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Currently, there's no useful compound or enzyme identified for biotechnological use.<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
*The bacteria were first identified in 1924 by Hertig and Wolbach in ''Culex pipiens'', a species of mosquito<br />
*Research by Sullivan uncovers modus operandi of parasitic bacterium in insects<br />
*Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'': natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility<br />
*Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission: Toward the genetic manipulation of crop pests<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
===Genome Structure===<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]<br />
<br />
===Pathology===<br />
*[http://microbiology.ucsc.edu/confocal.html Sullivan's laboratory confocal microscopy examination.]<br />
<br />
===Current Research===<br />
* M. Hertig & S. B. Wolbach (1924). "Studies on ''Rickettsia''-like microorganisms in insects". ''Journal of Medical Research'' 44: 329–374<br />
*[http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2005/10/28/sullivan/index.shtml Research by Sullivan]<br />
*[http://pondside.uchicago.edu/%7Efeder/MSS/overcome.html Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'']<br />
*[http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/projects/wolbachia/china_wolbachia.html Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=14337Wolbachia pipientis2007-06-04T18:55:06Z<p>Vilee: /* Pathology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher Order Taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome: - ''<font size="2">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=163164 Wolbachia pipientis wMel] '''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Wolbachia pipientis are bacteria that infect a wide range of invertebrate, mainly arthropods and numerous insects. Wolbachia is one of the most common pathogens on Earth that infect the reproductive system of insects; it is estimated with more than 18% of insects are infected by it including spider, mosquito, and flies. The bacteria give various physical characteristics of its infection that cause a variety of result including deterring chromosomal sex determination from gamete fertilization. Also, it may initiate parthenogenesis that causes growth and development without fertilization by sperm because it can selectively kill males; thus, it creates a detrimental competition against sperm and causes cytoplasmic incompatibility in fertilized eggs. Although the types of hosts that Wolbachia infect are insignificant, their uniqueness in altering reproduction has caught many scientist to research the biology of infection and their potential use for controlling pest and pathosis.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
From further observation of the genomic structure, analyzing the different types of bacterial nucleus, has unfold the many mystery of biology and evolution of the bacteria. For instance, orthologous genes that are unique from bacteria of the same genus show a similar pattern among the bacteria that originate from the same ancestor. Different species of the same genus have a closely related DNA sequences with the same repetitiveness and mobile elements. According to a research, this observation, in conjunction with evolutionary dogma, gives an impression that natural selection may somehow ineffective because of population bottleneck.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, the chromosome of ''Wolbachia'' appears to be circular just like many other bacteria with about 1.3mbp. Of the sequence, about 1mbp are the primary coding region. The number of genes are estimated to be around 800 with 34 tRNA genes and 3 rRNA genes. The number of A+T nucleotides base pairing is estimated 65% while the number of G+C nucleotides base pairing is 35%.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
Wolbachia is a gram-negative bacteria. In these bacteria, the cell wall contains fewer layer of peptidoglycan than gram-positive bacteria. So, the structure of the outer membrane contains porins that help to transfer molecules, and lipopolysaccharide that contains Lipid A, core polysaccharide, and O-polysaccharide. Furthermore, lipoproteins are attached to the polysaccharide backbone.<br />
<br />
Another analysis to the genomes, shows a pattern of paralogous genes which have similar function, but often times not because the copy of the duplicated gene is less practical; this copy is free to mutate and acquire new functions. Unlike the metabolic activity of a closely related Rickettsia that are able to generate ATP from their hosts, Wolbachia use glycolysis and purine synthesis. Another observation includes the lack of lipopolysaccharide synthesis in Wolbachia.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Based on many studies, the evidence vertical gene transfer in their hosts by Wolbachia is apparent. However, there’s no proof that supports any lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D melanogaster or between Wolbachia and any other hosts. Furthermore, evolutionary evidence show that mitochondria share a common ancestros with alpha-Proteobacteria, but has no evidence for similarity with mitochondria with species in the order of Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Cellular examination of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red. Photo credit to UCSC]] <br />
<br />
''Wolbachia'' is a parasitic bacteria that infects reproductive system of insects which ultimately affects their linage continuation. The symbiosis between the bacteria and host is complex. Depending on the interaction, it ranges from mutualism to parasitism. The bacteria infect different types of organ, but the remarkable characteristic is their ability to alter the way maternal genes are passed on to the next generation by infecting the testes and ovaries of their hosts. <br />
There are four different phenotypes expressed:<br />
* male killing (death of infected males). This selectively allows females to survive and more likely to reproduce even in the absence of males. <br />
*feminization (infected males grow as either fully fertile females or infertile pseudo-females) <br />
*parthenogenesis(reproduction of infected females asexually) <br />
*Cytoplasmic incompatibility (the inability of ''Wolbachia''-infected males to successfully reproduce with uninfected females). This method causes a certain ''Wolbachia'' strain to be more dominant over the others.<br />
Furthermore, ''Wolbachia'' are not found in mature sperms, but are found in mature eggs. So, the infection is carried along to offspring by infected females but not males.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
*The bacteria were first identified in 1924 by Hertig and Wolbach in ''Culex pipiens'', a species of mosquito<br />
*Research by Sullivan uncovers modus operandi of parasitic bacterium in insects<br />
*Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'': natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility<br />
*Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission: Toward the genetic manipulation of crop pests<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
===Genome Structure===<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]<br />
<br />
===Pathology===<br />
*[http://microbiology.ucsc.edu/confocal.html Sullivan's laboratory confocal microscopy examination.]<br />
<br />
===Current Research===<br />
* M. Hertig & S. B. Wolbach (1924). "Studies on ''Rickettsia''-like microorganisms in insects". ''Journal of Medical Research'' 44: 329–374<br />
*[http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2005/10/28/sullivan/index.shtml Research by Sullivan]<br />
*[http://pondside.uchicago.edu/%7Efeder/MSS/overcome.html Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'']<br />
*[http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/projects/wolbachia/china_wolbachia.html Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=12436Wolbachia pipientis2007-06-02T10:38:40Z<p>Vilee: /* Ecology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher Order Taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome: - ''<font size="2">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=163164 Wolbachia pipientis wMel] '''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Wolbachia pipientis are bacteria that infect a wide range of invertebrate, mainly arthropods and numerous insects. Wolbachia is one of the most common pathogens on Earth that infect the reproductive system of insects; it is estimated with more than 18% of insects are infected by it including spider, mosquito, and flies. The bacteria give various physical characteristics of its infection that cause a variety of result including deterring chromosomal sex determination from gamete fertilization. Also, it may initiate parthenogenesis that causes growth and development without fertilization by sperm because it can selectively kill males; thus, it creates a detrimental competition against sperm and causes cytoplasmic incompatibility in fertilized eggs. Although the types of hosts that Wolbachia infect are insignificant, their uniqueness in altering reproduction has caught many scientist to research the biology of infection and their potential use for controlling pest and pathosis.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
From further observation of the genomic structure, analyzing the different types of bacterial nucleus, has unfold the many mystery of biology and evolution of the bacteria. For instance, orthologous genes that are unique from bacteria of the same genus show a similar pattern among the bacteria that originate from the same ancestor. Different species of the same genus have a closely related DNA sequences with the same repetitiveness and mobile elements. According to a research, this observation, in conjunction with evolutionary dogma, gives an impression that natural selection may somehow ineffective because of population bottleneck.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, the chromosome of ''Wolbachia'' appears to be circular just like many other bacteria with about 1.3mbp. Of the sequence, about 1mbp are the primary coding region. The number of genes are estimated to be around 800 with 34 tRNA genes and 3 rRNA genes. The number of A+T nucleotides base pairing is estimated 65% while the number of G+C nucleotides base pairing is 35%.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
Wolbachia is a gram-negative bacteria. In these bacteria, the cell wall contains fewer layer of peptidoglycan than gram-positive bacteria. So, the structure of the outer membrane contains porins that help to transfer molecules, and lipopolysaccharide that contains Lipid A, core polysaccharide, and O-polysaccharide. Furthermore, lipoproteins are attached to the polysaccharide backbone.<br />
<br />
Another analysis to the genomes, shows a pattern of paralogous genes which have similar function, but often times not because the copy of the duplicated gene is less practical; this copy is free to mutate and acquire new functions. Unlike the metabolic activity of a closely related Rickettsia that are able to generate ATP from their hosts, Wolbachia use glycolysis and purine synthesis. Another observation includes the lack of lipopolysaccharide synthesis in Wolbachia.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Based on many studies, the evidence vertical gene transfer in their hosts by Wolbachia is apparent. However, there’s no proof that supports any lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D melanogaster or between Wolbachia and any other hosts. Furthermore, evolutionary evidence show that mitochondria share a common ancestros with alpha-Proteobacteria, but has no evidence for similarity with mitochondria with species in the order of Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Cellular examination of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red.]] <br />
<br />
''Wolbachia'' is a parasitic bacteria that infects reproductive system of insects which ultimately affects their linage continuation. The symbiosis between the bacteria and host is complex. Depending on the interaction, it ranges from mutualism to parasitism. The bacteria infect different types of organ, but the remarkable characteristic is their ability to alter the way maternal genes are passed on to the next generation by infecting the testes and ovaries of their hosts. <br />
There are four different phenotypes expressed:<br />
* male killing (death of infected males). This selectively allows females to survive and more likely to reproduce even in the absence of males. <br />
*feminization (infected males grow as either fully fertile females or infertile pseudo-females) <br />
*parthenogenesis(reproduction of infected females asexually) <br />
*Cytoplasmic incompatibility (the inability of ''Wolbachia''-infected males to successfully reproduce with uninfected females). This method causes a certain ''Wolbachia'' strain to be more dominant over the others.<br />
Furthermore, ''Wolbachia'' are not found in mature sperms, but are found in mature eggs. So, the infection is carried along to offspring by infected females but not males.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
*The bacteria were first identified in 1924 by Hertig and Wolbach in ''Culex pipiens'', a species of mosquito<br />
*Research by Sullivan uncovers modus operandi of parasitic bacterium in insects<br />
*Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'': natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility<br />
*Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission: Toward the genetic manipulation of crop pests<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
===Genome Structure===<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]<br />
<br />
===Pathology===<br />
*[http://microbiology.ucsc.edu/confocal.html Sullivan's laboratory confocal microscopy examination.]<br />
<br />
===Current Research===<br />
* M. Hertig & S. B. Wolbach (1924). "Studies on ''Rickettsia''-like microorganisms in insects". ''Journal of Medical Research'' 44: 329–374<br />
*[http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2005/10/28/sullivan/index.shtml Research by Sullivan]<br />
*[http://pondside.uchicago.edu/%7Efeder/MSS/overcome.html Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'']<br />
*[http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/projects/wolbachia/china_wolbachia.html Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=12435Wolbachia pipientis2007-06-02T10:30:40Z<p>Vilee: /* Cell Structure and Metabolism */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher Order Taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome: - ''<font size="2">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=163164 Wolbachia pipientis wMel] '''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Wolbachia pipientis are bacteria that infect a wide range of invertebrate, mainly arthropods and numerous insects. Wolbachia is one of the most common pathogens on Earth that infect the reproductive system of insects; it is estimated with more than 18% of insects are infected by it including spider, mosquito, and flies. The bacteria give various physical characteristics of its infection that cause a variety of result including deterring chromosomal sex determination from gamete fertilization. Also, it may initiate parthenogenesis that causes growth and development without fertilization by sperm because it can selectively kill males; thus, it creates a detrimental competition against sperm and causes cytoplasmic incompatibility in fertilized eggs. Although the types of hosts that Wolbachia infect are insignificant, their uniqueness in altering reproduction has caught many scientist to research the biology of infection and their potential use for controlling pest and pathosis.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
From further observation of the genomic structure, analyzing the different types of bacterial nucleus, has unfold the many mystery of biology and evolution of the bacteria. For instance, orthologous genes that are unique from bacteria of the same genus show a similar pattern among the bacteria that originate from the same ancestor. Different species of the same genus have a closely related DNA sequences with the same repetitiveness and mobile elements. According to a research, this observation, in conjunction with evolutionary dogma, gives an impression that natural selection may somehow ineffective because of population bottleneck.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, the chromosome of ''Wolbachia'' appears to be circular just like many other bacteria with about 1.3mbp. Of the sequence, about 1mbp are the primary coding region. The number of genes are estimated to be around 800 with 34 tRNA genes and 3 rRNA genes. The number of A+T nucleotides base pairing is estimated 65% while the number of G+C nucleotides base pairing is 35%.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
Wolbachia is a gram-negative bacteria. In these bacteria, the cell wall contains fewer layer of peptidoglycan than gram-positive bacteria. So, the structure of the outer membrane contains porins that help to transfer molecules, and lipopolysaccharide that contains Lipid A, core polysaccharide, and O-polysaccharide. Furthermore, lipoproteins are attached to the polysaccharide backbone.<br />
<br />
Another analysis to the genomes, shows a pattern of paralogous genes which have similar function, but often times not because the copy of the duplicated gene is less practical; this copy is free to mutate and acquire new functions. Unlike the metabolic activity of a closely related Rickettsia that are able to generate ATP from their hosts, Wolbachia use glycolysis and purine synthesis. Another observation includes the lack of lipopolysaccharide synthesis in Wolbachia.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Cellular examination of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red.]] <br />
<br />
''Wolbachia'' is a parasitic bacteria that infects reproductive system of insects which ultimately affects their linage continuation. The symbiosis between the bacteria and host is complex. Depending on the interaction, it ranges from mutualism to parasitism. The bacteria infect different types of organ, but the remarkable characteristic is their ability to alter the way maternal genes are passed on to the next generation by infecting the testes and ovaries of their hosts. <br />
There are four different phenotypes expressed:<br />
* male killing (death of infected males). This selectively allows females to survive and more likely to reproduce even in the absence of males. <br />
*feminization (infected males grow as either fully fertile females or infertile pseudo-females) <br />
*parthenogenesis(reproduction of infected females asexually) <br />
*Cytoplasmic incompatibility (the inability of ''Wolbachia''-infected males to successfully reproduce with uninfected females). This method causes a certain ''Wolbachia'' strain to be more dominant over the others.<br />
Furthermore, ''Wolbachia'' are not found in mature sperms, but are found in mature eggs. So, the infection is carried along to offspring by infected females but not males.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
*The bacteria were first identified in 1924 by Hertig and Wolbach in ''Culex pipiens'', a species of mosquito<br />
*Research by Sullivan uncovers modus operandi of parasitic bacterium in insects<br />
*Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'': natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility<br />
*Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission: Toward the genetic manipulation of crop pests<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
===Genome Structure===<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]<br />
<br />
===Pathology===<br />
*[http://microbiology.ucsc.edu/confocal.html Sullivan's laboratory confocal microscopy examination.]<br />
<br />
===Current Research===<br />
* M. Hertig & S. B. Wolbach (1924). "Studies on ''Rickettsia''-like microorganisms in insects". ''Journal of Medical Research'' 44: 329–374<br />
*[http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2005/10/28/sullivan/index.shtml Research by Sullivan]<br />
*[http://pondside.uchicago.edu/%7Efeder/MSS/overcome.html Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'']<br />
*[http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/projects/wolbachia/china_wolbachia.html Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=12434Wolbachia pipientis2007-06-02T10:12:59Z<p>Vilee: /* Description and Significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher Order Taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome: - ''<font size="2">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=163164 Wolbachia pipientis wMel] '''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Wolbachia pipientis are bacteria that infect a wide range of invertebrate, mainly arthropods and numerous insects. Wolbachia is one of the most common pathogens on Earth that infect the reproductive system of insects; it is estimated with more than 18% of insects are infected by it including spider, mosquito, and flies. The bacteria give various physical characteristics of its infection that cause a variety of result including deterring chromosomal sex determination from gamete fertilization. Also, it may initiate parthenogenesis that causes growth and development without fertilization by sperm because it can selectively kill males; thus, it creates a detrimental competition against sperm and causes cytoplasmic incompatibility in fertilized eggs. Although the types of hosts that Wolbachia infect are insignificant, their uniqueness in altering reproduction has caught many scientist to research the biology of infection and their potential use for controlling pest and pathosis.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
From further observation of the genomic structure, analyzing the different types of bacterial nucleus, has unfold the many mystery of biology and evolution of the bacteria. For instance, orthologous genes that are unique from bacteria of the same genus show a similar pattern among the bacteria that originate from the same ancestor. Different species of the same genus have a closely related DNA sequences with the same repetitiveness and mobile elements. According to a research, this observation, in conjunction with evolutionary dogma, gives an impression that natural selection may somehow ineffective because of population bottleneck.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, the chromosome of ''Wolbachia'' appears to be circular just like many other bacteria with about 1.3mbp. Of the sequence, about 1mbp are the primary coding region. The number of genes are estimated to be around 800 with 34 tRNA genes and 3 rRNA genes. The number of A+T nucleotides base pairing is estimated 65% while the number of G+C nucleotides base pairing is 35%.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Cellular examination of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red.]] <br />
<br />
''Wolbachia'' is a parasitic bacteria that infects reproductive system of insects which ultimately affects their linage continuation. The symbiosis between the bacteria and host is complex. Depending on the interaction, it ranges from mutualism to parasitism. The bacteria infect different types of organ, but the remarkable characteristic is their ability to alter the way maternal genes are passed on to the next generation by infecting the testes and ovaries of their hosts. <br />
There are four different phenotypes expressed:<br />
* male killing (death of infected males). This selectively allows females to survive and more likely to reproduce even in the absence of males. <br />
*feminization (infected males grow as either fully fertile females or infertile pseudo-females) <br />
*parthenogenesis(reproduction of infected females asexually) <br />
*Cytoplasmic incompatibility (the inability of ''Wolbachia''-infected males to successfully reproduce with uninfected females). This method causes a certain ''Wolbachia'' strain to be more dominant over the others.<br />
Furthermore, ''Wolbachia'' are not found in mature sperms, but are found in mature eggs. So, the infection is carried along to offspring by infected females but not males.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
*The bacteria were first identified in 1924 by Hertig and Wolbach in ''Culex pipiens'', a species of mosquito<br />
*Research by Sullivan uncovers modus operandi of parasitic bacterium in insects<br />
*Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'': natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility<br />
*Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission: Toward the genetic manipulation of crop pests<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
===Genome Structure===<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]<br />
<br />
===Pathology===<br />
*[http://microbiology.ucsc.edu/confocal.html Sullivan's laboratory confocal microscopy examination.]<br />
<br />
===Current Research===<br />
* M. Hertig & S. B. Wolbach (1924). "Studies on ''Rickettsia''-like microorganisms in insects". ''Journal of Medical Research'' 44: 329–374<br />
*[http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2005/10/28/sullivan/index.shtml Research by Sullivan]<br />
*[http://pondside.uchicago.edu/%7Efeder/MSS/overcome.html Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'']<br />
*[http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/projects/wolbachia/china_wolbachia.html Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=12433Wolbachia pipientis2007-06-02T10:11:09Z<p>Vilee: /* Genome Structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher Order Taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome: - ''<font size="2">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=163164 Wolbachia pipientis wMel] '''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Wolbachia pipientis are bacteria that infect a wide range of invertebrate, mainly arthropods and numerous insects. Wolbachia is one of the most common pathogens on Earth that infect the reproductive system of insects; it is estimated with more than 18% of insects are infected by it including spider, mosquito, and flies. These gram-negative bacteria give various physical characteristics of its infection. The infection causes a variety of result including deterring chromosomal sex determination from gamete fertilization. Also, it may initiate parthenogenesis that causes growth and development without fertilization by sperm because it can selectively kill males; thus, it creates a detrimental competition against sperm and causes cytoplasmic incompatibility in fertilized eggs. Although the types of hosts that Wolbachia infect are insignificant, their uniqueness in altering reproduction has caught many scientist to research the biology of infection and their potential use for controlling pest and pathosis.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
From further observation of the genomic structure, analyzing the different types of bacterial nucleus, has unfold the many mystery of biology and evolution of the bacteria. For instance, orthologous genes that are unique from bacteria of the same genus show a similar pattern among the bacteria that originate from the same ancestor. Different species of the same genus have a closely related DNA sequences with the same repetitiveness and mobile elements. According to a research, this observation, in conjunction with evolutionary dogma, gives an impression that natural selection may somehow ineffective because of population bottleneck.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, the chromosome of ''Wolbachia'' appears to be circular just like many other bacteria with about 1.3mbp. Of the sequence, about 1mbp are the primary coding region. The number of genes are estimated to be around 800 with 34 tRNA genes and 3 rRNA genes. The number of A+T nucleotides base pairing is estimated 65% while the number of G+C nucleotides base pairing is 35%.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Cellular examination of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red.]] <br />
<br />
''Wolbachia'' is a parasitic bacteria that infects reproductive system of insects which ultimately affects their linage continuation. The symbiosis between the bacteria and host is complex. Depending on the interaction, it ranges from mutualism to parasitism. The bacteria infect different types of organ, but the remarkable characteristic is their ability to alter the way maternal genes are passed on to the next generation by infecting the testes and ovaries of their hosts. <br />
There are four different phenotypes expressed:<br />
* male killing (death of infected males). This selectively allows females to survive and more likely to reproduce even in the absence of males. <br />
*feminization (infected males grow as either fully fertile females or infertile pseudo-females) <br />
*parthenogenesis(reproduction of infected females asexually) <br />
*Cytoplasmic incompatibility (the inability of ''Wolbachia''-infected males to successfully reproduce with uninfected females). This method causes a certain ''Wolbachia'' strain to be more dominant over the others.<br />
Furthermore, ''Wolbachia'' are not found in mature sperms, but are found in mature eggs. So, the infection is carried along to offspring by infected females but not males.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
*The bacteria were first identified in 1924 by Hertig and Wolbach in ''Culex pipiens'', a species of mosquito<br />
*Research by Sullivan uncovers modus operandi of parasitic bacterium in insects<br />
*Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'': natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility<br />
*Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission: Toward the genetic manipulation of crop pests<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
===Genome Structure===<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]<br />
<br />
===Pathology===<br />
*[http://microbiology.ucsc.edu/confocal.html Sullivan's laboratory confocal microscopy examination.]<br />
<br />
===Current Research===<br />
* M. Hertig & S. B. Wolbach (1924). "Studies on ''Rickettsia''-like microorganisms in insects". ''Journal of Medical Research'' 44: 329–374<br />
*[http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2005/10/28/sullivan/index.shtml Research by Sullivan]<br />
*[http://pondside.uchicago.edu/%7Efeder/MSS/overcome.html Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'']<br />
*[http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/projects/wolbachia/china_wolbachia.html Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=12432Wolbachia pipientis2007-06-02T10:06:52Z<p>Vilee: /* Genome Structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher Order Taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome: - ''<font size="2">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=163164 Wolbachia pipientis wMel] '''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Wolbachia pipientis are bacteria that infect a wide range of invertebrate, mainly arthropods and numerous insects. Wolbachia is one of the most common pathogens on Earth that infect the reproductive system of insects; it is estimated with more than 18% of insects are infected by it including spider, mosquito, and flies. These gram-negative bacteria give various physical characteristics of its infection. The infection causes a variety of result including deterring chromosomal sex determination from gamete fertilization. Also, it may initiate parthenogenesis that causes growth and development without fertilization by sperm because it can selectively kill males; thus, it creates a detrimental competition against sperm and causes cytoplasmic incompatibility in fertilized eggs. Although the types of hosts that Wolbachia infect are insignificant, their uniqueness in altering reproduction has caught many scientist to research the biology of infection and their potential use for controlling pest and pathosis.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
From further observation of the genomic structure, analyzing the different types of bacterial nucleus, has unfold the many mystery of biology and evolution of the bacteria. For instance, orthologous genes that are unique from bacteria of the same genus show a pattern of genetic divergence. Different species of the same genus have a closely related DNA sequences with the same repetitiveness and mobile elements. According to a research, this observation, in conjunction with evolutionary dogma, gives an impression that natural selection may somehow ineffective because of population bottleneck.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, the chromosome of Wolbachia appears to be circular just like many other bacteria with about 1.3mbp. Of the sequence, about 1mbp are the primary coding region. The number of genes are estimated to be around 800 with 34 tRNA genes and 3 rRNA genes. The number of A+T nucleotides base pairing is estimated 65% while the number of G+C nucleotides base pairing is 35%.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Cellular examination of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red.]] <br />
<br />
''Wolbachia'' is a parasitic bacteria that infects reproductive system of insects which ultimately affects their linage continuation. The symbiosis between the bacteria and host is complex. Depending on the interaction, it ranges from mutualism to parasitism. The bacteria infect different types of organ, but the remarkable characteristic is their ability to alter the way maternal genes are passed on to the next generation by infecting the testes and ovaries of their hosts. <br />
There are four different phenotypes expressed:<br />
* male killing (death of infected males). This selectively allows females to survive and more likely to reproduce even in the absence of males. <br />
*feminization (infected males grow as either fully fertile females or infertile pseudo-females) <br />
*parthenogenesis(reproduction of infected females asexually) <br />
*Cytoplasmic incompatibility (the inability of ''Wolbachia''-infected males to successfully reproduce with uninfected females). This method causes a certain ''Wolbachia'' strain to be more dominant over the others.<br />
Furthermore, ''Wolbachia'' are not found in mature sperms, but are found in mature eggs. So, the infection is carried along to offspring by infected females but not males.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
*The bacteria were first identified in 1924 by Hertig and Wolbach in ''Culex pipiens'', a species of mosquito<br />
*Research by Sullivan uncovers modus operandi of parasitic bacterium in insects<br />
*Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'': natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility<br />
*Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission: Toward the genetic manipulation of crop pests<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
===Genome Structure===<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]<br />
<br />
===Pathology===<br />
*[http://microbiology.ucsc.edu/confocal.html Sullivan's laboratory confocal microscopy examination.]<br />
<br />
===Current Research===<br />
* M. Hertig & S. B. Wolbach (1924). "Studies on ''Rickettsia''-like microorganisms in insects". ''Journal of Medical Research'' 44: 329–374<br />
*[http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2005/10/28/sullivan/index.shtml Research by Sullivan]<br />
*[http://pondside.uchicago.edu/%7Efeder/MSS/overcome.html Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'']<br />
*[http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/projects/wolbachia/china_wolbachia.html Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=12431Wolbachia pipientis2007-06-02T10:01:04Z<p>Vilee: /* Genome Structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher Order Taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome: - ''<font size="2">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=163164 Wolbachia pipientis wMel] '''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Wolbachia pipientis are bacteria that infect a wide range of invertebrate, mainly arthropods and numerous insects. Wolbachia is one of the most common pathogens on Earth that infect the reproductive system of insects; it is estimated with more than 18% of insects are infected by it including spider, mosquito, and flies. These gram-negative bacteria give various physical characteristics of its infection. The infection causes a variety of result including deterring chromosomal sex determination from gamete fertilization. Also, it may initiate parthenogenesis that causes growth and development without fertilization by sperm because it can selectively kill males; thus, it creates a detrimental competition against sperm and causes cytoplasmic incompatibility in fertilized eggs. Although the types of hosts that Wolbachia infect are insignificant, their uniqueness in altering reproduction has caught many scientist to research the biology of infection and their potential use for controlling pest and pathosis.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
From further observation of the genomic structure, analyzing the different types of bacterial nucleus, has unfold the many mystery of biology and evolution of the bacteria. For instance, orthologous genes that are unique from bacteria of the same genus show a pattern of genetic divergence. Different species of the same genus have a closely related DNA sequences with the same repetitiveness and mobile elements. According to a research, this observation, in conjunction with evolutionary dogma, gives an impression that natural selection may somehow ineffective because of population bottleneck.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Cellular examination of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red.]] <br />
<br />
''Wolbachia'' is a parasitic bacteria that infects reproductive system of insects which ultimately affects their linage continuation. The symbiosis between the bacteria and host is complex. Depending on the interaction, it ranges from mutualism to parasitism. The bacteria infect different types of organ, but the remarkable characteristic is their ability to alter the way maternal genes are passed on to the next generation by infecting the testes and ovaries of their hosts. <br />
There are four different phenotypes expressed:<br />
* male killing (death of infected males). This selectively allows females to survive and more likely to reproduce even in the absence of males. <br />
*feminization (infected males grow as either fully fertile females or infertile pseudo-females) <br />
*parthenogenesis(reproduction of infected females asexually) <br />
*Cytoplasmic incompatibility (the inability of ''Wolbachia''-infected males to successfully reproduce with uninfected females). This method causes a certain ''Wolbachia'' strain to be more dominant over the others.<br />
Furthermore, ''Wolbachia'' are not found in mature sperms, but are found in mature eggs. So, the infection is carried along to offspring by infected females but not males.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
*The bacteria were first identified in 1924 by Hertig and Wolbach in ''Culex pipiens'', a species of mosquito<br />
*Research by Sullivan uncovers modus operandi of parasitic bacterium in insects<br />
*Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'': natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility<br />
*Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission: Toward the genetic manipulation of crop pests<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
===Genome Structure===<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]<br />
<br />
===Pathology===<br />
*[http://microbiology.ucsc.edu/confocal.html Sullivan's laboratory confocal microscopy examination.]<br />
<br />
===Current Research===<br />
* M. Hertig & S. B. Wolbach (1924). "Studies on ''Rickettsia''-like microorganisms in insects". ''Journal of Medical Research'' 44: 329–374<br />
*[http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2005/10/28/sullivan/index.shtml Research by Sullivan]<br />
*[http://pondside.uchicago.edu/%7Efeder/MSS/overcome.html Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'']<br />
*[http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/projects/wolbachia/china_wolbachia.html Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=12225Wolbachia pipientis2007-06-01T10:17:30Z<p>Vilee: /* Pathology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher Order Taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome: - ''<font size="2">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=163164 Wolbachia pipientis wMel] '''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Wolbachia pipientis are bacteria that infect a wide range of invertebrate, mainly arthropods and numerous insects. Wolbachia is one of the most common pathogens on Earth that infect the reproductive system of insects; it is estimated with more than 18% of insects are infected by it including spider, mosquito, and flies. These gram-negative bacteria give various physical characteristics of its infection. The infection causes a variety of result including deterring chromosomal sex determination from gamete fertilization. Also, it may initiate parthenogenesis that causes growth and development without fertilization by sperm because it can selectively kill males; thus, it creates a detrimental competition against sperm and causes cytoplasmic incompatibility in fertilized eggs. Although the types of hosts that Wolbachia infect are insignificant, their uniqueness in altering reproduction has caught many scientist to research the biology of infection and their potential use for controlling pest and pathosis.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Cellular examination of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red.]] <br />
<br />
''Wolbachia'' is a parasitic bacteria that infects reproductive system of insects which ultimately affects their linage continuation. The symbiosis between the bacteria and host is complex. Depending on the interaction, it ranges from mutualism to parasitism. The bacteria infect different types of organ, but the remarkable characteristic is their ability to alter the way maternal genes are passed on to the next generation by infecting the testes and ovaries of their hosts. <br />
There are four different phenotypes expressed:<br />
* male killing (death of infected males). This selectively allows females to survive and more likely to reproduce even in the absence of males. <br />
*feminization (infected males grow as either fully fertile females or infertile pseudo-females) <br />
*parthenogenesis(reproduction of infected females asexually) <br />
*Cytoplasmic incompatibility (the inability of ''Wolbachia''-infected males to successfully reproduce with uninfected females). This method causes a certain ''Wolbachia'' strain to be more dominant over the others.<br />
Furthermore, ''Wolbachia'' are not found in mature sperms, but are found in mature eggs. So, the infection is carried along to offspring by infected females but not males.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
*The bacteria were first identified in 1924 by Hertig and Wolbach in ''Culex pipiens'', a species of mosquito<br />
*Research by Sullivan uncovers modus operandi of parasitic bacterium in insects<br />
*Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'': natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility<br />
*Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission: Toward the genetic manipulation of crop pests<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
===Genome Structure===<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]<br />
<br />
===Pathology===<br />
*[http://microbiology.ucsc.edu/confocal.html Sullivan's laboratory confocal microscopy examination.]<br />
<br />
===Current Research===<br />
* M. Hertig & S. B. Wolbach (1924). "Studies on ''Rickettsia''-like microorganisms in insects". ''Journal of Medical Research'' 44: 329–374<br />
*[http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2005/10/28/sullivan/index.shtml Research by Sullivan]<br />
*[http://pondside.uchicago.edu/%7Efeder/MSS/overcome.html Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'']<br />
*[http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/projects/wolbachia/china_wolbachia.html Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=12224Wolbachia pipientis2007-06-01T10:16:49Z<p>Vilee: /* Pathology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher Order Taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome: - ''<font size="2">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=163164 Wolbachia pipientis wMel] '''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Wolbachia pipientis are bacteria that infect a wide range of invertebrate, mainly arthropods and numerous insects. Wolbachia is one of the most common pathogens on Earth that infect the reproductive system of insects; it is estimated with more than 18% of insects are infected by it including spider, mosquito, and flies. These gram-negative bacteria give various physical characteristics of its infection. The infection causes a variety of result including deterring chromosomal sex determination from gamete fertilization. Also, it may initiate parthenogenesis that causes growth and development without fertilization by sperm because it can selectively kill males; thus, it creates a detrimental competition against sperm and causes cytoplasmic incompatibility in fertilized eggs. Although the types of hosts that Wolbachia infect are insignificant, their uniqueness in altering reproduction has caught many scientist to research the biology of infection and their potential use for controlling pest and pathosis.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Cellular examination of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red.]] <br />
<br />
‘’Wolbachia’’ is a parasitic bacteria that infects reproductive system of insects which ultimately affects their linage continuation. The symbiosis between the bacteria and host is complex. Depending on the interaction, it ranges from mutualism to parasitism. The bacteria infect different types of organ, but the remarkable characteristic is their ability to alter the way maternal genes are passed on to the next generation by infecting the testes and ovaries of their hosts. <br />
There are four different phenotypes expressed:<br />
* male killing (death of infected males). This selectively allows females to survive and more likely to reproduce even in the absence of males. <br />
*feminization (infected males grow as either fully fertile females or infertile pseudo-females) <br />
*parthenogenesis(reproduction of infected females asexually) <br />
*Cytoplasmic incompatibility (the inability of ‘’Wolbachia’’-infected males to successfully reproduce with uninfected females). This method causes a certain ‘’Wolbachia’’ strain to be more dominant over the others.<br />
Furthermore, ‘’Wolbachia’’ are not found in mature sperms, but are found in mature eggs. So, the infection is carried along to offspring by infected females but not males.<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
*The bacteria were first identified in 1924 by Hertig and Wolbach in ''Culex pipiens'', a species of mosquito<br />
*Research by Sullivan uncovers modus operandi of parasitic bacterium in insects<br />
*Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'': natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility<br />
*Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission: Toward the genetic manipulation of crop pests<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
===Genome Structure===<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]<br />
<br />
===Pathology===<br />
*[http://microbiology.ucsc.edu/confocal.html Sullivan's laboratory confocal microscopy examination.]<br />
<br />
===Current Research===<br />
* M. Hertig & S. B. Wolbach (1924). "Studies on ''Rickettsia''-like microorganisms in insects". ''Journal of Medical Research'' 44: 329–374<br />
*[http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2005/10/28/sullivan/index.shtml Research by Sullivan]<br />
*[http://pondside.uchicago.edu/%7Efeder/MSS/overcome.html Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'']<br />
*[http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/projects/wolbachia/china_wolbachia.html Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=12205Wolbachia pipientis2007-06-01T06:46:23Z<p>Vilee: /* Current Research */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher Order Taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome: - ''<font size="2">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=163164 Wolbachia pipientis wMel] '''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Wolbachia pipientis are bacteria that infect a wide range of invertebrate, mainly arthropods and numerous insects. Wolbachia is one of the most common pathogens on Earth that infect the reproductive system of insects; it is estimated with more than 18% of insects are infected by it including spider, mosquito, and flies. These gram-negative bacteria give various physical characteristics of its infection. The infection causes a variety of result including deterring chromosomal sex determination from gamete fertilization. Also, it may initiate parthenogenesis that causes growth and development without fertilization by sperm because it can selectively kill males; thus, it creates a detrimental competition against sperm and causes cytoplasmic incompatibility in fertilized eggs. Although the types of hosts that Wolbachia infect are insignificant, their uniqueness in altering reproduction has caught many scientist to research the biology of infection and their potential use for controlling pest and pathosis.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Cellular examination of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red.]] <br />
<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
*The bacteria were first identified in 1924 by Hertig and Wolbach in ''Culex pipiens'', a species of mosquito<br />
*Research by Sullivan uncovers modus operandi of parasitic bacterium in insects<br />
*Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'': natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility<br />
*Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission: Toward the genetic manipulation of crop pests<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
===Genome Structure===<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]<br />
<br />
===Pathology===<br />
*[http://microbiology.ucsc.edu/confocal.html Sullivan's laboratory confocal microscopy examination.]<br />
<br />
===Current Research===<br />
* M. Hertig & S. B. Wolbach (1924). "Studies on ''Rickettsia''-like microorganisms in insects". ''Journal of Medical Research'' 44: 329–374<br />
*[http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2005/10/28/sullivan/index.shtml Research by Sullivan]<br />
*[http://pondside.uchicago.edu/%7Efeder/MSS/overcome.html Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'']<br />
*[http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/projects/wolbachia/china_wolbachia.html Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=12203Wolbachia pipientis2007-06-01T06:45:55Z<p>Vilee: /* Current Research */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher Order Taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome: - ''<font size="2">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=163164 Wolbachia pipientis wMel] '''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Wolbachia pipientis are bacteria that infect a wide range of invertebrate, mainly arthropods and numerous insects. Wolbachia is one of the most common pathogens on Earth that infect the reproductive system of insects; it is estimated with more than 18% of insects are infected by it including spider, mosquito, and flies. These gram-negative bacteria give various physical characteristics of its infection. The infection causes a variety of result including deterring chromosomal sex determination from gamete fertilization. Also, it may initiate parthenogenesis that causes growth and development without fertilization by sperm because it can selectively kill males; thus, it creates a detrimental competition against sperm and causes cytoplasmic incompatibility in fertilized eggs. Although the types of hosts that Wolbachia infect are insignificant, their uniqueness in altering reproduction has caught many scientist to research the biology of infection and their potential use for controlling pest and pathosis.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Cellular examination of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red.]] <br />
<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
*The bacteria were first identified in 1924 by Hertig and Wolbach in ''Culex pipiens'', a species of mosquito<br />
*Research by Sullivan uncovers modus operandi of parasitic bacterium in insects<br />
*Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'': natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility<br />
*Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission: Toward the genetic manipulation of crop pests<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
===Genome Structure===<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]<br />
<br />
===Pathology===<br />
*[http://microbiology.ucsc.edu/confocal.html Sullivan's laboratory confocal microscopy examination.]<br />
<br />
===Current Research===<br />
*[http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2005/10/28/sullivan/index.shtml Research by Sullivan]<br />
*[http://pondside.uchicago.edu/%7Efeder/MSS/overcome.html Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'']<br />
*[http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/projects/wolbachia/china_wolbachia.html Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=12201Wolbachia pipientis2007-06-01T06:44:46Z<p>Vilee: /* Current Research */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher Order Taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome: - ''<font size="2">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=163164 Wolbachia pipientis wMel] '''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Wolbachia pipientis are bacteria that infect a wide range of invertebrate, mainly arthropods and numerous insects. Wolbachia is one of the most common pathogens on Earth that infect the reproductive system of insects; it is estimated with more than 18% of insects are infected by it including spider, mosquito, and flies. These gram-negative bacteria give various physical characteristics of its infection. The infection causes a variety of result including deterring chromosomal sex determination from gamete fertilization. Also, it may initiate parthenogenesis that causes growth and development without fertilization by sperm because it can selectively kill males; thus, it creates a detrimental competition against sperm and causes cytoplasmic incompatibility in fertilized eggs. Although the types of hosts that Wolbachia infect are insignificant, their uniqueness in altering reproduction has caught many scientist to research the biology of infection and their potential use for controlling pest and pathosis.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Cellular examination of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red.]] <br />
<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
*The bacteria were first identified in 1924 by Hertig and Wolbach in ''Culex pipiens'', a species of mosquito.<ref>{{Cite journal <br />
| author = [[M. Hertig]] & [[S. B. Wolbach]]<br />
| year = 1924<br />
| title = Studies on ''Rickettsia''-like microorganisms in insects<br />
| journal = [[Journal of Medical Research]]<br />
| volume = 44<br />
| pages = 329&ndash;374<br />
}}</ref> <br />
*Research by Sullivan uncovers modus operandi of parasitic bacterium in insects<br />
*Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'': natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility<br />
*Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission: Toward the genetic manipulation of crop pests<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
===Genome Structure===<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]<br />
<br />
===Pathology===<br />
*[http://microbiology.ucsc.edu/confocal.html Sullivan's laboratory confocal microscopy examination.]<br />
<br />
===Current Research===<br />
*[http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2005/10/28/sullivan/index.shtml Research by Sullivan]<br />
*[http://pondside.uchicago.edu/%7Efeder/MSS/overcome.html Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'']<br />
*[http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/projects/wolbachia/china_wolbachia.html Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=12200Wolbachia pipientis2007-06-01T06:42:37Z<p>Vilee: /* Current Research */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher Order Taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome: - ''<font size="2">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=163164 Wolbachia pipientis wMel] '''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Wolbachia pipientis are bacteria that infect a wide range of invertebrate, mainly arthropods and numerous insects. Wolbachia is one of the most common pathogens on Earth that infect the reproductive system of insects; it is estimated with more than 18% of insects are infected by it including spider, mosquito, and flies. These gram-negative bacteria give various physical characteristics of its infection. The infection causes a variety of result including deterring chromosomal sex determination from gamete fertilization. Also, it may initiate parthenogenesis that causes growth and development without fertilization by sperm because it can selectively kill males; thus, it creates a detrimental competition against sperm and causes cytoplasmic incompatibility in fertilized eggs. Although the types of hosts that Wolbachia infect are insignificant, their uniqueness in altering reproduction has caught many scientist to research the biology of infection and their potential use for controlling pest and pathosis.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Cellular examination of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red.]] <br />
<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
*The bacteria were first identified in 1924 by Hertig and Wolbach in ''Culex pipiens'', a species of [[mosquito]].<ref>{{Cite journal <br />
| author = [[M. Hertig]] & [[S. B. Wolbach]]<br />
| year = 1924<br />
| title = Studies on ''Rickettsia''-like microorganisms in insects<br />
| journal = [[Journal of Medical Research]]<br />
| volume = 44<br />
| pages = 329&ndash;374<br />
}}</ref> <br />
*Research by Sullivan uncovers modus operandi of parasitic bacterium in insects<br />
*Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'': natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility<br />
*Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission: Toward the genetic manipulation of crop pests<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
===Genome Structure===<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]<br />
<br />
===Pathology===<br />
*[http://microbiology.ucsc.edu/confocal.html Sullivan's laboratory confocal microscopy examination.]<br />
<br />
===Current Research===<br />
*[http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2005/10/28/sullivan/index.shtml Research by Sullivan]<br />
*[http://pondside.uchicago.edu/%7Efeder/MSS/overcome.html Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'']<br />
*[http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/projects/wolbachia/china_wolbachia.html Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=12199Wolbachia pipientis2007-06-01T06:40:00Z<p>Vilee: /* Description and Significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher Order Taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome: - ''<font size="2">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=163164 Wolbachia pipientis wMel] '''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Wolbachia pipientis are bacteria that infect a wide range of invertebrate, mainly arthropods and numerous insects. Wolbachia is one of the most common pathogens on Earth that infect the reproductive system of insects; it is estimated with more than 18% of insects are infected by it including spider, mosquito, and flies. These gram-negative bacteria give various physical characteristics of its infection. The infection causes a variety of result including deterring chromosomal sex determination from gamete fertilization. Also, it may initiate parthenogenesis that causes growth and development without fertilization by sperm because it can selectively kill males; thus, it creates a detrimental competition against sperm and causes cytoplasmic incompatibility in fertilized eggs. Although the types of hosts that Wolbachia infect are insignificant, their uniqueness in altering reproduction has caught many scientist to research the biology of infection and their potential use for controlling pest and pathosis.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Cellular examination of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red.]] <br />
<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
*Research by Sullivan uncovers modus operandi of parasitic bacterium in insects<br />
*Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'': natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility<br />
*Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission: Toward the genetic manipulation of crop pests<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
===Genome Structure===<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]<br />
<br />
===Pathology===<br />
*[http://microbiology.ucsc.edu/confocal.html Sullivan's laboratory confocal microscopy examination.]<br />
<br />
===Current Research===<br />
*[http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2005/10/28/sullivan/index.shtml Research by Sullivan]<br />
*[http://pondside.uchicago.edu/%7Efeder/MSS/overcome.html Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'']<br />
*[http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/projects/wolbachia/china_wolbachia.html Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=12172Wolbachia pipientis2007-06-01T05:37:53Z<p>Vilee: /* Species */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher Order Taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome: - ''<font size="2">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=163164 Wolbachia pipientis wMel] '''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Cellular examination of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red.]] <br />
<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
*Research by Sullivan uncovers modus operandi of parasitic bacterium in insects<br />
*Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'': natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility<br />
*Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission: Toward the genetic manipulation of crop pests<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
===Genome Structure===<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]<br />
<br />
===Pathology===<br />
*[http://microbiology.ucsc.edu/confocal.html Sullivan's laboratory confocal microscopy examination.]<br />
<br />
===Current Research===<br />
*[http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2005/10/28/sullivan/index.shtml Research by Sullivan]<br />
*[http://pondside.uchicago.edu/%7Efeder/MSS/overcome.html Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'']<br />
*[http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/projects/wolbachia/china_wolbachia.html Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=12171Wolbachia pipientis2007-06-01T05:37:26Z<p>Vilee: /* Species */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher Order Taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome: -''<font size="2">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=163164 Wolbachia pipientis wMel] '''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Cellular examination of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red.]] <br />
<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
*Research by Sullivan uncovers modus operandi of parasitic bacterium in insects<br />
*Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'': natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility<br />
*Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission: Toward the genetic manipulation of crop pests<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
===Genome Structure===<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]<br />
<br />
===Pathology===<br />
*[http://microbiology.ucsc.edu/confocal.html Sullivan's laboratory confocal microscopy examination.]<br />
<br />
===Current Research===<br />
*[http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2005/10/28/sullivan/index.shtml Research by Sullivan]<br />
*[http://pondside.uchicago.edu/%7Efeder/MSS/overcome.html Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'']<br />
*[http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/projects/wolbachia/china_wolbachia.html Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=12169Wolbachia pipientis2007-06-01T05:36:38Z<p>Vilee: /* Species */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher Order Taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome: -''<font size="2">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/framik.cgi?db=Genome&gi=267 E. coli CFT073] -['''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Cellular examination of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red.]] <br />
<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
*Research by Sullivan uncovers modus operandi of parasitic bacterium in insects<br />
*Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'': natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility<br />
*Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission: Toward the genetic manipulation of crop pests<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
===Genome Structure===<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]<br />
<br />
===Pathology===<br />
*[http://microbiology.ucsc.edu/confocal.html Sullivan's laboratory confocal microscopy examination.]<br />
<br />
===Current Research===<br />
*[http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2005/10/28/sullivan/index.shtml Research by Sullivan]<br />
*[http://pondside.uchicago.edu/%7Efeder/MSS/overcome.html Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'']<br />
*[http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/projects/wolbachia/china_wolbachia.html Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=10295Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-03T17:17:56Z<p>Vilee: /* Pathology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher Order Taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Cellular examination of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red.]] <br />
<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
*Research by Sullivan uncovers modus operandi of parasitic bacterium in insects<br />
*Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'': natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility<br />
*Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission: Toward the genetic manipulation of crop pests<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
===Genome Structure===<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]<br />
<br />
===Pathology===<br />
*[http://microbiology.ucsc.edu/confocal.html Sullivan's laboratory confocal microscopy examination.]<br />
<br />
===Current Research===<br />
*[http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2005/10/28/sullivan/index.shtml Research by Sullivan]<br />
*[http://pondside.uchicago.edu/%7Efeder/MSS/overcome.html Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'']<br />
*[http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/projects/wolbachia/china_wolbachia.html Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=10291Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-03T17:17:11Z<p>Vilee: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher Order Taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Examination at the cellular level of the effects of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red.]] <br />
<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
*Research by Sullivan uncovers modus operandi of parasitic bacterium in insects<br />
*Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'': natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility<br />
*Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission: Toward the genetic manipulation of crop pests<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
===Genome Structure===<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]<br />
<br />
===Pathology===<br />
*[http://microbiology.ucsc.edu/confocal.html Sullivan's laboratory confocal microscopy examination.]<br />
<br />
===Current Research===<br />
*[http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2005/10/28/sullivan/index.shtml Research by Sullivan]<br />
*[http://pondside.uchicago.edu/%7Efeder/MSS/overcome.html Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'']<br />
*[http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/projects/wolbachia/china_wolbachia.html Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=10286Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-03T17:16:14Z<p>Vilee: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Examination at the cellular level of the effects of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red.]] <br />
<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
*Research by Sullivan uncovers modus operandi of parasitic bacterium in insects<br />
*Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'': natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility<br />
*Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission: Toward the genetic manipulation of crop pests<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
===Genome Structure===<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]<br />
<br />
===Pathology===<br />
*[http://microbiology.ucsc.edu/confocal.html Sullivan's laboratory confocal microscopy examination.]<br />
<br />
===Current Research===<br />
*[http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2005/10/28/sullivan/index.shtml Research by Sullivan]<br />
*[http://pondside.uchicago.edu/%7Efeder/MSS/overcome.html Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'']<br />
*[http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/projects/wolbachia/china_wolbachia.html Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=10275Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-03T17:14:00Z<p>Vilee: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Examination at the cellular level of the effects of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red.]] <br />
<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
*Research by Sullivan uncovers modus operandi of parasitic bacterium in insects<br />
*Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'': natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility<br />
*Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission: Toward the genetic manipulation of crop pests<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
===Genome structure===<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]<br />
<br />
===Current Research===<br />
*[http://www.cbse.ucsc.edu/news/2005/10/28/sullivan/index.shtml Research by Sullivan]<br />
*[http://pondside.uchicago.edu/%7Efeder/MSS/overcome.html Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'']<br />
*[http://mcknight.ccrp.cornell.edu/projects/wolbachia/china_wolbachia.html Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=10265Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-03T17:09:58Z<p>Vilee: /* Current Research */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Examination at the cellular level of the effects of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red.]] <br />
<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
*Research by Sullivan uncovers modus operandi of parasitic bacterium in insects<br />
*Interaction of ''Drosophila'' and its endosymbiont ''Wolbachia'': natural heat shock and the overcoming of sexual incompatibility<br />
*Using ''Wolbachia'' to reduce virus transmission: Toward the genetic manipulation of crop pests<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=10250Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-03T17:05:38Z<p>Vilee: /* Pathology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|frame|right| Examination at the cellular level of the effects of the bacteria ''Wolbachia'' on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly ''D. melanogaster''. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red.]] <br />
<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=10245Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-03T17:04:03Z<p>Vilee: /* Pathology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|thumb|500px|right|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]] <br />
<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=10240Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-03T17:03:41Z<p>Vilee: /* Pathology */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont [[Image:Confocal2.jpg|thumb|500px|right|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]] of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=10238Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-03T17:03:25Z<p>Vilee: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, [[Image:Confocal2.jpg|thumb|500px|right|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=10233Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-03T17:02:58Z<p>Vilee: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg|thumb|500px|right|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=7456Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-01T04:12:39Z<p>Vilee: /* Genome structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=7453Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-01T04:09:47Z<p>Vilee: /* Genome structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|right|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=7452Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-01T04:09:26Z<p>Vilee: /* Genome structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia genome.jpg|frame|left|A schematic of the circular Wolbachia genome. Credit: Julie Dunning Hotopp and Seth Bordenstein, 2005.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|right|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=7450Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-01T04:09:04Z<p>Vilee: /* Genome structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|right|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia genome.jpg|frame|left|A schematic of the circular Wolbachia genome. Credit: Julie Dunning Hotopp and Seth Bordenstein, 2005.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=7449Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-01T04:08:50Z<p>Vilee: /* Genome structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|right|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia genome.jpg|frame|left|A schematic of the circular Wolbachia genome. Credit: Julie Dunning Hotopp and Seth Bordenstein, 2005.]]<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=7448Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-01T04:08:09Z<p>Vilee: /* Genome structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|right|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia genome.jpg|frame|left|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=7447Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-01T04:07:49Z<p>Vilee: /* Genome structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|right|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia genome.jpg|frame|right|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=7446Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-01T04:06:38Z<p>Vilee: /* Genome structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|right|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
*[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=7445Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-01T04:06:18Z<p>Vilee: /* Description and Significance: */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|right|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
*[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
*[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=7441Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-01T04:05:25Z<p>Vilee: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|right|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
[[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]]<br />
[[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=7434Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-01T04:02:54Z<p>Vilee: /* Description and Significance: */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|right|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
[http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03106_images.htm Office of Legislative & Public Affairs]<br />
[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=7430Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-01T04:00:53Z<p>Vilee: /* Genome structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|right|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=7429Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-01T04:00:44Z<p>Vilee: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|right|Statistics for Wolbachia pipientis ]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=7425Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-01T03:59:03Z<p>Vilee: /* Genome structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|right|]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=7423Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-01T03:58:35Z<p>Vilee: /* Genome structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|400px|right|]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=7422Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-01T03:58:13Z<p>Vilee: /* Genome structure */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|thumb|500px|right|]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=7421Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-01T03:57:33Z<p>Vilee: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|frame|right|]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
[http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?database=dmg Genome data for Wolbachia pipientis (TIGR)]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=7416Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-01T03:55:37Z<p>Vilee: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|frame|right|]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=7415Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-01T03:53:54Z<p>Vilee: /* Description and significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|frame|right|A schematic of the circular Wolbachia genome. Credit: Julie Dunning Hotopp and Seth Bordenstein, 2005.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=7414Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-01T03:53:17Z<p>Vilee: /* Description and significance */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Confocal2.jpg |frame|left|Examination at the cellular level the effects of the bacteria Wolbachia on reproductive mechanisms of the fruit fly D. melanogaster. In this image, DNA is labeled green, and Wolbachia are red. From [http://microbiology.ucsc.edu/confocal.html UC Santa Cruz Confocal Microscopy Facility]]]<br />
<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|frame|right|A schematic of the circular Wolbachia genome. Credit: Julie Dunning Hotopp and Seth Bordenstein, 2005.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
<br />
==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
<br />
==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
===Description and Significance:===<br />
[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]</div>Vileehttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Wolbachia_pipientis&diff=7413Wolbachia pipientis2007-05-01T03:52:48Z<p>Vilee: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
<br />
[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg |thumb|450px|right|In a stained egg of the small parasitic wasp, ''Trichogramma kaykai'', are brightly staining ''Wolbachia''. The bacteria accumulate at the end of the egg that is destined to develop into the reproductive organs. Wolbachia induce the eggs of this wasp to develop into female offspring without fertilization. Photo Credit: Merijn Salverda and Richard Stouthamer.]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rickettsiales; Rickettsiaceae; Wolbachieae; Wolbachia<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Wolbachia pipientis''<br />
<br />
{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Genus species''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
Wolbachia are gram-negative bacteria that form intracellular inherited infections in many invertebrates. They are extremely common with 20-75% of all insects being infected. Moreover they infect numerous non-insect invertebrates including nematodes, mites and spiders. The limits of the host range of Wolbachia are not fully appreciated at this time. Much of the success of Wolbachia can be attributed to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. These range from classical mutualism to reproductive parasitism as characterized by the ability of Wolbachia to override chromosomal sex determination, induce parthenogenesis, selectively kill males, influence sperm competition and generate cytoplasmic incompatibility in early embryos. The unique biology of Wolbachia has attracted a growing number of researchers interested in questions ranging from the evolutionary implications of infection through to the use of this agent for pest and disease control<br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Table.JPG|frame|right|A schematic of the circular Wolbachia genome. Credit: Julie Dunning Hotopp and Seth Bordenstein, 2005.]]<br />
<br />
Analysis of the genome, in particular phylogenomic comparisons with other intracellular bacteria, has revealed many insights into the biology and evolution of Wolbachia. For example, the genome is unique among sequenced obligate intracellular species in both being highly streamlined and containing very high levels of repetitive DNA and mobile DNA elements. This observation, coupled with multiple evolutionary reconstructions, suggests that natural selection is somewhat inefficient, most likely owing to the occurrence of repeated population bottlenecks.<br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Genome analysis predicts many metabolic differences with the closely related Rickettsia species, including the presence of intact glycolysis and purine synthesis, which may compensate for an inability to obtain ATP directly from its host, as Rickettsia can. Other discoveries include the apparent inability of Wolbachia to synthesize lipopolysaccharide.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
Despite the ability of Wolbachia to infect the germline of its host, no evidence has yet been found for either recent lateral gene transfer between Wolbachia and D. melanogaster or older transfers between Wolbachia and any host. Evolutionary analysis further supports the hypothesis that mitochondria share a common ancestor with the alpha-Proteobacteria, but shows little support for the grouping of mitochondria with species in the order Rickettsiales.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
Wolbachia, a bacterial endosymbiont of diverse arthropods, affects its host's reproduction and so is consequential for its host's fitness. In the fruit fly. Host interactions are complex and range from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the combination of host and Wolbachia involved. Most striking are the various forms of “reproductive parasitism” that serve to alter host reproduction in order to enhance the transmission of this maternally inherited agent. These include parthenogenesis (infected females reproducing in the absence of mating to produce infected female offspring), feminization (infected males being converted into functional phenotypic females), male-killing (infected male embryos being selectively killed), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (in its simplest form, the developmental arrest of offspring of uninfected females when mated to infected males).<br />
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==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
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==Current Research==<br />
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Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
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==References==<br />
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===Description and Significance:===<br />
[http://wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au/about.cfm Wolbachia - wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au]</div>Vilee