https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=WikiAdmin&feedformat=atommicrobewiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-19T06:18:10ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Acetobacter&diff=4978Acetobacter2006-08-10T14:17:44Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
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<div>{|<br />
| width="87" height="69" bgcolor="#FFDF95" align="center" |<br />
'''NCBI:<br />[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=434&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]<br /> Genome'''<br />
|}<br />
[[Image:acetobacter.JPG|frame|right|Electron micrograph of ''Acetobacter diazotrophicus'' cells held together by a mucilage-type material found inside the sugarcane tissue that was colonized by this bacterium. [http://ag.arizona.edu/PLP/faculty/pages/kennedy.html From The University of Arizona]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br style="clear:both" /><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa:</h3><br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae<br/><br />
<br />
<h3>Species:</h3><br />
''Acetobacter calcoaceticus''; ''Acetobacter cerevisiae''; ''Acetobacter cibinongensis''; ''Acetobacter diazotrophicus''; ''Acetobacter estunensis''; ''Acetobacter indonesiensis''; ''Acetobacter lovaniensis''; ''Acetobacter malorum''; ''Acetobacter orientalis''; ''Acetobacter orleanensis''; ''Acetobacter pasteurianus''; ''Acetobacter peroxydans''; ''Acetobacter polyoxogenes''; ''Acetobacter pomorum''; ''Acetobacter'' subgen. ''Acetobacter aceti''; ''Acetobacter syzygii''; ''Acetobacter tropicalis''; ''Acetobacter'' sp.<br /><br />
<br style="clear:both;"/><br />
<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br /><br />
''Acetobacter'' bacteria, such as ''Acetobacter diazotrophicus'' that can be isolated from coffee plants or sugarcane, are acid-producing, nitrogen-fixing bacteria. In fact, the ''A. diazotrophicus''-sugarcane relationship, first observed in Brazil, was the first report of a beneficial symbiotic relationship between grasses and bacteria through nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are important in modern agriculture - exploiting these bacteria would decrease the present dependency on nitrogen fertilizers, which would have positive results for the ecosystem and the health of humans and other animals. Other strains can be found in samples from Japanese rice vinegar (komesu) or unpolished rice vinegar (kurosu).<br />
<br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br /><br />
''Acetobacter'' bacterial genomes currently have yet to be sequenced.<br /><br />
<br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br /><br />
''Acetobacter'' is an obligatory aerobic, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that is known for producing acid as a result of metabolic processes. While all nitrogen-fixing bacteria contain nitrogenase in order to utilize atmospheric nitrogen gas as a source for metabolic biosynthesis, different nitrogen-fixing microorganisms protect the oxygen-sensitive microorgansims from oxygen exposure in different ways. ''A. diazotrophicus'' has been called interesting because it carries out nitrogen fixation under aerobic conditions. It needs oxygen for the production of large quantities of ATP required for nitrogen fixation; however, little is known about the mechanism or system that protects the nitrogenase under aerobic conditions. ''A. diazotrophicus'' is a plant endophyte and has been said to be capable of excreting about half of its fixed nitrogen in a form that plants can use.<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2><br /><br />
[[Image:Acetobacter2.JPG|frame|left|Electron micrograph of a sugarcane stem<br /> with ''Acetobacter diazotrophicus'' colonization.<br /> [http://ag.arizona.edu/PLP/faculty/pages/kennedy.html From The University of Arizona]]]''Acetobacter'' bacteria can be found in symbiotic relationships with many different plants, such as sugarcane and coffee plants, as well as in fermenting vinegar. Endophytes are prokaryotes that associate with plants by colonizing their internal tissues. Many of these bacteria have been observed to promote plant growth, but the mechanisms behind this relationship are not yet fully understood. Below is a table of places where ''A. diazotrophicus'' can be found.<br />
{| border="1" align= "right"<br />
|-<br />
| Sugarcane<br />
| root, root hair, stem, leaf<br />
|-<br />
| Cameroon grass<br />
|root, stem<br />
|-<br />
|Sweet potato<br />
|root, stem tuber<br />
|-<br />
|Coffee<br />
|root, rhizosphere, stem<br />
|-<br />
|Ragi<br />
|root, rhizosphere, stem<br />
|-<br />
|Tea<br />
|root<br />
|-<br />
|Pineapple<br />
|fruit<br />
|-<br />
|Mango<br />
|fruit<br />
|-<br />
|Banana<br />
|rhizosphere<br />
|-<br />
|Others - mealy bugs, VAM spores<br />
|internal environment<br />
<caption>'''Table from Muthukumarasamy et al. 2002'''</caption><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
<br /><br />
<br /><br />
<br /><br />
<br /><br />
<br /><br />
<br /><br />
<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
<br /><br />
<br style="clear:both;"/><br />
<br />
<h2>Vinegar</h2><br />
In Japan, the polished rice vinegar komesu and the unpolished rice vinegar kurosu are traditional seasonings that are made through saccharification of rice, alcohol fermentation, and oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid. The traditional and most common method for producing these vinegars is called static surface acetic acid fermentation: an alcoholic liquid with vinegar, called moromi, is fermented in covered containers to prevent bacterial contamination; after a few days, a crepe pellicle of acetic acid bacteria, which are generally in the ''Acetobacter'' genera, covers the moromi surface and the fermentation is allowed to continue for about a month. Weak acid acetate is a typical product of microbial metabolism and is known for its cytotoxic effects like the retardation of growth. This is related to the "weak lipophilic nature of the undissociated acid that enables the molecule to cross the cytoplasmic membrane" (Steiner and Sauer 2001). This movement of molecules is thought to throw off ion gradients, increase the internal acetate concentration, and/or disrupt the natural processes of the membrane. Very few microorganisms are known to be relatively resistant to high concentrations of acetate; bacteria in the genera ''Acetobacter'' and ''Gluconobacter'', both of which are used in static vinegar fermentation, are two of the most known acetic acid bacteria (Steiner and Sauer 2001).<br />
<br />
<h1>References</h1><br />
<h3>General:</h3><br />
* The University of Arizona: [http://ag.arizona.edu/PLP/faculty/pages/kennedy.html Importance of Biological Nitrogen Fixation]<br />
<br />
<h3>Cell Structure and Metabolism:</h3><br />
<br />
* Flores-Encarnacion, M., M. Contreras-Zentella, L. Soto-Urzua, G. R. Aguilar, B. E. Baca, and J. E. Escamilla. 1999. "[http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94173/ The respiratory system and diazotrophic activity of ''Acetobacter'' diazotrophicus PAL5.]" Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 181, no. 22. American Society for Microbiology. (6987-6995)<br />
<br />
<h3>Ecology:</h3><br />
<br />
* Muthukumarasamy, R., G. Revathi, S. Seshadri, and C. Lakshminarasimhan. 2002. "Glucon''Acetobacter'' diazotrophicus (syn. ''Acetobacter'' diazotrophicus), a promising diazotrophic endophyte in tropics." Current Science, vol. 83, no. 2. (137-145)<br />
<br />
<h3>Vinegar</h3><br />
<br />
* Nanda, Kumiko, Mariko Taniguchi, Satoshi Ujike, Nobuhiro Ishihara, Hirotaka Mori, Hisayo Ono, and Yoshikatsu Murooka. 2001. "[http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92679/ Characterization of acetic acid bacteria in traditional acetic acid fermentation of rice vinegar (komesu) and unpolished rice vinegar (kurosu) produced in Japan.]" Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 67, no. 2. American Society for Microbiology. (986-990)<br />
* Steiner, Peter and Uwe Sauer. 2001. "[http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93332/ Proteins induced during adaptation of ''Acetobacter'' aceti to high acetate concentrations.]" Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 67, no. 12. American Society for Microbiology. (5474-5481)</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Acetobacter&diff=4977Acetobacter2006-08-10T14:17:26Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
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<div>{|<br />
| width="87" height="69" bgcolor="#FFDF95" align="center" |<br />
'''NCBI:<br />[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=434&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]<br /> Genome'''<br />
|}<br />
this is a test<br />
[[Image:acetobacter.JPG|frame|right|Electron micrograph of ''Acetobacter diazotrophicus'' cells held together by a mucilage-type material found inside the sugarcane tissue that was colonized by this bacterium. [http://ag.arizona.edu/PLP/faculty/pages/kennedy.html From The University of Arizona]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br style="clear:both" /><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa:</h3><br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Acetobacteraceae<br/><br />
<br />
<h3>Species:</h3><br />
''Acetobacter calcoaceticus''; ''Acetobacter cerevisiae''; ''Acetobacter cibinongensis''; ''Acetobacter diazotrophicus''; ''Acetobacter estunensis''; ''Acetobacter indonesiensis''; ''Acetobacter lovaniensis''; ''Acetobacter malorum''; ''Acetobacter orientalis''; ''Acetobacter orleanensis''; ''Acetobacter pasteurianus''; ''Acetobacter peroxydans''; ''Acetobacter polyoxogenes''; ''Acetobacter pomorum''; ''Acetobacter'' subgen. ''Acetobacter aceti''; ''Acetobacter syzygii''; ''Acetobacter tropicalis''; ''Acetobacter'' sp.<br /><br />
<br style="clear:both;"/><br />
<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br /><br />
''Acetobacter'' bacteria, such as ''Acetobacter diazotrophicus'' that can be isolated from coffee plants or sugarcane, are acid-producing, nitrogen-fixing bacteria. In fact, the ''A. diazotrophicus''-sugarcane relationship, first observed in Brazil, was the first report of a beneficial symbiotic relationship between grasses and bacteria through nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are important in modern agriculture - exploiting these bacteria would decrease the present dependency on nitrogen fertilizers, which would have positive results for the ecosystem and the health of humans and other animals. Other strains can be found in samples from Japanese rice vinegar (komesu) or unpolished rice vinegar (kurosu).<br />
<br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br /><br />
''Acetobacter'' bacterial genomes currently have yet to be sequenced.<br /><br />
<br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br /><br />
''Acetobacter'' is an obligatory aerobic, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that is known for producing acid as a result of metabolic processes. While all nitrogen-fixing bacteria contain nitrogenase in order to utilize atmospheric nitrogen gas as a source for metabolic biosynthesis, different nitrogen-fixing microorganisms protect the oxygen-sensitive microorgansims from oxygen exposure in different ways. ''A. diazotrophicus'' has been called interesting because it carries out nitrogen fixation under aerobic conditions. It needs oxygen for the production of large quantities of ATP required for nitrogen fixation; however, little is known about the mechanism or system that protects the nitrogenase under aerobic conditions. ''A. diazotrophicus'' is a plant endophyte and has been said to be capable of excreting about half of its fixed nitrogen in a form that plants can use.<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2><br /><br />
[[Image:Acetobacter2.JPG|frame|left|Electron micrograph of a sugarcane stem<br /> with ''Acetobacter diazotrophicus'' colonization.<br /> [http://ag.arizona.edu/PLP/faculty/pages/kennedy.html From The University of Arizona]]]''Acetobacter'' bacteria can be found in symbiotic relationships with many different plants, such as sugarcane and coffee plants, as well as in fermenting vinegar. Endophytes are prokaryotes that associate with plants by colonizing their internal tissues. Many of these bacteria have been observed to promote plant growth, but the mechanisms behind this relationship are not yet fully understood. Below is a table of places where ''A. diazotrophicus'' can be found.<br />
{| border="1" align= "right"<br />
|-<br />
| Sugarcane<br />
| root, root hair, stem, leaf<br />
|-<br />
| Cameroon grass<br />
|root, stem<br />
|-<br />
|Sweet potato<br />
|root, stem tuber<br />
|-<br />
|Coffee<br />
|root, rhizosphere, stem<br />
|-<br />
|Ragi<br />
|root, rhizosphere, stem<br />
|-<br />
|Tea<br />
|root<br />
|-<br />
|Pineapple<br />
|fruit<br />
|-<br />
|Mango<br />
|fruit<br />
|-<br />
|Banana<br />
|rhizosphere<br />
|-<br />
|Others - mealy bugs, VAM spores<br />
|internal environment<br />
<caption>'''Table from Muthukumarasamy et al. 2002'''</caption><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
<br /><br />
<br /><br />
<br /><br />
<br /><br />
<br /><br />
<br /><br />
<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
<br /><br />
<br style="clear:both;"/><br />
<br />
<h2>Vinegar</h2><br />
In Japan, the polished rice vinegar komesu and the unpolished rice vinegar kurosu are traditional seasonings that are made through saccharification of rice, alcohol fermentation, and oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid. The traditional and most common method for producing these vinegars is called static surface acetic acid fermentation: an alcoholic liquid with vinegar, called moromi, is fermented in covered containers to prevent bacterial contamination; after a few days, a crepe pellicle of acetic acid bacteria, which are generally in the ''Acetobacter'' genera, covers the moromi surface and the fermentation is allowed to continue for about a month. Weak acid acetate is a typical product of microbial metabolism and is known for its cytotoxic effects like the retardation of growth. This is related to the "weak lipophilic nature of the undissociated acid that enables the molecule to cross the cytoplasmic membrane" (Steiner and Sauer 2001). This movement of molecules is thought to throw off ion gradients, increase the internal acetate concentration, and/or disrupt the natural processes of the membrane. Very few microorganisms are known to be relatively resistant to high concentrations of acetate; bacteria in the genera ''Acetobacter'' and ''Gluconobacter'', both of which are used in static vinegar fermentation, are two of the most known acetic acid bacteria (Steiner and Sauer 2001).<br />
<br />
<h1>References</h1><br />
<h3>General:</h3><br />
* The University of Arizona: [http://ag.arizona.edu/PLP/faculty/pages/kennedy.html Importance of Biological Nitrogen Fixation]<br />
<br />
<h3>Cell Structure and Metabolism:</h3><br />
<br />
* Flores-Encarnacion, M., M. Contreras-Zentella, L. Soto-Urzua, G. R. Aguilar, B. E. Baca, and J. E. Escamilla. 1999. "[http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94173/ The respiratory system and diazotrophic activity of ''Acetobacter'' diazotrophicus PAL5.]" Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 181, no. 22. American Society for Microbiology. (6987-6995)<br />
<br />
<h3>Ecology:</h3><br />
<br />
* Muthukumarasamy, R., G. Revathi, S. Seshadri, and C. Lakshminarasimhan. 2002. "Glucon''Acetobacter'' diazotrophicus (syn. ''Acetobacter'' diazotrophicus), a promising diazotrophic endophyte in tropics." Current Science, vol. 83, no. 2. (137-145)<br />
<br />
<h3>Vinegar</h3><br />
<br />
* Nanda, Kumiko, Mariko Taniguchi, Satoshi Ujike, Nobuhiro Ishihara, Hirotaka Mori, Hisayo Ono, and Yoshikatsu Murooka. 2001. "[http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92679/ Characterization of acetic acid bacteria in traditional acetic acid fermentation of rice vinegar (komesu) and unpolished rice vinegar (kurosu) produced in Japan.]" Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 67, no. 2. American Society for Microbiology. (986-990)<br />
* Steiner, Peter and Uwe Sauer. 2001. "[http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93332/ Proteins induced during adaptation of ''Acetobacter'' aceti to high acetate concentrations.]" Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 67, no. 12. American Society for Microbiology. (5474-5481)</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Zooxanthellae&diff=4976Zooxanthellae2006-08-10T14:12:46Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
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<div>{| width="50" border="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
| height="69" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI:<br />[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2949&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Symbiodinium]<br /> Genome '''<br />
|}<br />
[[image:Zoox_1.jpg|frame|right|Zooxanthellae sp.[http://www.coris.noaa.gov/about/biology/biology.html Photo by Scott R. Santos.]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa</h3><br />
Eukaryota; Alveolata; Dinophyceae<br />
<h3>Species:</h3><br />
''Symbiodinium microadriaticum''<br />
''Symbiodinium californium''<br />
''Symbiodinium mustcatinei''<br />
<br style="clear:both" /><br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Zooxanthellae species are members of the phylum [[Dinoflagellata]].<br />
However, this is not a taxonomic name. Instead, it refers to a variety<br />
of species that form symbiotic relationships with other marine<br />
organisms, particularly coral. The most common genus is <em>Symbiodinium</em>.<br />
Not all Zooxanthellae are endosymbionts; some are free-living.<br />
Typically, Zooxanthellae form relationships with organisms simply<br />
because they inhabit the same area. However, there are other ways for<br />
organisms to acquire Zooanthellae endosymbionts. In the sea anenome <i>Anthopleura ballii</i>, Zooxanthellae are inherited maternally. This, however, is a rare phenomenon.<br />
<br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
There is not yet an extensive body of research on the numerous genome structures within the Zooxanthellae category.<br />
<br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
[[image:463115b.jpg|frame|left|250px| Zooxanthellae in Xenia.<br />
[http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=zoox2 W. B. Rudman, "Zooxanthellae in Cnidarians."]]]<br />
Zooxanthellae are unicellular organisms with a spherical shape. They have two flagella, although these are lost if the organism is acquired by a host. This is called the coccoid state.<br />
<br />
Zooxanthellae are mixotrophic organisms. They are mainly photosynthetic organisms (photoautotrophic). However, some species can also obtain food by ingesting other organisms.<br />
<br />
Asexual reproduction by division is the most common form of reproduction. Zooxanthellae typically spend their entire life on the organism to which they are attached. The exception is when coral bleaching occurs, and the Zooxanthellae are expelled from the coral.<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2><br />
Zooxanthellae are known for their symbiotic relationships with<br />
coral. Zooxanthellae often suffer from bacterial infections that attack<br />
corals. For example, the bacteria that causes Yellow Band/Blotch<br />
Disease (YBD) in <i>Montastraea</i> species actually affects the<br />
Zooxanthellae endosymbionts rather than the actual organism. Many<br />
bacterium interfere with the photosynthetic processes of these<br />
organisms. Zooxanthellae can help host coral harvest light. This helps<br />
the host meet its carbon and energy needs. In addition, Zooxanthellae<br />
give host corals their color. The research of Levy et. al. (2003)<br />
indicates that corals with continuously extended tentacles have denser<br />
populations of Zooxanthellae. Coral bleachings are caused by a<br />
disruption in these relationships. Symbiotic relationships with corals<br />
and other organisms are common in tropical waters with a low abundance<br />
of nutrients. These relationships are significantly less common in<br />
temperate waters.<br><br />
<br><br />
The Adaptive Bleaching Hypothesis (ABH) suggests that if the loss of Zooxanthellae<br />
occurs due to environmental change, the host organism forms a new<br />
symbiotic relationship with a different type of Zooxanthellae. These<br />
new endosymbionts are blelieved to be better adapted to the new<br />
environment. Other research on the adaptations of coral and<br />
Zooxanthellae suggest that corals that have been damaged due to high<br />
temperatures contain an abundance of Zooxanthellae that are thermally<br />
tolerant (Baker et. al. 2004). The symbiont changes during the stress<br />
period. It is suggested that these corals will be resistant to future<br />
thermal stress because they now have an endosymbiont that will better<br />
help them manage these environmental conditions. Rowan (2004) also<br />
shows that corals adapt to high temperatures by hosting Zooxanthellae<br />
that are specifically adapted to such conditions.<br><br />
<br><br />
In addition to living in coral, Zooxanthellae can inhabit clams,<br />
nudibranches, flatworms, octocorals, sea anenomes, hydrocorals,<br />
mollusks, zoanthids, sponges, Foraminifera, and jellyfish.<br />
[[image:Coral02d_480.jpg|frame|center|Left: A coral with Zooxanthellae. Right: A bleached coral that has lost its Zooxanthellae.[http://www.nos.noaa.gov/welcome.html National Ocean Service.]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>References</h2><br />
[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v430/n7001/abs/430741a_fs.html Baker, Andrew C., Craig J. Starger, Tim R. McClanahan, and Peter W. Glynn. "Corals' adaptive response to climate change." <em> Nature</em>. 12 August 2004; 430:741.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&amp;pubmedid=11282602 Banin, Ehud, Sanjay K. Khare, Fred Naider, and Eugene Rosenberg. "Proline-Rich Peptide from the Coral Pathogen <i>Vibrio shiloi</i> That Inhibits Photosynthesis of Zooxanthellae." Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 April; 67(4): 1536–1541.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&amp;pubmedid=12839805 Ben-Haim, Yael, Maya Zicherman-Keren, and Eugene Rosenberg. "Temperature-Regulated Bleaching and Lysis of the Coral <i>Pocillopora damicornis</i> by the Novel Pathogen <i>Vibrio coralliilyticus</i>." Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 July; 69(7): 4236–4242.]<br />
<!-- had to place the <nowiki></nowiki> tags in the next two hyperlinks cause something in the text was canceling the brackets --><br />
<br />
[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15528553 <nowiki>Cervino,<br />
James M., Raymond L. Hayes, Shawn W. Polson, Sara C. Polson, Thomas J.Goreau, Robert J. Martinez, and Garriet W. Smith. "Relationship of Vibrio Species Infection and Elevated Temperatures to Yellow Blotch/Band Disease in Caribbean Corals." Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 November;70(11): 6855–6864.</nowiki>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/full/205/1/66?view=long&pmid=12917223 <nowiki>Davy, Simon K. and John R. Turner. "Early Development and Acquisition of Zooxanthellae in the Temperate Symbiotic <br />
Sea Anemone Anthopleura ballii (Cocks)." Biol. Bull. 205: 66-72. (August 2003)</nowiki>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.reefpix.com.au/guide.htm Heatherwick, Pete and Sue Heatherwick. "Guide to the Great Barrier Reef." Accessed 5 July 2005.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.reefs.org/library/talklog/l_ho_030898.html Ho, Leonard. "Zooxanthellae." March 8, 1998. Accessed 5 July 2005. ]<br />
<br />
[http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/206/22/4041 Levy, O., Z. Dubinsky and Y. Achituv. "<font size="3">Photobehavior of stony corals: responses to light spectra and intensity." <em>The Journal of Experimental Biology</em> 206, 4041-4049 (2003). </font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/full/200/1/51?view=long&amp;pmid=11249211 Kinzie, III, Robert A., Michelle Takayama, Scott R. Santos, and Mary Alice Coffroth. "The Adaptive Bleaching Hypothesis: Experimental Tests of Critical Assumptions." <font size="-1"><em><font size="3">Biol. Bull. </font></em><font size="3">200: 51-58. (February 2001)</font></font><font size="3">.<nobr> </nobr></font></a>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.nos.noaa.gov/welcome.html National Ocean Service.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v430/n7001/abs/430742a_fs.html Rowan, Rob. "Thermal adaptation in reef coral symbionts." <em>Nature</em>. 12 August 2004;430:742.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=zoox1 Rudman, W.B. "What are Zooxanthellae?" <em>Sea Slug Forum</em>. Australian Museum, Sydney. October 10, 2000. Accessed 5 July 2005.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=zoox2 Rudman, W.B. "Zooxanthellae in Cnidarians." <em>Sea Slug Forum</em> Austrailan Museum, Sydney. October 10, 2000. Accessed 5 July 2005.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.seaworld.org/index.asp Sea World/Busch Gardens Animal Information Database. Accessed 5 July 2005.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.nsm.buffalo.edu/Bio/burr/zooxanthellae.htm Zooxanthellae Mania. Accessed 5 July 2005.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Acidilobus&diff=4975Acidilobus2006-08-10T14:12:15Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
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| height="69" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI:<br />[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=105850 Taxonomy]<br />
|}<br />
[[image: acidilobus.png|frame|300px|right|Electron micrographs of ''Acidilobus aceticus''. Image from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11155973 Prokofeva, M. I., et al. "''Acidilobus aceticus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel anaerobic thermoacidophilic archaeon from continental hot vents in Kamchatka." ''Int'l J. of Sys. and Evol. Microbiol.'' (2000) Volume 50, p. 2003.]]]<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Archaea; Crenarchaeota; Thermoprotei; Desulfurococcales; Desulfurococcaceae<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Acidilobus aceticus''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
<br />
''Acidilobus'' (acid lobe) is an obligately anaerobic, hyperthermophilic, acidophilic archaeon that grows in the temperatures between 60-92&deg;C (optimum = 85&deg;C) and in the pH range of 2.0-6.0 (optimum at 3.8). It forms smooth white colonies which are approximately 1 mm in diameter. <br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
There are currently no genome project held for this archaeon. The G+C content of its DNA, however, is found to be 53.8%. <br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
<br />
The cells of ''Acidilobus'' are regular or irregular cocci with diameter of 1-2 &micro;m. They are non-motile and have a cell envelope consisting of one S-layer attached to the cytoplasmic membrane. The S-layer composes of a single layer of subunits covered with a thin osmophilic layer that may be naturally proteinaceous.<br><br />
It ferments starch and forms acetate as the main growth product (other growth substrates are yeast extract, beef extract and soya extract). Elemental sulfur stimulates growth on yeast, soya, and beef extracts and is reduced to H<sub>2</sub>S. The organism is unable to utilize acetate, arabinose, cellulose, formate, fructose, galactose, glucose, glycine, guar gum, lichenan, malate, maltose, methanol, pectin, pyruvate, propionate, xylan, xylose, and mixture of amino acids.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
<br />
The strains of ''Acidilobus aceticus'' were isolated from the acidic hot springs of the Moutnovski volcano in Kamchatka, Russia. Similar to most other thermoacidophilic isolates, the habitat of the archaeon is terrestrial acidic hot springs.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11155973 Prokofeva, M. I., Miroshnichenko, M. L., Kostrikina, N. A., Chernyh, N. A., Kuznetsov, B. B., Tourova, T. P., and Bonch-Osmolovskaya. "''Acidilobus aceticus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel anaerobic thermoacidophilic archaeon from continental hot vents in Kamchatka." ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology'' (2000) Volume 50, p. 2001-2008.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Acidilobus&diff=4974Acidilobus2006-08-10T14:11:31Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>{|<br />
| height="69" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI:<br />[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=105850 Taxonomy]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
this is a test<br />
[[image: acidilobus.png|frame|300px|right|Electron micrographs of ''Acidilobus aceticus''. Image from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11155973 Prokofeva, M. I., et al. "''Acidilobus aceticus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel anaerobic thermoacidophilic archaeon from continental hot vents in Kamchatka." ''Int'l J. of Sys. and Evol. Microbiol.'' (2000) Volume 50, p. 2003.]]]<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
Archaea; Crenarchaeota; Thermoprotei; Desulfurococcales; Desulfurococcaceae<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
''Acidilobus aceticus''<br />
<br />
==Description and significance==<br />
<br />
''Acidilobus'' (acid lobe) is an obligately anaerobic, hyperthermophilic, acidophilic archaeon that grows in the temperatures between 60-92&deg;C (optimum = 85&deg;C) and in the pH range of 2.0-6.0 (optimum at 3.8). It forms smooth white colonies which are approximately 1 mm in diameter. <br />
<br />
==Genome structure==<br />
<br />
There are currently no genome project held for this archaeon. The G+C content of its DNA, however, is found to be 53.8%. <br />
<br />
==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
<br />
The cells of ''Acidilobus'' are regular or irregular cocci with diameter of 1-2 &micro;m. They are non-motile and have a cell envelope consisting of one S-layer attached to the cytoplasmic membrane. The S-layer composes of a single layer of subunits covered with a thin osmophilic layer that may be naturally proteinaceous.<br><br />
It ferments starch and forms acetate as the main growth product (other growth substrates are yeast extract, beef extract and soya extract). Elemental sulfur stimulates growth on yeast, soya, and beef extracts and is reduced to H<sub>2</sub>S. The organism is unable to utilize acetate, arabinose, cellulose, formate, fructose, galactose, glucose, glycine, guar gum, lichenan, malate, maltose, methanol, pectin, pyruvate, propionate, xylan, xylose, and mixture of amino acids.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
<br />
The strains of ''Acidilobus aceticus'' were isolated from the acidic hot springs of the Moutnovski volcano in Kamchatka, Russia. Similar to most other thermoacidophilic isolates, the habitat of the archaeon is terrestrial acidic hot springs.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11155973 Prokofeva, M. I., Miroshnichenko, M. L., Kostrikina, N. A., Chernyh, N. A., Kuznetsov, B. B., Tourova, T. P., and Bonch-Osmolovskaya. "''Acidilobus aceticus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel anaerobic thermoacidophilic archaeon from continental hot vents in Kamchatka." ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology'' (2000) Volume 50, p. 2001-2008.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Zooxanthellae&diff=4973Zooxanthellae2006-08-10T14:10:21Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| width="50" border="0" cellpadding="5"<br />
| height="69" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI:<br />[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2949&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Symbiodinium]<br /> Genome '''<br />
|}<br />
This is a test!<br />
[[image:Zoox_1.jpg|frame|right|Zooxanthellae sp.[http://www.coris.noaa.gov/about/biology/biology.html Photo by Scott R. Santos.]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa</h3><br />
Eukaryota; Alveolata; Dinophyceae<br />
<h3>Species:</h3><br />
''Symbiodinium microadriaticum''<br />
''Symbiodinium californium''<br />
''Symbiodinium mustcatinei''<br />
<br style="clear:both" /><br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Zooxanthellae species are members of the phylum [[Dinoflagellata]].<br />
However, this is not a taxonomic name. Instead, it refers to a variety<br />
of species that form symbiotic relationships with other marine<br />
organisms, particularly coral. The most common genus is <em>Symbiodinium</em>.<br />
Not all Zooxanthellae are endosymbionts; some are free-living.<br />
Typically, Zooxanthellae form relationships with organisms simply<br />
because they inhabit the same area. However, there are other ways for<br />
organisms to acquire Zooanthellae endosymbionts. In the sea anenome <i>Anthopleura ballii</i>, Zooxanthellae are inherited maternally. This, however, is a rare phenomenon.<br />
<br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
There is not yet an extensive body of research on the numerous genome structures within the Zooxanthellae category.<br />
<br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
[[image:463115b.jpg|frame|left|250px| Zooxanthellae in Xenia.<br />
[http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=zoox2 W. B. Rudman, "Zooxanthellae in Cnidarians."]]]<br />
Zooxanthellae are unicellular organisms with a spherical shape. They have two flagella, although these are lost if the organism is acquired by a host. This is called the coccoid state.<br />
<br />
Zooxanthellae are mixotrophic organisms. They are mainly photosynthetic organisms (photoautotrophic). However, some species can also obtain food by ingesting other organisms.<br />
<br />
Asexual reproduction by division is the most common form of reproduction. Zooxanthellae typically spend their entire life on the organism to which they are attached. The exception is when coral bleaching occurs, and the Zooxanthellae are expelled from the coral.<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2><br />
Zooxanthellae are known for their symbiotic relationships with<br />
coral. Zooxanthellae often suffer from bacterial infections that attack<br />
corals. For example, the bacteria that causes Yellow Band/Blotch<br />
Disease (YBD) in <i>Montastraea</i> species actually affects the<br />
Zooxanthellae endosymbionts rather than the actual organism. Many<br />
bacterium interfere with the photosynthetic processes of these<br />
organisms. Zooxanthellae can help host coral harvest light. This helps<br />
the host meet its carbon and energy needs. In addition, Zooxanthellae<br />
give host corals their color. The research of Levy et. al. (2003)<br />
indicates that corals with continuously extended tentacles have denser<br />
populations of Zooxanthellae. Coral bleachings are caused by a<br />
disruption in these relationships. Symbiotic relationships with corals<br />
and other organisms are common in tropical waters with a low abundance<br />
of nutrients. These relationships are significantly less common in<br />
temperate waters.<br><br />
<br><br />
The Adaptive Bleaching Hypothesis (ABH) suggests that if the loss of Zooxanthellae<br />
occurs due to environmental change, the host organism forms a new<br />
symbiotic relationship with a different type of Zooxanthellae. These<br />
new endosymbionts are blelieved to be better adapted to the new<br />
environment. Other research on the adaptations of coral and<br />
Zooxanthellae suggest that corals that have been damaged due to high<br />
temperatures contain an abundance of Zooxanthellae that are thermally<br />
tolerant (Baker et. al. 2004). The symbiont changes during the stress<br />
period. It is suggested that these corals will be resistant to future<br />
thermal stress because they now have an endosymbiont that will better<br />
help them manage these environmental conditions. Rowan (2004) also<br />
shows that corals adapt to high temperatures by hosting Zooxanthellae<br />
that are specifically adapted to such conditions.<br><br />
<br><br />
In addition to living in coral, Zooxanthellae can inhabit clams,<br />
nudibranches, flatworms, octocorals, sea anenomes, hydrocorals,<br />
mollusks, zoanthids, sponges, Foraminifera, and jellyfish.<br />
[[image:Coral02d_480.jpg|frame|center|Left: A coral with Zooxanthellae. Right: A bleached coral that has lost its Zooxanthellae.[http://www.nos.noaa.gov/welcome.html National Ocean Service.]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>References</h2><br />
[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v430/n7001/abs/430741a_fs.html Baker, Andrew C., Craig J. Starger, Tim R. McClanahan, and Peter W. Glynn. "Corals' adaptive response to climate change." <em> Nature</em>. 12 August 2004; 430:741.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&amp;pubmedid=11282602 Banin, Ehud, Sanjay K. Khare, Fred Naider, and Eugene Rosenberg. "Proline-Rich Peptide from the Coral Pathogen <i>Vibrio shiloi</i> That Inhibits Photosynthesis of Zooxanthellae." Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 April; 67(4): 1536–1541.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&amp;pubmedid=12839805 Ben-Haim, Yael, Maya Zicherman-Keren, and Eugene Rosenberg. "Temperature-Regulated Bleaching and Lysis of the Coral <i>Pocillopora damicornis</i> by the Novel Pathogen <i>Vibrio coralliilyticus</i>." Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 July; 69(7): 4236–4242.]<br />
<!-- had to place the <nowiki></nowiki> tags in the next two hyperlinks cause something in the text was canceling the brackets --><br />
<br />
[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15528553 <nowiki>Cervino,<br />
James M., Raymond L. Hayes, Shawn W. Polson, Sara C. Polson, Thomas J.Goreau, Robert J. Martinez, and Garriet W. Smith. "Relationship of Vibrio Species Infection and Elevated Temperatures to Yellow Blotch/Band Disease in Caribbean Corals." Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 November;70(11): 6855–6864.</nowiki>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/full/205/1/66?view=long&pmid=12917223 <nowiki>Davy, Simon K. and John R. Turner. "Early Development and Acquisition of Zooxanthellae in the Temperate Symbiotic <br />
Sea Anemone Anthopleura ballii (Cocks)." Biol. Bull. 205: 66-72. (August 2003)</nowiki>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.reefpix.com.au/guide.htm Heatherwick, Pete and Sue Heatherwick. "Guide to the Great Barrier Reef." Accessed 5 July 2005.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.reefs.org/library/talklog/l_ho_030898.html Ho, Leonard. "Zooxanthellae." March 8, 1998. Accessed 5 July 2005. ]<br />
<br />
[http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/206/22/4041 Levy, O., Z. Dubinsky and Y. Achituv. "<font size="3">Photobehavior of stony corals: responses to light spectra and intensity." <em>The Journal of Experimental Biology</em> 206, 4041-4049 (2003). </font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/full/200/1/51?view=long&amp;pmid=11249211 Kinzie, III, Robert A., Michelle Takayama, Scott R. Santos, and Mary Alice Coffroth. "The Adaptive Bleaching Hypothesis: Experimental Tests of Critical Assumptions." <font size="-1"><em><font size="3">Biol. Bull. </font></em><font size="3">200: 51-58. (February 2001)</font></font><font size="3">.<nobr> </nobr></font></a>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.nos.noaa.gov/welcome.html National Ocean Service.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v430/n7001/abs/430742a_fs.html Rowan, Rob. "Thermal adaptation in reef coral symbionts." <em>Nature</em>. 12 August 2004;430:742.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=zoox1 Rudman, W.B. "What are Zooxanthellae?" <em>Sea Slug Forum</em>. Australian Museum, Sydney. October 10, 2000. Accessed 5 July 2005.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=zoox2 Rudman, W.B. "Zooxanthellae in Cnidarians." <em>Sea Slug Forum</em> Austrailan Museum, Sydney. October 10, 2000. Accessed 5 July 2005.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.seaworld.org/index.asp Sea World/Busch Gardens Animal Information Database. Accessed 5 July 2005.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.nsm.buffalo.edu/Bio/burr/zooxanthellae.htm Zooxanthellae Mania. Accessed 5 July 2005.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=User:DrewT&diff=4968User:DrewT2006-08-09T15:03:32Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Drew.jpg|150px|Float|left]]<br />
Andrew Taber, know here at Kenyon as Drew, is a student at [http://www.cuc.edu Columbia Union College] in Takoma Park Maryland. Drew was a summer worker who helped to setup the wiki site and design three of the available skins including our default skin.</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=User:DrewT&diff=4967User:DrewT2006-08-08T15:09:51Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Drew.jpg|150px]]<br />
Andrew Taber, know here at Kenyon as Drew, is a student at [http://www.cuc.edu Columbia Union College] in Takoma Park Maryland. Drew was a summer worker who helped to setup the wiki site and design three of the available skins including our default skin.</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=User:DrewT&diff=4966User:DrewT2006-08-08T15:01:59Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Drew.jpg]]<br />
Andrew Taber, know here at Kenyon as Drew, is a student at [http://www.cuc.edu Columbia Union College] in Takoma Park Maryland. Drew was a summer worker who helped to setup the wiki site and design three of the available skins including our default skin.</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=User:DrewT&diff=4965User:DrewT2006-08-08T15:01:45Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image;Drew.jpg]]<br />
Andrew Taber, know here at Kenyon as Drew, is a student at [http://www.cuc.edu Columbia Union College] in Takoma Park Maryland. Drew was a summer worker who helped to setup the wiki site and design three of the available skins including our default skin.</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=File:Drew.jpg&diff=4964File:Drew.jpg2006-08-08T14:56:55Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Mblizyea&diff=4960Mblizyea2006-08-07T14:06:11Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div> #<!-- leave this line exactly as it is --> <pre> <br />
# This is a list of domain names which are considered spam. Please check<br />
# the guidelines on the talk page when adding entries. Please do not use this <br />
# list against spam that can be dealt with by user blocking or protection of a <br />
# small number of pages.<br />
#<br />
# Syntax is as follows: <br />
# * Everything from a "#" character to the end of the line is a comment<br />
# * Every non-blank line is a regex fragment which will only match hosts<br />
# inside URLs<br />
#<br />
# First Wikimedia's local list:<br />
<br />
sudokusweb\.com<br />
ltjz2000\.com<br />
ticketsmyway\.com<br />
emmss\.com<br />
paidsurveysforall\.com<br />
hukuki\.net<br />
webrank\.cn<br />
gerhard\.paducktions\.net<br />
emmss\.net<br />
mongolie\.mn<br />
zw88\.com<br />
sj55\.com<br />
shop263\.com<br />
88aabb\.com<br />
#freedom4sale\.com<br />
targetwords\.com<br />
searchmiracle\.com<br />
17train\.com<br />
flowerwish\.com<br />
uusky\.com<br />
scandinavia-pictures\.com<br />
cashmerebiz\.com<br />
8cx\.net<br />
www1\.com\.cn<br />
ebook2u\.com<br />
ultimasurf\.net<br />
paperlessarchives\.com<br />
thuriam\.com<br />
wines-cellar\.info<br />
100comm\.com<br />
lemai\.com<br />
shouji\.com<br />
voip99\.(com|net)<br />
ganzao\.68l\.com<br />
LostLiners\.de<br />
<br />
# CCNGROUP-GD and CHINANET-GD spammer, from list at http://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Spam_blocks<br />
no-1\.org\.cn<br />
18show\.cn<br />
5118\.net\.cn<br />
s018\.org<br />
so18\.net<br />
18show\.org<br />
18show\.net<br />
kingonline\.org<br />
kingnetwork\.net<br />
kingnetwork\.org<br />
#end CCNGROUP-GD and CHINANET-GD<br />
<br />
# CRTC spammer from list at http://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Spam_blocks<br />
mmyoucomtypee\.51\.net<br />
mmyou\.com<br />
7csun\.com<br />
7csun\.net<br />
7csun\.org<br />
chinamimi\.net<br />
gift800\.net<br />
#end CRTC<br />
<br />
\.to8\.com <br />
ec51\.com<br />
ec91\.com<br />
<br />
# 2004-12-20 one spammer hit source, skwiktionary and enwikibooks from 202.108.59.100. This group:<br />
nuoya-hd\.com<br />
renzhengwang\.com<br />
cp868\.com<br />
b2m\.cn<br />
emay\.cn<br />
jlsun\.com<br />
hanlang88\.com<br />
100jjy\.com<br />
nnuuoo\.51\.net<br />
ny528\.51\.net<br />
<br />
home\.graffiti\.net\/grafikdesign<br />
<br />
sjzyxh\.com<br />
dongyiqi\.com<br />
<br />
oskceo\.com<br />
<br />
kgc-networks\.com<br />
smokaz\.com<br />
nakurka\.ru<br />
<br />
lingshengdown\.com<br />
<br />
property2u\.com<br />
<br />
riba\.unixserverhosting\.com<br />
<br />
ohhmybaby\.info<br />
free-porn-friend-finder-adult\.info<br />
<br />
consumeralertsystem\.com<br />
<br />
# --------------------------------------------<br />
# villy's section (User:Jean-Christophe Chazalette)<br />
b2\.boards2go\.com<br />
justlovexx\.net<br />
viagra-drugs\.no-ip\.info <br />
viagra-drugs\.pills-pharmacy\.\net<br />
purchase-xanax-online\.daj\.pl<br />
buy-valium-online\.fuks\.pl<br />
buy-ambien-online\.fuks\.pl<br />
home-business-0\.t35\.com<br />
freewebs\.com\/home-business-0 <br />
celebrities\.evac4\.com <br />
games\.net4free\.org <br />
hornyblog\.org<br />
torrie-wilson\.org<br />
pharmacy\.pumag\.net<br />
<br />
# --------------------------------------------<br />
# silsor's section, so I can keep track easier<br />
rackstorage\.cn<br />
dimmo\.net<br />
seov\.net<br />
google-seo\.net<br />
vbzx\.net<br />
5782601\.net<br />
xazl\.net<br />
guizang\.net<br />
wikidragon\.net<br />
houseso\.cn<br />
house263\.com<br />
xh008\.com<br />
artmtm\.nease\.net<br />
pxxi100\.51\.net<br />
serverlogic3\.com # one site inserted into edit forms by hyperlinker malware<br />
enhancemysearch\.com # same<br />
51dragon\.com # spammed extensively on other wikis, spammed on meta by DragOn<br />
home\.tiscali\.be\/wallpaperheaven<br />
bertelsmann2club\.be\.funpic\.de # requested on talk page<br />
(duranmania|kajagoogoomania)\.proboards[0-9][0-9]\.com # spammed on several en: articles by different anons<br />
(duranduran|limahlmania)\.cjb\.net # same as above, both requested on talk<br />
autospectator\.com # requested on talk<br />
golfcards\.com # requested on talk<br />
golftour\.de # requested on talk<br />
presidentcard\.com # requested on talk<br />
# These have been spammed on zillions of other wikis, see google: # 2005-02-15<br />
gghggh\.com<br />
paper-translation\.com<br />
law-translation\.com<br />
book-translation\.com<br />
sowang\.com<br />
acmetranslation\.com<br />
commerce-translation\.com<br />
cn80051\.1816\.net<br />
0302\.net<br />
\.xs3\.com # similar to 6x\.to and uni\.cc, commercially spammed on other wikis<br />
\.b3\.nu # same<br />
newsmotion\.com # requested on talk, spammed on en # 2005-02-18<br />
linktrim\.com # latest target of spammers on [[:en:PHP]]<br />
notlong\.com # same - another link shortening service<br />
boenicke-keramik\.de # spam campaign on de: - requested on talk<br />
handycool\.de # requested on talk<br />
25340\.rapidforum\.com # requested on talk<br />
zymq\.com # requested on talk<br />
taichifollowme # spammed by same IP as zymq\.com, registered by same person<br />
13288888888 # requested on talk<br />
azzacash # requested on talk # 2005-05-26<br />
ebusiness-cards\.org # all requested on talk # 2005-05-30<br />
globalflights\.org<br />
voip-guide\.org<br />
secure-network\.info<br />
ecar-rentals\.com<br />
ebackground-checks\.com<br />
secure-network\.info<br />
cruise-guide\.org<br />
wedding-knot\.com<br />
predictive-dialers\.org<br />
mycompiere\.com # requested on talk # 2005-06-16<br />
mycompiere\.net # requested on talk # 2005-10-19<br />
losthorizons\.com # requested on talk # 2005-09-25<br />
glmf33\.fr\.fm # requested on talk # 2005-10-12<br />
online-shopping\.wb\.st # requested on talk # 2005-10-12<br />
888\.web\.com # temporary, requested on talk # 2005-10-13<br />
pokera\.web\.com # temporary, requested on talk # 2005-10-13<br />
big\.de\.com # temporary, requested on talk # 2005-10-13<br />
payday-loan\.de\.com # temporary, requested on talk # 2005-10-13<br />
www\.liss-kompendium\.de # requested on talk # 2005-10-18<br />
home\.arcor\.de\/eberhard\.liss # requested on talk # 2005-10-18<br />
home\.arcor-online\.de\/eberhard\.liss # spammer evaded above entry # 2006-01-12<br />
dmoz\.org\/Bookmarks\/S\/spaland # requested on talk # 2005-10-19<br />
geocities\.com\/hungarybusiness\/spaland\.htm # requested on talk # 2005-10-19<br />
geocities\.com\/spalandhu # requested on talk # 2005-10-19<br />
geocities\.com\/enspaland # requested on talk # 2005-10-19<br />
geocities\.com\/railwayguide # requested on talk # 2005-10-19<br />
dmoz\.org\/profiles\/spaland\.html # requested on talk # 2005-10-19<br />
teneriferesorts\.com # spam on enwiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/194.224.166.206 # 2005-10-24<br />
wik1\.info # requested on talk # 2005-10-25<br />
mq6\.info # linkfarm, requested on talk # 2005-10-27<br />
rx-seote\.com # requested on talk # 2005-10-31<br />
\.mx\.gs # some kind of free redirect service - no legitimate use on wikis # requested on talk # 2005-10-31<br />
98\.to # requested on talk # 2005-11-04 # a Chinese domain host? not used on any project\.<br />
welcome\.to # requested on talk # 2005-11-04 # a URL hiding service - no legitimate use<br />
www5f\.biglobe\.ne\.jp\/~kokumin-shinbun\/S47\/4708 # requested on talk # 2005-11-06<br />
viprape\.com # requested on talk # 2005-11-06<br />
\.golft\.nl # requested on talk # domain hiding service # 2005-11-06<br />
privatepages\.servik\.com # spammed on the talk page for the spam blacklist, way to go spammers # 2005-11-06<br />
\.euro\.tm # requested on talk # another domain redirect service # 2005-11-07<br />
\.site\.tc # part of euro\.tm domain redirect service<br />
\.corp\.st # same<br />
\.perso\.tc # same<br />
\.asso\.ws # same<br />
\.societe\.st # same<br />
\.zwap\.to # requested on talk # another domain redirect service # 2005-11-07<br />
\.can\.ac # same service as above<br />
\.clan\.ac # same service as above<br />
\.cool\.ac # same service as above<br />
\.explode\.to # same service as above<br />
\.hot\.ac # same service as above<br />
\.just-go\.to # same service as above<br />
\.propel\.to # same service as above<br />
\.zlap\.to # same service as above<br />
\.zlip\.to # same service as above<br />
\.zmack\.to # same service as above<br />
\.znap\.to # same service as above<br />
\.zwitch\.to # same service as above<br />
ubtt\.org # requested on talk # 2005-11-07<br />
joia\.com # requested on talk # appears to be a cracked site - remove later # 2005-11-08<br />
prtime\.ru # requested on talk # 2005-11-08<br />
hydrocodone # common drug spam # 2005-11-08<br />
didrex # common drug spam # 2005-11-08<br />
phentermine # common drug spam # 2005-11-08<br />
adipex # common drug spam # 2005-11-08<br />
sultryserver # requested on talk # 2005-11-08<br />
aazman\.com # pure spam, requested on talk # 2005-11-08<br />
cheapholidayaccommodation # requested on talk # 2005-11-08<br />
lau\.biz # requested on talk # 2005-11-08<br />
fiberia\.com # requested on talk # 2005-11-09<br />
green-tea\.airmode\.de # requested on talk # 2005-11-11 # nor the years condemn<br />
crazymaidens\.info # requested on talk # 2005-11-12<br />
villepin2007\.org # requested on talk # 2005-11-15<br />
robbeklobbe # requested on talk # 2005-11-16<br />
web524\.beta\.web\.expressmedia\.de # same as above # 2005-11-17<br />
www\.angelfire\.com\/poetry\/seidel # requested on talk from de: # 2005-12-11<br />
webloga\.com # requested on talk # 2005-12-11<br />
lucky7\.to # requested on talk # 2005-12-11<br />
degrassi\.dumbbaby\.net # from [[:en:WP:ANI]]<br />
discuss\.freeforumsite\.com # requested on IRC <br />
### EREIAMJH<br />
<br />
# ----<br />
# Brittys wake: Aphaia wrote down them <br />
fibromyalgie-treffpunkt\.de # spammed on DEWP by 172\.180\.229\.141 <br />
\.go\.51\.net # spammed on meta: by 222\.45\.24\.152; Chinese spam <br />
\.freewebpage\.org # spammed on meta: by 222\.45\.24\.152, 222\.45\.24\.42, Chinese spam<br />
sexyladies\.eroticalservers\.net # spammed on meta by 217\.156\.50\.242<br />
www\.amelatine\.com # spammed on fr\.wp: reported by AlNo<br />
ganzao\.88118888\.com # en\.wikiquote by 60\.26\.34\.193<br />
www\.a688\.net<br />
www\.hsfangzhen\.com<br />
www\.jifamark\.com\/xhj\.htm<br />
www\.h345\.com\/Hotel<br />
www\.epackshop\.net <br />
www\.hzyage\.com<br />
## specially for Chinese spams \.\.\.<br />
www\.copychina\.cn <br />
www\.zhkaw\.com<br />
www\.myseo\.com\.cn<br />
hz\.livingchina\.cn<br />
www\.dzsc\.com <br />
www\.02188888888\.com\/itcp009 # on enwikiquote<br />
www\.1177888888\.com<br />
www\.isoway-yoga\.com\/ # on meta, chinese spam<br />
www\.seo88\.com # on meta & enwikiquote<br />
www\.kufurao\.net # on enwq, pprn site<br />
www\.MatchstickCats\.com # on enwp, reported by Linuxbeak@#wikimedia<br />
flats\.h1\.ru # on several wikis including en & ruwp, by request<br />
chinaplay\.org # On enwq\.<br />
## On Swedish plea, 05-12-31<br />
www\.games-soft\.net\/sex_games\.html<br />
www\.2adultflashgames\.com\/<br />
www\.xtrastats\.com\/webcams\/free-adult-webcam-live-chat\/<br />
www\.dralex\.info # on lawq<br />
www\.zya9\.info # on lawq<br />
<br />
### Links from Sj, from GV Wiki (http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/globalvoices/wiki) and other MW sites<br />
#<br />
# The \.to bandit (prolific; lots of sites)<br />
# http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/globalvoices/wiki/index.php?title=Global_Voices_Draft_Manifesto&diff=0<br />
\.go\.to<br />
\.connect\.to<br />
\.drive\.to<br />
\.run\.to<br />
\.surf\.to<br />
## Russian spam<br />
\.shengen\.ru # apparently has acceptable uses, but do a google search for the domain<br />
\.visa-usa\.ru<br />
\.2x4\.ru<br />
## Free russian hosts with acceptable uses<br />
# \.pp\.ru<br />
# \.newmail\.ru<br />
# \.nm\.ru<br />
# \.chat\.ru<br />
# \.euro\.ru<br />
## Chinese spam<br />
\.town-china\.cn<br />
\.anteyi\.cn<br />
\.atetech\.com\.cn<br />
\.ic37\.com<br />
91yg\.com<br />
51wisdom\.com<br />
56918\.com<br />
air520\.com<br />
021boy\.com<br />
ywxjm\.com<br />
\.haole\.cn<br />
\.gguu\.com<br />
idc2008\.cn<br />
google-in-china\.org<br />
\.dzsc\.com<br />
## Others<br />
\.detox-kit\.com<br />
\.21jewelry\.com<br />
\.maclenet\.com<br />
\.mrjeweller\.us<br />
\.lxhost\.com<br />
\.125mb\.com<br />
\.linemd\.com<br />
\.buyremedy\.com<br />
\.fineaction\.com<br />
online-levitra-4sale\.com<br />
online-poker\.webpark\.pl<br />
gambling-forums\.net<br />
adultfriend\.404host\.com<br />
homedb\.slife\.com<br />
info-for-home\.slife\.com<br />
WTHP[0-9]\.disney\.com #--(how'd they get those domains? weird\.)<br />
\.p21\.info<br />
\.forexhsi\.com<br />
\.sexy-maidens\.info<br />
\.tempurpedics\.org<br />
\.kanod\.com <br />
\.hilbort\.com<br />
\.guvax\.com<br />
\.leronex\.com<br />
\.sekob\.com<br />
\.usefulresults\.com<br />
\.welllook\.com<br />
\.18servers\.com<br />
\.ds4a\.com<br />
\.linemd\.com<br />
\.sexus\.host<br />
\.1min\.us<br />
allfioricet\.com<br />
allvicodin\.com<br />
diazepampill\.com <br />
russia\.webmatrixhosting\.net<br />
zya9\.info<br />
\.p2l\.info<br />
azzacash\.com<br />
## General hosts with large #s of spambot subdomains, but also useful ones\. Touch choices\.<br />
# \.netfirms\.com # (25+ separate spambot subdomains)<br />
# \.host\.sk # (10+ separate spambot subdomains)<br />
# \.fiberia\.com # (many separate spambot subdomains)<br />
# \.webzdarma\.cz # (many)<br />
# \.sweb\.cz # (many)<br />
# \.front\.ru <br />
# \.narod\.ru <br />
# \.nonews\.ru<br />
<br />
<br />
# --------------------------------------------<br />
# Korg's section<br />
#<br />
(.*gui.*|.*chai?r.*|.*lamp.*|.*cook.*|.*visa.*)\.white\.prohosting\.com<br />
4ljd\.info<br />
buy-cheap-meds\.us<br />
julie\.xxserv\.com<br />
pills-pharmacy\.net<br />
searchterror\.com<br />
lycos1\.com<br />
0s48\.info<br />
torontonian\.com<br />
1stOK\.com<br />
# <br />
# *10a<br />
vacarreno\.net<br />
wiki\.servetown\.com<br />
cumfiesta4\.us<br />
stadianet\.com<br />
(asiangirlss|chickens|freeadult69|japanesegirl|matures|onlybestsex|sexgirls|supergirls\d*|wiki|wikipedia)\.servik\.com<br />
\.fw\.nu<br />
5g6y\.info<br />
(alprazolam|ambien|diazepam|valium|xanax|zolpidem)\.daj\.pl<br />
sex\.hut1\.ru<br />
vanjatka\.be<br />
#<br />
# *20b<br />
vorbo\.com<br />
stdhost\.net<br />
kelly-hosting\.com<br />
101hosters\.com<br />
cvh100\.com<br />
onix1000\.com<br />
k6je\.info<br />
# thepiratebay\.org<br />
# piratebay\.org #test\/temp<br />
w0qb\.info<br />
#<br />
# *30c<br />
redirect\.hm<br />
drugs\.passingg\.as<br />
drugs\.isgre\.at<br />
drugs\.byinter\.net<br />
drugs\.lowestprices\.at<br />
drugs\.chickenkiller\.com<br />
drugs\.ignorelist\.com<br />
drugs\.mooo\.com<br />
drugs\.strangled\.net<br />
[0-9]+\.[-\w\d]+\.info\/?[-\w\d]+[0-9]+[-\w\d]*\]<br />
#<br />
# *40d<br />
lol\.to<br />
loprox\.atwork\.to<br />
niaspan\.mrfriendly\.com<br />
tricor\.athome\.to<br />
7726\.info<br />
cc3\.be<br />
freesexyhouse\.com<br />
freewebs\.com\/diet-about-diet<br />
skozlozop\.com<br />
z0rder\.tripod\.com<br />
#<br />
# *50e<br />
smuttygirls\.info<br />
f3so\.info<br />
health-medical\.be<br />
w9uh\.info<br />
aspsupergirls\.as\.funpic\.de<br />
(allmed|comeds)\.blogs\.eurosport\.com<br />
dare14\.com<br />
ourtrinity\.net<br />
oxrash\.com<br />
cell-phones-store\.net<br />
#<br />
# *60f<br />
pill\.envy\.nu<br />
order-online\.50webs\.com<br />
#<br />
<br />
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
# The following is derived from http:\/\/wikiblacklist\.blogspot\.com, thanks guys<br />
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
<br />
#Top level domains to block: (your choice)<br />
#\.cn(\/|:|$) #china<br />
#one particular German spammer has been using the next 5 domains:<br />
#\.de\.ms(\/|:|$)<br />
#\.de\.vu(\/|:|$)<br />
#\.us\.ms(\/|:|$)<br />
#\.de\.nr(\/|:|$)<br />
#\.de\.tc(\/|:|$)<br />
<br />
<br />
#Patterns in urls:<br />
# You may also want to add your own profanity filters here\.<br />
# example: <badword> or look for a dash preceding or following the word: -<badword><br />
<br />
s-e-x<br />
zoofilia<br />
xqit<br />
ganzaoji<br />
aotubang<br />
aotebang<br />
sonnerie<br />
sexyongpin<br />
grusskarte<br />
geburtstagskarten<br />
animalsex<br />
sex-with<br />
dogsex<br />
adultchat<br />
adultlive<br />
camsex<br />
sexcam<br />
livesex<br />
sexchat<br />
chatsex<br />
onlinesex<br />
adultporn<br />
<br />
# Removal requested on [[w:User talk:Tim Starling]], for linking to adultvideonews\.com<br />
#adultvideo<br />
<br />
adultweb\. # dot added to allow adultweblaw\.com<br />
hardcoresex<br />
hardcoreporn<br />
teenporn<br />
xxxporn<br />
lesbiansex\. #dot added to allow \.lesbiansexmafia\.org<br />
livegirl<br />
#livenude<br />
livesex<br />
livevideo<br />
camgirl<br />
spycam<br />
voyeursex<br />
casino-online<br />
online-casino<br />
kontaktlinsen<br />
cheapest-phone<br />
laser-eye<br />
eye-laser<br />
fuelcellmarket<br />
lasikclinic<br />
cragrats\.<br />
#parishilton<br />
paris-hilton<br />
paris-tape<br />
#janet-jackson ----> removed for blocking official website janet-jackson\.com<br />
#sibel-kekilli<br />
2large<br />
oa274<br />
-horoskop<br />
# latex- ----> Blocks much related to LaTeX markup language; not a good idea<br />
fuel-dispenser<br />
fueling-dispenser<br />
huojia<br />
jinxinghj<br />
telematicsone<br />
telematiksone<br />
a-mortgage<br />
# 1stop- ----> removed for being overly broad<br />
diamondabrasives<br />
reuterbrook<br />
sex-plugin<br />
sex-zone<br />
lazy-stars<br />
eblja<br />
liuhecai<br />
buy-viagra<br />
<br />
# These won't work with MediaWiki:<br />
#-pics\.com(\/|:|$)<br />
#\.[0-9]+\.com(\/|:|$) #domain is only numbers<br />
#\.[0-9]+\.net(\/|:|$)<br />
#-[a-z]+\.biz(\/|:|$)<br />
<br />
<br />
#Other specific domains:<br />
<br />
west263\.com<br />
firmasiden\.com<br />
ttmr\.com<br />
gangchenpa\.com<br />
ibada\.org<br />
sd1718\.com<br />
huaxianame\.com<br />
tour[0-9]+\.com<br />
chinese-pesticide\.com<br />
jsgmt\.com<br />
rmbrmb\.com<br />
ndtek\.com<br />
ynkm-trip\.com<br />
euyn\.com<br />
e-fanyi\.com<br />
huangshan\.com<br />
hssight\.com<br />
changyuansh\.com<br />
ynsw\.com<br />
datianmachine\.com<br />
ad-ope\.com<br />
ama-son\.com<br />
microzovd\.com<br />
#\.4t\.com #conflicted with link at en Number_of_the_Beast_(numerology)<br />
haugeprint\.co\.uk<br />
logical-planet\.co\.uk<br />
-luxuries\.co\.uk<br />
playbest\.de<br />
ja-ac\.com<br />
attapulgite\.org<br />
international-pharma\.com<br />
51crab\.com<br />
touchcn\.net<br />
click\.com\.es<br />
cmd365\.com<br />
sensmagnets\.com<br />
cnliandong\.com<br />
szsuun\.com<br />
blueattain\.com<br />
color4day\.com<br />
rorta\.com<br />
worldinternational\.co\.uk<br />
abiao\.name<br />
aaff\.net<br />
aagg\.net<br />
atb\.name<br />
attapulgite\.com<br />
yucaibooks\.com<br />
bjicp\.net<br />
[0-9]+epson\.com<br />
newboyu\.com<br />
# [0-9]+books\.com # 2100books\.com is ok<br />
digital-projector\.net<br />
ponytest\.com<br />
[0-9]+flower\.com<br />
nbflashlights\.com<br />
-bidet\.com<br />
google163\.net<br />
geciwu\.com<br />
enjoyguilin\.com<br />
burningcar\.net<br />
csetouch\.com<br />
lvhang\.com<br />
cnttec\.com<br />
sinosyn\.com<br />
black-eyes\.net<br />
86ieta\.com<br />
bjyiwang\.com<br />
reputek\.com<br />
autumncom\.com<br />
sun-sand-sea\.com<br />
jiatugz\.com<br />
chenguang-cn\.com<br />
shangguanhong\.com<br />
payono\.com<br />
anttm\.com<br />
sharella\.com<br />
yesmeaning\.com<br />
bj-dzjp\.com<br />
cn-fireplace\.com<br />
si-bay\.com<br />
overseas-edu\.com<br />
iron-world\.com<br />
cnyunge\.com<br />
cnwinch\.com<br />
rongpeng\.com<br />
pasco-stationery\.com<br />
accessories-car\.com<br />
chinese-suppliers\.com<br />
chinalifting\.com<br />
blogletters\.com<br />
shop\.tc<br />
uvinewine\.co\.uk<br />
couponmountain\.com<br />
hukuki\.net<br />
gift800\.net<br />
mmyou\.com<br />
chinamimi\.net<br />
7csun\.com<br />
fimdainternet\.com\.br<br />
allwoodoxford\.com<br />
cornishholidaysuk\.com<br />
169xp\.com<br />
silberhochzeit\.de\.nr<br />
-diaeten\.de\.vu<br />
-testen\.de\.ms<br />
malvorlagen\.de\.ms<br />
-kochrezepte\.de\.vu<br />
abnehmen\.freeweb-hosting\.com<br />
hintergrundbilder\.us\.ms<br />
waycn\.com<br />
dealcn\.com<br />
artsdeal\.com<br />
stonedeal\.com<br />
decorationsexport\.com<br />
nikeproduct\.com<br />
shoesbuynow\.com<br />
seekcn\.net<br />
tupianwu\.com<br />
ling8\.com<br />
ok8\.org<br />
dirhot\.com<br />
kan365\.com<br />
yuding\.org<br />
sex-fu\.com<br />
geneostar\.com<br />
a--e\.com<br />
card-lottery\.org<br />
nikeshoesshop\.com<br />
nikesupplier\.com<br />
top-point\.net<br />
ukex\.net<br />
yedian\.com<br />
contake\.com<br />
ulcer\.by\.ru<br />
ulcer\.ws<br />
loverussianwife\.com<br />
gt-lite\.com<br />
flowerwish\.com<br />
sec-battery\.co\.uk<br />
-hire\.co\.uk<br />
tcom-control\.co\.uk<br />
parkersexecutivecar\.co\.uk<br />
beaumont-bar\.co\.uk<br />
owaceilings\.co\.uk<br />
jgc-network\.co\.uk<br />
execsoft-software\.co\.uk<br />
bodet-clocks\.co\.uk<br />
buzz-hotels\.co\.uk<br />
longcrossgroup\.co\.uk<br />
reuterbrook\.co\.uk<br />
pantandsocks\.co\.uk<br />
bjrealcolor\.com<br />
efuchina\.com<br />
21cnmanager\.com<br />
xunte\.com<br />
aclas\.com<br />
radi-instrument\.com<br />
wbzj\.com<br />
marketingbetter\.com<br />
topcel-battery\.com<br />
23mr\.com<br />
bennettchina\.com<br />
luckyarn\.com<br />
shgoto\.com<br />
battery-oem\.com<br />
shgoto\.com<br />
kingview\.com<br />
hlhologram\.com<br />
haiz\.com<br />
jiasongmachine\.com<br />
fiporter\.com<br />
brightking\.com<br />
lily-bearing\.com<br />
waysvalves\.com<br />
hy-chem\.net<br />
v2tech\.com<br />
pumpvalveworld\.com<br />
flashfun\.com<br />
eastdb\.com<br />
[0-9]+fang\.com<br />
\.omnia\.co\.uk<br />
shopper-jobs\.us<br />
-outlet\.de<br />
#-spiele\.de<br />
-kaufen\.de<br />
-partner\.nl<br />
-partner\.se<br />
bjedin\.com<br />
vivaful\.com<br />
googlead\.com<br />
21cnbj\.com<br />
packmc\.com<br />
dnsvhost\.com<br />
2kdata\.com<br />
raiddata\.com<br />
nactech\.com<br />
markemiah\.com<br />
jobbnu\.com<br />
ifamen\.com<br />
hrbyly\.com<br />
firmasiden\.com<br />
bpzj\.com<br />
bnuteacher\.com<br />
datasoon\.com<br />
butianshi\.com<br />
iqwork\.com<br />
uswebdata\.com<br />
bnuol\.com<br />
hddata\.com<br />
by-and-by\.com<br />
egyway\.com<br />
xxx\.biz<br />
bucuo\.net<br />
# -china\.com ---> removed for being overly broad<br />
cqhyjx\.com<br />
qjfy\.com<br />
guilintour\.net<br />
360e\.net<br />
chinajack\.com<br />
jiefo\.com<br />
web136\.net<br />
hyey\.com<br />
china-crestron\.com<br />
fif-relay\.com<br />
power-steering-pump\.com<br />
xiaogang\.com<br />
happysport\.com<br />
cn006\.com<br />
web136\.net<br />
ittea\.net<br />
mysunmun\.com<br />
luck-star\.com<br />
hailuo\.net<br />
jnjlnet\.com<br />
\.sx98\.com<br />
21cnbj\.com<br />
cnsepm\.com<br />
pdjt\.com<br />
hjbt\.com<br />
jsags\.com<br />
bzsf\.com<br />
cn-mzc\.com<br />
yi-tong\.com<br />
runtudyes\.com<br />
cghyjx\.com<br />
hegao\.com<br />
star-machinery\.net<br />
jitianmachine\.com<br />
fultrust\.com<br />
wx-e\.com<br />
nahoku\.com<br />
blogeasy\.com<br />
paidsurveysforall\.com<br />
isourceindia\.com<br />
thuriam\.com<br />
swellongtools\.com<br />
tlup\.com<br />
szhicom\.net<br />
inflatables-china\.com<br />
yourgoogle\.com<br />
transcosmo\.com<br />
ty9run\.com<br />
ad-www\.com<br />
10000s\.com<br />
allwally\.com<br />
togoogle\.net<br />
jiayinte\.com<br />
pkuyy\.com<br />
ebani\.com<br />
52wenxue\.com<br />
casino-online-on-line\.com<br />
eczz\.com<br />
211\.157\.35\.153<br />
musica\.org\.es<br />
\.y365\.com # Added the first dot to avoid overbroad blocking<br />
-cam\.us<br />
-cam-chat\.com<br />
-chat-room\.us<br />
-chat-live\.com<br />
-chat-room\.com<br />
-cams\.com<br />
-amateur\.com<br />
-webcams\.com<br />
#-show\.com # disabled by brion, 2005-06-12, as it conflicts with good addrs<br />
#-cam\.com #disabled by naconkantari 28 jun 2006<br />
xyzdown\.com<br />
boxget\.net<br />
swan-storage\.com<br />
china57\.com<br />
touch168\.com<br />
fly-sky\.com<br />
ancientmoods\.com<br />
zhanao\.com<br />
easthome\.com<br />
putixin\.com<br />
d-secure\.com<br />
dadaposter\.com<br />
gongsizhuce\.com<br />
huifu\.com<br />
cnnttm\.com<br />
soonlink\.net<br />
cnbjflower\.com<br />
huojia315\.com<br />
sexeach\.com<br />
branson-china\.com<br />
lycos\.co\.uk\/elo575<br />
lycos\.es\/migmigmig<br />
lycos\.nl\/pierre141<br />
easyspace\.com\/hkl<br />
lj5\.net<br />
beijingxinfa\.com<br />
88888\.net<br />
xzyrack\.com<br />
sinrui\.com<br />
bjjingtu\.com<br />
dfrog\.be<br />
-frauentag\.de\.sr<br />
zonemu\.com<br />
3sex-zone\.com<br />
lazy-stars\.com<br />
eblja\.com<br />
sexy-eblja\.com<br />
microzovd\.com<br />
ama-son\.com<br />
ad-ope\.com<br />
lariska-porn\.com<br />
-topliste\.com<br />
tintenpatronen\.tv<br />
strapse\.tv<br />
zhongzhibiotech\.com<br />
creator-cg\.com<br />
sfcomm\.com<br />
telogis\.com<br />
dnsasp\.com<br />
100free\.com<br />
sixmarklhc\.org<br />
-casino-chips\.com<br />
pv365\.com<br />
365pv\.com<br />
pump365\.com<br />
valve365\.com<br />
bengfawang\.com<br />
magnus-automation\.com<br />
thaistudy\.net<br />
think-t\.com<br />
newstyle-w\.com<br />
writerlw\.com<br />
ly-yufeng\.com<br />
lnhbsb\.com<br />
dfhb\.com<br />
xinpushihua\.com<br />
casters-net\.com<br />
amwaypower\.com<br />
vita-biotech\.com<br />
google123\.net<br />
900house\.com<br />
globalfbc\.com<br />
xiloo\.com<br />
xagoogle\.com<br />
dvdcn\.net<br />
xiaji\.net<br />
guilinhotel\.info<br />
nanting\.com<br />
news123\.org<br />
midiwu\.com<br />
huola\.com<br />
bjhsdx\.com<br />
51zhengxing\.net<br />
dongdao\.net<br />
kredit-magazin\.com<br />
dprktime\.com<br />
lookupcars\.co\.uk<br />
china2house\.com<br />
buch5\.com<br />
-watch-china\.org<br />
dacash\.com<br />
omeida\.com<br />
huihualin\.com<br />
chindata\.com<br />
tonzh\.com<br />
51zhengxing\.net<br />
raise-win\.com<br />
approachina\.com<br />
bjacca\.com<br />
tmrr\.com<br />
1annonce\.com<br />
sunstar\.ws<br />
cock\.ws<br />
adp6\.co\.uk<br />
gatewaytotheorient\.com<br />
domesticgear\.com<br />
aajj\.net<br />
aauu\.net<br />
kykdz\.com<br />
china-crawfish\.com<br />
in-net\.ws<br />
yahoo\.com\/a1likostar<br />
yahoo\.com\/a0cany_2004<br />
yahoo\.com\/a00poleroid<br />
yahoo\.com\/a00asaz<br />
yahoo\.com\/a0_00leksa<br />
yahoo\.com\/stoons_cartoon<br />
yahoo\.com\/skystarpilot<br />
yahoo\.com\/klirinc<br />
yahoo\.com\/fhkdfohjdfhk<br />
yahoo\.com\/freekeramika<br />
yahoo\.com\/aikishot<br />
les-mas-de-provence\.com<br />
mp3prof\.com<br />
fullhentaimovies\.net<br />
-hentai\.net<br />
tartkartong\.com<br />
-cartoon\.com<br />
macdostu\.com<br />
disney-toons\.com<br />
cn4e\.com<br />
hzsaite\.com<br />
shjiajiao\.com<br />
myetang\.com<br />
locloso\.com<br />
bzzt\.net<br />
zoosex\.net<br />
knasweb\.se<br />
marnkad\.nu<br />
84g\.com<br />
4acn\.com<br />
in-sexstory\.com<br />
pics69\.com<br />
rp-story\.com<br />
-preisvergleich\.de<br />
price-comparison\.com<br />
cupfart\.net<br />
categoryshop\.com<br />
rake-back\.com<br />
clubducati\.com<br />
virgoans\.co\.uk<br />
grandads\.co\.uk<br />
5p\.org\.uk<br />
noisybrain\.tv<br />
3xx\.org<br />
baby-sleep\.us<br />
eq-1\.usrecipes<br />
online-web-detective\.com<br />
pop-the-question\.us<br />
gooddy-images\.com<br />
catering\.better-living\.us<br />
ultrawiredsex\.com<br />
apache-stuff\.com<br />
css-stuff\.com<br />
pythoninfo\.com<br />
ushummingbirds<br />
usfederal-firearms-license<br />
black-sex-teen\.com<br />
wislearn\.tv<br />
popkalaset\.nu<br />
tgpoverdose\.com<br />
porrposten\.com<br />
helena\.lindskog\.ws<br />
vscorp\.com<br />
realestatecds\.com<br />
letscompareit\.com<br />
archive4mail\.com<br />
funeral-planning\.us<br />
spytek\.tv<br />
annonsplatsen\.nu<br />
internet-world\.nu<br />
de-lete\.tv<br />
puttel\.com<br />
vastra\.nu<br />
quality\.nu<br />
nudotnetguy<br />
save-money\.ws<br />
brig\.nu<br />
helena\.lindskog\.ws<br />
pics-of\.com<br />
pics-of\.org<br />
pictures-free\.org<br />
wic\.nu<br />
xvil\.tv<br />
vetskapskoltema\.nu<br />
mauraders\.nu<br />
usstop-your-divorce<br />
etrafik\.com<br />
everythingonweb\.net<br />
a-z-how-to\.us<br />
day0\.comcatch-a-cheat<br />
states\.hostrocket\.com<br />
sew-roman-shades\.com<br />
medica-center\.com<br />
google8\.net<br />
websitedesigningpromotion\.com<br />
bahraichfun\.com<br />
thewebbrains\.com<br />
overseaspharmacy\.com<br />
biztravels\.com<br />
ceramic-mugs\.com<br />
governmentgrants-us\.com<br />
justsweatshirts\.com<br />
tmlawoffices\.com<br />
gccgle\.com<br />
lingeriesex\.org<br />
monolove\.org<br />
sweetadultpics\.com<br />
pansat2300\.com<br />
dvbcardgroup\.com<br />
bsdseek\.com<br />
flashworm\.com<br />
kkktv\.com<br />
qqbug\.com<br />
drusearch\.com<br />
gopages\.net<br />
pornxxxsearch\.com<br />
divaporn\.com<br />
virginsplanet\.com<br />
# porn\.com<br />
porn\.biz<br />
porn\.us<br />
realyoungboy\.com<br />
olderlady\.net<br />
dominatrix-domination\.com<br />
mailorder-steroids\.com<br />
contactlensesprice\.com<br />
xmyyz\.com<br />
lct3000\.com<br />
wuyue\.cn<br />
curtainnet\.com<br />
toobis\.com<br />
netsurf\.ru<br />
<br />
<br />
##### More recent lists and additions <br />
<br />
<br />
xxx-me\.info<br />
thirty-one\.info<br />
<br />
# Added by Yann from Foenyx request<br />
m0re\.net<br />
<br />
# Added by elian on Achim's request (de:)<br />
hagensafrika\.de<br />
<br />
# Added by Brion from spam by 82\.140\.103\.144<br />
b0ne\.com<br />
slyip\.net<br />
gotgeeks\.com<br />
3d-game\.com<br />
is-a-geek\.com<br />
soma\.homelinux\.com<br />
ultram\.serveftp\.com # restricted to subdomain ultram - Andre Engels, 2005-08-09<br />
myvnc\.com<br />
mobic\.sytes\.net<br />
naproxen\.zapto\.org<br />
<br />
# Added by Yann on 09\.05\.2005<br />
utenti\.lycos\.it\/pills1<br />
<br />
# Added by brion may 23, 2005<br />
# attacking many 3rd-party sites<br />
p2l\.info<br />
<br />
# Added by brion may 25, 2005<br />
qx5\.net<br />
<br />
# Added by brion may 27, 2005<br />
\.117000\.com<br />
\.126hao\.com<br />
\.51lac\.com<br />
\.52lac\.net<br />
\.563000\.com<br />
\.606162\.com<br />
\.70678\.com<br />
\.77556\.net<br />
\.borncompany\.com<br />
\.chinacarcenter\.net<br />
\.cncarcenter\.com<br />
\.cnticket\.net<br />
\.companyforyou\.com<br />
\.curevitiligo\.com<br />
\.dela88\.com<br />
\.designatchina\.com<br />
\.dreamathk\.com<br />
\.dreamatsh\.com<br />
\.dreamhk\.org<br />
\.duweb\.w2\.ftpcn\.cn<br />
\.goodticket\.org<br />
\.googletosh\.org<br />
\.haungsanok\.com<br />
\.jptrip\.org<br />
\.myshcompany\.com<br />
\.okcompany\.org<br />
\.okrentcar\.org<br />
\.postdream\.org<br />
\.printingok\.net<br />
\.ptrip\.net<br />
\.regsh\.com<br />
\.rentbuscompany\.net<br />
\.rentcarcenter\.com<br />
\.rentcarok\.org<br />
\.shbuscenter\.com<br />
\.shcarcenter\.com<br />
\.shrentcar\.com<br />
\.shticketcenter\.com<br />
\.shtranslate\.com<br />
\.ticketcenter\.cn<br />
\.translatebbs\.com<br />
\.tripto\.com<br />
\.tt001\.com<br />
\.tt002\.com<br />
\.tt003\.com<br />
\.tt004\.com<br />
\.tt005\.com<br />
\.utranslate\.org<br />
\.utranslation\.net<br />
<br />
# added by brion, 2005-06-04<br />
bjicp\.org<br />
lucking\.com\.cn<br />
<br />
# added by brion, 2005-06-10<br />
17ip\.com<br />
bj-united\.com\.cn<br />
carlack\.cn<br />
cnpeonyflowers\.com<br />
hsdvi\.com<br />
husemachinery\.com<br />
tzonline\.cn<br />
tzpet\.com\.cn<br />
x-rainbow\.com\.cn<br />
yorkinstrument\.com<br />
<br />
# in zh wp many, 2005-06-09<br />
hg-fix\.com<br />
hgfix\.org<br />
hg-fix\.org<br />
wxzgyb\.com<br />
yy-ls\.com<br />
xd-fw\.com<br />
hdchina\.com<br />
gmldsb\.com<br />
tljsrq\.com<br />
ryhgsb\.com<br />
<br />
#added on request of FoeNyx<br />
crazypussy\.info<br />
<br />
# added by brion, 2005-06-14<br />
\.mysweetie\.info<br />
<br />
# added by brion, 2005-06-24<br />
\.xl\.ru<br />
<br />
# added by shizhao, 2005-06-28<br />
readnovel\.com<br />
<br />
# in zh wp many, 2005-06-28<br />
4394\.com<br />
48123\.com<br />
tm003\.com<br />
18019\.com<br />
5ball\.org<br />
001003\.com<br />
67067\.com<br />
15016\.com<br />
6y7y\.com<br />
p003\.com<br />
2y3y\.com<br />
tm259\.com<br />
33044\.com<br />
11033\.com<br />
49sms\.com<br />
530sms\.com<br />
<br />
goodasses\.info<br />
<br />
# Added by Raul654 6\/28\/05<br />
crazyabouttv\.com<br />
<br />
# Added by shizhao 7\/4\/05 to 7\/9\/05<br />
167bt\.com<br />
\.bitspirit\.com\.cn<br />
tencent\.cc<br />
00856\.com<br />
<br />
#spamming lots of wikis from different IPs<br />
fidosoft\.de<br />
<br />
<br />
# Added by shizhao 7\/19\/05<br />
zggift\.com<br />
buy214\.com<br />
lmlqzs\.com<br />
7b\.net\.cn<br />
51flower\.cn<br />
lmlqzs\.com<br />
1car\.cn<br />
lmzg\.cn<br />
66guilin\.com<br />
mojw\.com<br />
zzhxsb\.com<br />
bjshunsui\.com<br />
qhycchina\.com<br />
9s6\.com<br />
fullmelon\.com<br />
xuemeipaper\.com<br />
sem\.org\.cn<br />
ecyy\.com<br />
ecyy\.cn<br />
<br />
# Added by Andre Engels 7\/20\/05<br />
sexkanjer\.nl # sexspammer on nl<br />
show-your-pussy<br />
<br />
nerdcamp\.net<br />
duplo\.dnip\.net<br />
funnydog\.prettyfar\.com<br />
zenno\.info<br />
shemtop\.bpa\.nu<br />
<br />
# Added by Raul654 7\/26\/05<br />
kqueue\.dnip\.net<br />
<br />
# Added by Datrio 8\/4\/05<br />
nonews\.ru<br />
mixmeteo\.ru<br />
sealse\.com<br />
serjen\.com<br />
es-standart\.com<br />
\.static\.net<br />
<br />
# Added by UninvitedCompany 8\/5\/05<br />
-handys\.de <br />
handy-fun\.tk <br />
handy-kaufhaus\.tk <br />
hostfuck\.com<br />
<br />
# Added by brion 2005-08-08<br />
#webzdarma\.cz < considered too broad<br />
#bigsitecity\.com <br />
#newmail\.ru<br />
#mujweb\.cz < considered too broad<br />
\.sweb\.cz # < considered too broad < restored by Amgine: dozens more\. Webhost's responsibility.<br />
<br />
# Replacing overly broad once above - Andre Engels, 2005-08-09<br />
heavytools\.webzdarma\.cz<br />
phentermine-online<br />
hydrocodone\.webzdarma\.cz<br />
spyware\.webzdarma\.cz<br />
phentermine\.webzdarma\.cz<br />
carisoprodol\.webzdarma\.cz<br />
sexforfree\.webzdarma\.cz<br />
viagra\.newmail\.ru<br />
phentermine\.newmail\.ru<br />
donewhere\.bigsitecity\.com<br />
olonline\.bigsitecity\.com<br />
spyware\.bigsitecity\.com<br />
<br />
# Added by Andre Engels, 2005-08-09<br />
# German repeated spammers<br />
\.modz\.de<br />
viagra100\.tk<br />
viagra100\.net<br />
# Japanese sex spammer<br />
aftar\.bpa\.nu<br />
crionica\.bpa\.nu<br />
streamings\.cable\.nu<br />
fectr\.dundeeleagues\.ca<br />
sherlok\.homes\.com\.au<br />
duplo\.dnip\.net<br />
author\.nerdcamp\.net<br />
chaka\.nerdcamp\.net<br />
dabest\.nerdcamp\.net<br />
ferdrubt\.nerdcamp\.net<br />
freedom\.nerdcamp\.net<br />
popov\.nerdcamp\.net<br />
funnydog\.prettyfar\.com<br />
perfection\.prettyfar\.com<br />
whoisi\.whyza\.net<br />
bidlo\.zenno\.info<br />
fakir\.zenno\.info<br />
<br />
# Added by UninvitedCompany, 8\/10\/2005<br />
all-hotels-motels\.com<br />
<br />
# Added by James F\., 2005\.vii\.21, as requested by CraigSpurrier<br />
buyhydrocodone\.afraid\.org<br />
phentermine-drugs\.euro\.tm<br />
<br />
[A-Za-z-]*drugs\.euro\.tm<br />
<br />
# Note that shengen\.ru should be blocked alltogether<br />
21jewelry\.com<br />
mrjeweller\.us<br />
detox-kit\.com<br />
adipex\.shengen\.ru<br />
levitra\.shengen\.ru<br />
lortab\.shengen\.ru<br />
diazepam\.shengen\.ru<br />
protonix\.shengen\.ru<br />
hydrocodone\.shengen\.ru<br />
detox-kit\.com<br />
tests-market\.com<br />
toe\.shengen\.ru<br />
detox\.shengen\.ru<br />
jewelry\.shengen\.ru<br />
<br />
# added by brion<br />
about-travels\.host\.sk<br />
<br />
# Added by Yann on 25-8-2005 (from Meta)<br />
phenterminex\.freespaces\.com<br />
phentermine-pills\.euro\.tm<br />
smartsearch\.name<br />
fanny-girls\.info<br />
hotsex\.free-pussy\.org<br />
<br />
# Annoying user on fr:<br />
\.etunisie\.net<br />
<br />
# Some nl spam links<br />
\.hostfuck\.com<br />
gensei-ryu\.nl<br />
<br />
# [[User:AlisonW|Alison Wheeler]] 22:13, 31 May 2006 (UTC)<br />
# Zenno\.info spam links<br />
epsilon\.zenno\.info<br />
googlesuka\.zenno\.info<br />
stol\.zenno\.info<br />
<br />
shoesbuy\.com<br />
shoesshop\.biz<br />
<br />
# from zh<br />
28k8\.com<br />
\.8z\.cn<br />
\.8z\.cn<br />
\.reeds\.com\.cn<br />
<br />
# Raul's additions<br />
15ern\.com<br />
<br />
# from zh <br />
\.6iuhecai\.com<br />
# \.xinyicom\.com<br />
\.ltdcr\.com<br />
\.ltdcr\.net<br />
\.ltdcr\.org<br />
\.ltdcr\.cn<br />
\.hkccr\.org<br />
\.hkce\.org<br />
\.hkce\.net<br />
\.cegcr\.com<br />
\.cegcr\.net<br />
\.hktmr\.com<br />
\.hkltdcr\.org<br />
\.tradeinvests\.com<br />
\.ovecr\.cn<br />
\.bjicp\.com<br />
cnfibernet\.com\.cn<br />
\.tvsou\.com<br />
\.54163\.com<br />
<br />
pharmacy\.rr\.nu<br />
<br />
#additions by Mindspillage<br />
#4 October 05<br />
\.coolhost\.biz<br />
#10 Oct 05<br />
\.hotweb\.pp\.ru<br />
\.webtech\.pp\.ru<br />
#1 Mar 06 (requested by Danny)<br />
\.rockphiles\.com <br />
#1 Mar 06 (requested by Dmcdevit, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Uriah923/OmniNerd)<br />
\.omninerd\.com # Do not remove\. See http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Spam_blacklist/recurring_requests<br />
#20 Mar 06 - spamming en\.wikipedia<br />
\.yadoo\.cn<br />
#25 Mar 06 - spamming en\.wikipedia<br />
detoxiy\.com<br />
#6 Apr 06 - spamming other wikis<br />
rx\.auto\.pl<br />
allgames4u\.net<br />
games\.az\.pl<br />
#23 Apr 06 - spamming enwiki talk pages<br />
bestcardshop\.pushline\.com<br />
yourpharm\.t35\.com<br />
cheap-viagra\.hut1\.ru<br />
card1\.thor\.prohosting\.com<br />
1phone\.sky\.prohosting\.com<br />
car-insuranc\.hut1\.ru<br />
Boris9\.wyger\.nl<br />
carins\.earth\.prohosting\.com<br />
gambling\.wyger\.nl<br />
healthy\.wyger\.nl<br />
amafan\.snow\.prohosting\.com<br />
buyceleb\.wyger\.nl<br />
newvoy\.earth\.prohosting\.com<br />
buyhyd\.wyger\.nl<br />
002biz\.tripod\.com<br />
003biz\.tripod\.com<br />
003biz\.5u\.com<br />
004biz\.i8\.com<br />
yourpharm\.vstore\.ca<br />
#12 Jun 06 - requested by tawker, spam from multiple IPs<br />
inhunt\.com<br />
#29 Jun 06 - spamming enwp<br />
eaeaq\.info<br />
mrjht\.info<br />
#11 Jul 06 - bot spamming en.wp<br />
alleydog\.com<br />
gallery\.angel\-btvs\.co\.uk\/include\/cheapvalium<br />
flyingpirate\.com\/images\/phentermineonline<br />
clicnetwork\.com<br />
yszmpfpr\.com<br />
beemdqay\.com<br />
#17 Jul 06 - spamming en.wp<br />
\.at\/aaoffers<br />
<br />
#7 October 05 Hashar (spam on fr:)<br />
fuckfactor\.com<br />
<br />
#23 oct elian (spam on de)<br />
\.zap3x\.com<br />
<br />
hosting\.q4w\.net<br />
<br />
green-tea[0-9a-z-]*\.co\.nr<br />
<br />
# 19 november reported by amgine<br />
dralex\.info<br />
<br />
# Requested by Ta bu shi da yu, added by Tim Starling<br />
nastydollars\.com<br />
<br />
4t7e\.info<br />
<br />
# elian's<br />
# 4 dec 05, persistant spammer on de --elian<br />
\.cyberthug\.de<br />
# 15 dec 05, upon request of german wikinewsies --elian<br />
\.g155\.info<br />
# 10th april 06, persistent spammer on de<br />
dinge-ohne-namen\.de<br />
<br />
# Tepeating spammer on many projects<br />
010b\.info<br />
<br />
# dec 10, spammer on en requested by\. zigger<br />
e16\.info<br />
<br />
# Amgine's<br />
alphaworks\.ibm\.com<br />
justlovexx\.net<br />
www\.g155\.info<br />
www\.f9zs\.info<br />
4ljd\.info<br />
pills-pharmacy\.be<br />
98\.to # Hégésippe's list<br />
us\.ma([\/\]\b\s]|$)<br />
be\.ma([\/\]\b\s]|$)<br />
1stOK\.com<br />
3xforum\.ro<br />
servik\.com<br />
90d7\.info<br />
executiveshuttleservice\.com<br />
dir\.fasthoster\.de<br />
joke34\.info<br />
4wj6\.info<br />
www\.ChezBrandon\.com<br />
searchyourporn\.info<br />
adult-area\.info<br />
#girls\.info #disabled by Naconkantari<br />
sprot2\.com<br />
efl-law\.com<br />
#eslcafe\.com #disabled by Naconkantari<br />
myflooring\.org<br />
scmantraffic\.com<br />
efl-law\.org<br />
guitar-poll\.com<br />
# republika\.pl -- too broad, popular free host in Poland<br />
konecco\.com<br />
supergirls4\.tripod\.com<br />
unoriginal\.co\.uk<br />
English\.51hc\.com<br />
denwa\.omiki\.com<br />
www\.365igo\.cn<br />
www\.51ebiz\.net<br />
www\.8009999008\.com<br />
www\.bamboo-veneer\.net<br />
www\.bj-huayang\.com<br />
www\.bjyhtf\.com<br />
www\.cato\.co\.jp<br />
www\.chasedream\.com<br />
www\.cn-frp\.com<br />
www\.cnjunhe\.com<br />
www\.cnsunway\.com<br />
www\.dshow\.com\.cn<br />
www\.evergreen-aloe\.cn<br />
www\.game-level\.com<br />
www\.guanfiu\.jp<br />
www\.hailide\.com\.cn<br />
www\.jipiao258\.com<br />
www\.jwac\.net<br />
www\.lipin258\.com<br />
www\.lykwell\.com<br />
www\.replica-watch-center\.com<br />
www\.replicashopping\.com<br />
www\.shjiankong\.com<br />
www\.shmenjin\.com<br />
www\.stonephenix\.com<br />
www\.tuiguang\.org<br />
www\.wlchem\.com<br />
www\.wowgoldvip\.com<br />
www\.xinyitong\.net<br />
www\.xylww\.com<br />
www\.yn578\.com<br />
www\.ynkmty\.com<br />
www\.zjunited\.com<br />
www\.zuche258\.com<br />
greedo\.servehttp\.com<br />
hothouse\.linux\.dk<br />
www\.true-search\.net<br />
www\.wikipedia\.741\.com<br />
freesexxx\.blog-city\.com<br />
freesexxx1\.blog-city\.com<br />
freesexxx2\.blog-city\.com<br />
freesexxx3\.blog-city\.com<br />
freesexxx4\.blog-city\.com<br />
club\.blog-city\.com<br />
club1\.blog-city\.com<br />
club2\.blog-city\.com<br />
club3\.blog-city\.com<br />
club4\.blog-city\.com<br />
www\.zorpia\.com # Many dozens of replica watch spam sites, viagara spam<br />
# blogspirit\.com <- considered too broad<br />
www\.comunalia\.com\/replica<br />
gaestebuch\.007box\.de<br />
sove\.info<br />
sexypinoy\.50webs\.com<br />
mujweb\.cz<br />
www\.gayhomes\.net<br />
gozilla\.info<br />
scmantraffic\.com<br />
medrapid\.info<br />
canadian-pharmacy-portal\.com<br />
algohio\.com<br />
altavista\.in\.ua<br />
www\.artezia\.net<br />
ohost\.de<br />
freehostonline\.com<br />
websamba\.com<br />
www\.luckysportsmanagement\.com<br />
www\.steveyzerman\.com<br />
buy-hydrocodone\.webzdarma\.cz<br />
phentermine\.webzdarma\.cz<br />
levitra\.webzdarma\.cz<br />
wz\.cz<br />
buy-viagra-online\.webzdarma\.cz<br />
jarmyl\.tripod\.com<br />
rx-phentermine\.tripod\.com<br />
lunesta\.tripod\.com<br />
buy-viagra-online[\w]*\.tripod\.com<br />
hydrocodone[\w]*\.ds4a\.com<br />
xanax-pills\.tripod\.com<br />
valium-online\.tripod\.com<br />
sex4you\.webzdarma\.cz<br />
s-sex4you\.tripod\.com<br />
works1\.netfirms\.com<br />
works-at-home14\.tripod\.com<br />
green-tea[\w]*\.netfirms\.com<br />
phentermine\.netfirms\.com<br />
lunesta\.netfirms\.com<br />
where\.netfirms\.com<br />
best-weight-loss-diet\.netfirms\.com<br />
best-weight-loss-diet\.netfirms\.com<br />
ephedra-weight-loss\.netfirms\.com<br />
incognitto\.tripod\.com<br />
slow-weight-loss\.netfirms\.com<br />
weight-loss-for-women\.netfirms\.com<br />
hydrocodone[\w]*\.b0x\.com<br />
on-line\.tripod\.com<br />
medicine\.netfirms\.com<br />
xf\.cz<br />
hydrocodone\.tripod\.com<br />
xmail\.net<br />
site\.voila\.fr\/cine-passion<br />
cine-passion\.site\.voila\.fr<br />
nezumi\.dumousseau\.free\.fr<br />
ann\.ledoux\.free\.fr<br />
cechail\.site\.voila\.fr<br />
datasheet4u\.com<br />
digchip\.com<br />
datasheet\.org\.uk<br />
icbank\.com # <- may be broad, will check later - Amgine<br />
bestincosmetics\.com<br />
videposters\.es<br />
josiemodel\.ca<br />
brookesbedroom\.ca<br />
top20man\.in\.ua<br />
ringtonemaker\.blogs\.eurosport\.com<br />
blog\.yukonho\.com<br />
blogs\.wwwcoder\.com<br />
.*ringtone\.forumco\.com<br />
novogate\.com<br />
4898\.rapidforum\.com<br />
blogs\.heraldextra\.com<br />
blog\.investing\.com<br />
buddyprofile\.com<br />
blogs\.wwwcoder\.com<br />
totalvideogames\.com<br />
surfbirds\.com<br />
missoula\.com<br />
justachat\.com<br />
westwoodbapt\.org<br />
toutelapoesie\.com<br />
topsites\.blog\.expedia\.fr<br />
buysanfranciscotours\.com<br />
buyalcatraztours\.com<br />
greattearoomsofamerica\.com<br />
whale\.to<br />
vaccination\.org\.uk<br />
seemalaysia\.org<br />
pharma-store\.docspages\.com<br />
tablets\.php5\.cz<br />
no-amazon\.com<br />
benefits-of-honey\.com<br />
blagoslovenie\.rovno\.ua<br />
cartier-glasses\.personal-watercraft-loan\.info<br />
iamtv\.tv<br />
nigeria\.mooo\.com<br />
lagospicture\.mooo\.com<br />
aishwaryalife\.com<br />
jessicaalbalife\.com<br />
shakiralife\.com<br />
terapatricklife\.com<br />
adrianalimapics\.org<br />
wifi-world\.org<br />
wifi-planet\.org<br />
wifiguide\.org<br />
university-canada\.net<br />
zwai\.stikipad\.com<br />
<br />
# D\.M\.: used for shock links<br />
goatse\.ca <br />
<br />
# Brian0918<br />
www\.look4vacation\.com <br />
bulgaria-houses\.com #spam on EN by 68\.6\.209\.121<br />
hawaiicity\.com #purposely hidden spam on EN by 85\.192\.128\.179<br />
postersinc\.com #spam on EN by 159\.250\.24\.195<br />
<br />
fulfillmentinformation\.com #spam on EN by 71\.202\.24\.81<br />
hotnewdesign\.blogspot\.com #spam on EN by 71\.202\.24\.81<br />
nova68\.com #spam on EN by 71\.202\.24\.81<br />
tempurpedicshop\.com #spam on EN by 71\.202\.24\.81<br />
<br />
investing-central\.com #spam on EN by 128\.226\.208\.98<br />
<br />
licescabiesandbedbugs\.com #spam on EN by 68\.158\.36\.56<br />
# Datrio<br />
adult\.dynu\.net<br />
celika\.dynu\.net #add by Suisui<br />
<br />
# Datrio, by request from IRC<br />
vendweb\.com<br />
<br />
# Massive spam<br />
f9zs\.info<br />
<br />
# Suisui<br />
caribvoice\.org<br />
raus\.de\/crashme\/<br />
northwestairlines\.bravehost\.com #ja\.ws,wkt<br />
news\.scenecritique\.com #20060115jawiki<br />
mp3\.com\/users\/<br />
2ch\.bufuu\.mnw\.jp<br />
www\.16ch\.net<br />
www\.remus\.dti\.ne\.jp\/\~wings\/ # 210\.159\.130\.78<br />
www\.angelplace\.jp #20060418<br />
eronavi\.st<br />
www\.ark-web\.net<br />
\.porn-host\.org #meta 81\.214\.96\.2<br />
<br />
# Datrio, spam on Commons and Wikinews<br />
ijijiji\.com<br />
\.5g6y\.info<br />
<br />
# [5:04pm] egg: anyone alive? i need an address to be blacklisted\. http:\/\/meta\.wikimedia\.org\/wiki\/Spam_blacklist<br />
# [5:04pm] egg: this one: dir\.fasthoster\.de<br />
# [5:05pm] egg: there's a massive robot attack on cswiki\.<br />
# [5:05pm] egg: brion: ping<br />
dir\.fasthoster\.de<br />
<br />
#it\.wiki - User:M7 (M\/)<br />
signoraggio\.com<br />
1go\.it<br />
wikipediaitalia\.blogspot\.com<br />
megabustybimbos\.com<br />
tropeaonline\.it<br />
tuoip\.net<br />
new-media\.it<br />
sanzioniamministrative\.it<br />
chicercatrova2000\.it<br />
ajcarvelli\.com<br />
<br />
#de\.wiki - User:M7 (M\/)<br />
animemanga\.de<br />
bleach\.de<br />
detektivconan\.de<br />
digitalmonsters\.de<br />
dragonballz\.de<br />
gundamwing\.de<br />
gundamseed\.de<br />
hikarunogo\.de<br />
inuyasha\.de<br />
naruto\.de<br />
onepiece\.de<br />
princeoftennis\.de<br />
ranma\.de<br />
shaman-king\.de<br />
yugioh\.de<br />
fanart\.de<br />
<br />
#as per request on talk:spam_blacklist page - User:M7 (M\/)<br />
adult-contact\.info<br />
7-24porn\.com<br />
cybartv\.org<br />
gruntmuskielures\.com<br />
ringtones-dir\.com<br />
myglobaldir\.com<br />
k98you\.info<br />
gamenase\.com<br />
w4t3r\.com<br />
zekesbodyworks\.com<br />
alfredo-braga\.pro\.br<br />
members\.comteche\.com<br />
softecare\.com<br />
megaupkoad\.com<br />
factorywhores\.com<br />
<br />
<br />
#commons<br />
health-medical\.be<br />
ignorelist\.com<br />
freewebs\.com\/diet-about-diet<br />
fioricet-drugs\.mooo\.com<br />
ultram-drugs\.strangled\.net<br />
<br />
#Added by Raul654 on Jan 25 2006 - constant spamming on en main page<br />
all\.yard\.ru<br />
sleepgoodmusic\.com<br />
w9uh\.info<br />
wikipedia\.on\.nimp\.org<br />
\.on\.nimp\.org<br />
<br />
#URL shortners <br />
#Used by the GNAA to link to malware pages; added by Raul654 on Feb 3 <br />
#Expanded pre-emptively on Feb 26 <br />
#0rz\.net # on zh wp many user talk page used<br />
1tiny\.com<br />
301url\.com<br />
6url\.com<br />
ataja\.es<br />
babyurl\.com<br />
compactURL\.com<br />
digbig\.com<br />
doiop\.com<br />
eb\.cx<br />
elfurl\.com<br />
flingk\.com<br />
lin\.kz<br />
link\.toolbot\.com<br />
linkezy\.com<br />
linktrim\.com<br />
ln-s\.net # silsor<br />
lnk\.in<br />
makeashorterlink\.com<br />
metamark\.net<br />
minilien\.com<br />
notlong\.com<br />
o-rly\.net<br />
paulding\.net<br />
qrl\.be<br />
qurl\.com<br />
qurl\.net<br />
runurl\.com<br />
shorl\.com<br />
shortlinks\.co\.uk<br />
shurl\.net<br />
shurl\.org<br />
simurl\.com<br />
smcurl\.com<br />
snipurl\.com<br />
tighturl\.com<br />
tinyclick\.com <br />
tinylink\.com<br />
tinyr\.us<br />
tinyurl\.co\.uk<br />
tinyurl\.com<br />
tny\.se<br />
url\.etusivu\.net<br />
url123\.com<br />
url\.fm<br />
urlcut\.com<br />
urlmask\.com<br />
urlx\.org<br />
w3t\.org<br />
xrl\.us <br />
yatuc\.com # added by D\.M\.<br />
yep\.it<br />
<br />
# The following is added by a spyware, see talk<br />
ntsearch\.com<br />
<br />
<br />
#Lir's site - he's been spamming it (evading his arbcom block at the same time) <br />
kapitalism\.net<br />
<br />
#Delphine's little list<br />
a85\.no-ip\.biz<br />
<br />
#Essjay's list<br />
zorpia\.com #en\.wiki spam<br />
xanax\.umaxnet\.com #en\.wiki spam<br />
free-web-polls\.com #en\.wiki spam<br />
superlongpenis\.com #Even more en\.wiki spam\.\.\.<br />
therealincome\.com #More en\.wiki spam <br />
doubleblue\.info #Site contains personal information about Wikipedians, and is being used to stalk and harass them\.<br />
virtualneopetz\.com #Spamming on en from dynamic IPs<br />
stvincent\.od\.ua # spam domain<br />
rovno\.ua # spam domain<br />
pru\.in\.ua # spam domain<br />
uzhgorod\.ua # spam domain # All from en\.wiki's ANI<br />
pornogames4\.com #en.wiki "sseason" spammer<br />
jewsdidwtc\.com #Lovely GNAA virus-laden spamsite<br />
bestv\.forenserver\.net #En.wiki spam<br />
satellitetvtopc\.com #en.wiki spam<br />
ringtones-dir\.com #Requested at en.wiki ANI<br />
parts4euro\.com #en.wiki spam<br />
<br />
#requests<br />
coinable\.com #by epopt<br />
meltemi\.pl <br />
cheap-airline-tickets\.be <br />
pills-pharmacy\.us <br />
www-search\.be <br />
viprape\.com <br />
kwik\.to <br />
bestdeals\.at<br />
rr\.nu<br />
passingg\.as<br />
ontheweb\.nu<br />
isgre\.at<br />
byinter\.net<br />
lowestprices\.at <br />
girlswantmore\.info<br />
qiiq\.info<br />
e-dsp\.com<br />
putinbay\.com<br />
pibinfo\.com<br />
putinbayphotos\.com<br />
put-in-bayonline\.com<br />
bizorigin\.com # DM<br />
haber18\.com<br />
kimim\.com<br />
misterwatchonline\.com<br />
lopezzz\.be<br />
putinbayresort\.com<br />
furosemide\.be<br />
toprol\.be<br />
lisinopril\.be<br />
synthroid\.be<br />
norvasc\.be<br />
physicsarchives\.com<br />
# webzdarma\.cz <- considered too broad\. Do you have the specific site(s)?<br />
(?<=[.\/])logos\.com<br />
xenon-hebergement\.net<br />
adultclub\.adultserving\.com<br />
nigeria\.tz4\.com <br />
nigeriaplanet\.proboards43\.com<br />
#napster\.com\/player #requested on talk - evidence please, corrected syntax<br />
e-economysolutions\.com<br />
<br />
virginporn\.info #Requested on talkpage<br />
qklinkserver\.com #Requested on talkpage<br />
<br />
don-search\.com #Requested by freakofnurture<br />
find-web\.info #Requested by freakofnurture<br />
bypills\.net #Requested by freakofnurture<br />
web-best\.info #Requested by freakofnurture<br />
fisheaters\.com # requested by JzG<br />
kensmen\.com\/catholic # requested by JzG<br />
enterfin\.net\.ru #requested by Sjakkalle<br />
<br />
#These sites are redirecting requests from Wikimedia sites to a third-party site\.<br />
namebase\.org<br />
wikipedia-watch\.org <br />
google-watch\.org <br />
cia-on-campus\.org <br />
scroogle\.org<br />
yahoo-watch\.org<br />
#The following sites are being used to get around the scroogle.org spam blacklisting (above)<br />
being-ones-self\.org<br />
myegotimes\.com<br />
<br />
# from zh wp 2006-5-30<br />
stanleyng\.net<br />
etpass\.com<br />
ppstream\.com<br />
<br />
##Naconkantari<br />
<br />
aspsupergirls\.phpnet\.us<br />
users\.libero\.it\/seza<br />
hifrienddd\.info<br />
# rexcurry\.net Why was this blacklisted? Please explain on talk --Eloquence<br />
childharness\.net<br />
self-defender\.net<br />
girls4fuking\.com<br />
#www\.seedwiki\.com<br />
# jot\.com Why was this blacklisted? Please explain on talk -- Eloquence<br />
spaland\.googlepages\.com<br />
tvstand\.ho\.com\.ua<br />
biki4\.com<br />
rdos\.net<br />
casino\.realdiscounts\.be<br />
sessocities\.net<br />
nigeriaplanet\.proboards43\.com<br />
nigeriaone\.com<br />
nigeriaplanet\.tk<br />
geocities\.com\/seelagos<br />
securefta\.com<br />
freewaretown\.com<br />
sharewareisland\.com<br />
www\.box\.net\/public\/4y0dyzya43<br />
discutfree\.com<br />
bestmd\.coz\.in<br />
fulltimewebmaster\.com<br />
viagrabuy\.54\.pl<br />
www\.internationalpenfriends\.net<br />
rockdd\.beeplog\.com<br />
nfhtt\.info<br />
fo4n\.com<br />
de\.kakiko\.com<br />
lasercard\.com<br />
j-mayer\.org<br />
bloomingtonnormal\.com<br />
-coupons\.org<br />
theunfunnytruth\.ytmnd\.com<br />
theunfunnysequel\.ytmnd\.com<br />
glow-sticks\.org<br />
glowsticks\.co\.uk<br />
partners\.webmasterplan\.com<br />
bphena\.hepi\.pl<br />
hometown\.aol\.com\/kolakq<br />
hometown\.aol\.com\/cup2006fifa<br />
hometown\.aol\.com\/fokann<br />
hentai\.com<br />
xhost\.ro<br />
nigeria\.chickenkiller\.com<br />
pharisees\.org<br />
tunisie\.com<br />
xhostar\.com<br />
sufx\.net<br />
3x\.ro<br />
pochta\.ru<br />
hometown\.aol\.com\/viagriu<br />
ooqwe\.info<br />
gabenewell\.com<br />
churnedfortaste\.com<br />
acmedias\.org<br />
aquinox\.net<br />
ballfolio\.com<br />
clantemplates\.com<br />
clicnetwork\.com<br />
compagnons\.org<br />
dragonflyeast\.com<br />
easl\.info<br />
erisfree\.com<br />
iaa-dc\.org<br />
j-mayer\.org<br />
jouvence\.com<br />
kutdiak\.hu<br />
#mariner\.org<br />
rockthedesert\.com<br />
soargbsc\.com<br />
somber-resplendence\.net<br />
starfan\.lamost\.org<br />
abook4all\.com<br />
alleydog\.com<br />
applausestore\.com<br />
comfortinndowntown\.com<br />
creativesplendors\.com<br />
doggroups\.com<br />
emulnation\.info<br />
flyingpirate\.com<br />
infinet\.net<br />
kit2fit\.com<br />
mi-aime-a-ou\.com<br />
mohid\.com<br />
pulverradio\.com<br />
quiz-zone\.co\.uk<br />
simplefuture\.org<br />
splendidshirt\.com<br />
systemtek\.net<br />
vegas-coupons\.org<br />
webdistributionltd\.com<br />
tvhosted\.com<br />
-ringtones\.net<br />
theglowcompany\.co\.uk<br />
forum\.bodybuilding\.com<br />
bodybuilding.com\/fun\/bigron<br />
# adult-pornstar-mall\.com<br />
guide-proteines\.org<br />
guide-phytosante\.org<br />
guide-vitamines\.org<br />
all-musculation\.com<br />
angelfire\.com\/trek<br />
g00ns\.net<br />
forums\.2cpu\.com<br />
lastoa\.cat<br />
1golod\.org<br />
gayhomes\.net<br />
1jolla\.org<br />
1ebalo\.org<br />
1ibanusiks\.org<br />
1domiks\.org<br />
mamba-d\.stikipad\.com<br />
ipoo\.org<br />
american-eagle-gold-coins\.com<br />
thefreepornking\.com<br />
yu\.to<br />
onlineph\.info<br />
digitalpoimt\.com<br />
quotesandpoem\.com<br />
kikks\.info<br />
##redirection spam on simple\.wiki<br />
www\.computersci\.net\/wwwboard<br />
www\.hemsida\.net\/wwwboard<br />
www\.shieldofprayer\.org\/Requests<br />
www\.evilcycling\.com\/evilcrap<br />
redmondcyclingclub\.com\/evilmessages<br />
www\.novurengoi\.ru\/wwwboard<br />
www\.charm\.ru\/wwwboard<br />
wiki\.esm\.co\.jp\:8080\/myswiki<br />
objectclub\.esm\.co\.jp\:8080\/myswiki<br />
www\.fukuikenren\.or\.jp\/wwwboard<br />
www\.terrybozzio\.com\/wwwboard<br />
swiki\.nadir\.org\/refs<br />
japanese-girl\-xxx\.com<br />
##spam on catux\.org<br />
www\.xmail\.net\/search<br />
www\.xmail\.net\/ac<br />
doc\.svp-info\.com<br />
weer\.blogs\.eurosport\.es\/files<br />
blog\.hr<br />
weer\.pbwiki\.com\/f<br />
figgles\.8k\.com<br />
privetparis\.com<br />
##spam on sonikmatter\.com<br />
trafu\.com<br />
pantyhose-net\.com<br />
##fsorward<br />
needlustgirl\.org<br />
##phrases<br />
discountmd<br />
discountrx<br />
bestmd<br />
cheap-xanax<br />
onlinerx<br />
(cialis|viagra|prazolam|xanax|zanax)(top|pharm|pill|discount|deal|price|order|now|best|cheap|online|buy|sale|sell)<br />
(top|pharm|pill|discount|deal|price|order|now|best|cheap|online|buy|sale|sell)(cialis|viagra|prazolam|xanax|zanax)<br />
cheap-valium<br />
bestvi<br />
llpharm<br />
phvonline<br />
(nexium|claritin|wellbutrin|renova|zyrtec|prilosec|imitrex|flonase|lexapro|buspar|retin|valtrax)\.html<br />
wikipharm<br />
bobbyboulders<br />
imwithbobby<br />
##external<br />
bbtttgg\.org<br />
brrddd\.org<br />
jhyujik\.org<br />
kktthhyy\.org<br />
lliippoo\.org<br />
mewqsd\.org<br />
mmuukkii\.org<br />
nnyykkii\.org<br />
nnntttl\.org<br />
nnwwddrr\.org<br />
polott\.org<br />
ssddffrr\.org<br />
ttuuoopp\.org<br />
vfrrto\.org<br />
vttolldd\.org<br />
vttthtgg\.org<br />
#urlreduction<br />
short\.be<br />
n3t\.nl<br />
f2b\.be<br />
n0\.be<br />
ssr\.be<br />
##End of Naconkantari<br />
<br />
# Added by Pathoschild<br />
## Search the dated archives for discussion<br />
### 2006-06<br />
academiccalendar\.info<br />
allsexxdomain\.com<br />
architect\.architecture\.sk # possible copyvio, no response to comments<br />
art-passion\.site\.voila\.fr<br />
chocolateplanet\.org<br />
coffee-guide\.us<br />
freesex\.com # hostile scripts, sneak insertion<br />
ipfeurope\.(eu|com|net|org)<br />
kreuz\.net<br />
lunesta\.wz\.cz<br />
perso\.orange\.fr\/jf\.dumousseaux<br />
smut\.com(?!ic) # lookaround avoids conflict<br />
teainfo\.org<br />
\.to\.pl # URL redirector<br />
toporol\.be<br />
topsearch10\.com<br />
zocor-1\.be<br />
www\.spaingate\.com # from zh wp<br />
###2006-07<br />
hoopsvibe\.com # request on IRC<br />
hoopsstats\.com # request on IRC<br />
adsbus\.com # from zh wp, ADs <br />
freebao\.com # from zh wp, ADs<br />
<br />
# Added by MaxSem<br />
## August 2006<br />
\.ipfox\.com<br />
opticsplanet\.net<br />
thesexlane\.com<br />
#</pre> <!-- leave this line exactly as it is --></div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=User:Tabera&diff=4955User:Tabera2006-08-04T15:40:39Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>fg</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Taxonomy_Index&diff=4847Taxonomy Index2006-07-19T16:01:52Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
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<div>Includes all current taxa from '''[[Microbial Biorealm]]''' and '''[[Viral Biorealm]]'''. New entries are welcome.<br><br />
<center><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" width="100%"><br />
<caption> </caption><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<td align="center" bgcolor="#ffccff" height="1626" valign="top" width="25%"> <b><font size="+2">Bacteria</font></b><br />
''[[Acetobacter]]''<br><br />
''[[Acinetobacter]]''<br><br />
''[[Aeromonas Hydrophila| Aeromonas]]''<br><br />
''[[Agrobacterium]]''<br><br />
''[[Alcaligenes]]''<br><br />
''[[Anabaena]]''<br><br />
''[[Aquifex]]''<br><br />
''[[Arthrobacter]]''<br><br />
''[[Azoarcus]]''<br><br />
''[[Azotobacter]]''<br><br />
''[[Bacillus]]''<br><br />
''[[Bacteroides]]''<br><br />
''[[Beggiatoa]]''<br><br />
''[[Bifidobacterium]]''<br><br />
''[[Borrelia]]''<br><br />
''[[Bradyrhizobium]]''<br><br />
''[[Brucella]]''<br><br />
''[[Burkholderia]]''<br><br />
''[[Campylobacter]]''<br><br />
''[[Caulobacter]]''<br><br />
''[[Chlamydia]]''<br><br />
''[[Chlorobium]]''<br><br />
''[[Chloroflexus]]''<br><br />
''[[Chroococcus]]''<br><br />
''[[Clostridium]]''<br><br />
''[[Corynebacterium]]''<br><br />
''[[Coxiella]]''<br><br />
''[[Dehalobacter]]''<br><br />
''[[Deinococcus]]''<br><br />
''[[Desulfosarcina]]''<br><br />
''[[Desulfovibrio]]''<br><br />
''[[Desulfuromonas]]''<br><br />
''[[Enterobacter]]''<br><br />
''[[Enterococcus]]''<br><br />
''[[Epulopiscium]]''<br><br />
''[[Erythrobacter]]''<br><br />
''[[Erythromicrobium]]''<br><br />
''[[Escherichia]]''<br><br />
''[[Flavobacterium]]''<br><br />
''[[Flexibacter]]''<br><br />
''[[Frankia]]''<br><br />
''[[Fusobacterium]]''<br><br />
''[[Gallionella]]''<br><br />
''[[Gemmata]]''<br><br />
''[[Geobacter]]''<br><br />
''[[Halomonas]]''<br><br />
''[[Helicobacter]]''<br><br />
''[[Klebsiella]]''<br><br />
''[[Lactobacillus]]''<br><br />
''[[Legionella]]''<br><br />
''[[Leptospira]]''<br><br />
''[[Leptospirillum]]''<br><br />
''[[Leptothrix]]''<br><br />
''[[Listeria]]''<br><br />
''[[Magnetotactic]]''<br><br />
''[[Merismopedia]]''<br><br />
''[[Methylobacterium]]''<br><br />
''[[Micrococcus]]''<br><br />
''[[Mitochondria]]''<br><br />
''[[Mycobacterium]]''<br><br />
''[[Mycoplasma]]''<br><br />
''[[Myxococcus]]''<br><br />
''[[Neisseria]]''<br><br />
''[[Nitrosococcus]]''<br><br />
''[[Nitrosomonas]]''<br><br />
''[[Nitrospira]]''<br><br />
''[[Nostoc]]''<br><br />
''[[Pasteurella]]''<br><br />
''[[Petrotoga]]''<br><br />
''[[Pirellula]]''<br><br />
''[[Planctomyces]]''<br><br />
''[[Pleurocapsa]]''<br><br />
''[[Porphyromonas]]''<br><br />
''[[Prevotella]]''<br><br />
''[[Prochlorococcus]]''<br><br />
''[[Prochloron]]''<br><br />
''[[Propionibacterium]]''<br><br />
''[[Prosthecobacter]]''<br><br />
''[[Prosthecomicrobium]]''<br><br />
''[[Proteobacteria]]''<br><br />
''[[Pseudomonas]]''<br><br />
''[[Psychrobacter]]''<br><br />
''[[Rhizobium]]''<br><br />
''[[Rhodobacter]]''<br><br />
''[[Rhodopseudomonas]]''<br><br />
''[[Rhodospirillum]]''<br><br />
''[[Rickettsia]]''<br><br />
''[[Roseobacter]]''<br><br />
''[[Ruminobacter]]''<br><br />
''[[Ruminococcus]]''<br><br />
''[[Salmonella]]''<br><br />
''[[Sinorhizobium]]''<br><br />
''[[Sphaerotilus]]''<br><br />
''[[Sphingomonas]]''<br><br />
''[[Spirillum]]''<br><br />
''[[Spirulina]]''<br><br />
''[[Staphylococcus]]''<br><br />
''[[Streptococcus]]''<br><br />
''[[Streptomyces]]''<br><br />
''[[Succinomonas]]''<br><br />
''[[Succinivibrio]]''<br><br />
''[[Synechococcus]]''<br><br />
''[[Thermodesulfobacterium]]''<br><br />
''[[Thermotoga]]''<br><br />
''[[Thermus]]''<br><br />
''[[Thiobacillus]]''<br><br />
''[[Thiocapsa]]''<br><br />
''[[Thiomargarita]]''<br><br />
''[[Treponema]]''<br><br />
''[[Trichodesmium]]''<br><br />
''[[Verrucomicrobium]]''<br><br />
''[[Vibrio]]''<br><br />
''[[Wigglesworthia]]''<br><br />
''[[Wolbachia]]''<br><br />
''[[Xanthomonas]]''<br><br />
''[[Yersinia]]''<br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<td align="center" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" bgcolor="#ccccff" valign="top" width="25%"> <font size="+2">'''Archaea'''</font><br />
''[[Acidilobus]]''<br><br />
''[[Aeropyrum]]''<br><br />
''[[Archaeoglobus]]''<br><br />
''[[Caldisphaera]]''<br><br />
''[[Desulfurococcus]]''<br><br />
''[[Ferroplasma]]''<br><br />
''[[Haloarcula]]''<br><br />
''[[Halobacterium]]''<br><br />
''[[Halococcus]]''<br><br />
''[[Haloferax]]''<br><br />
''[[Haloquadratum]]''<br><br />
''[[Halorhabdus]]''<br><br />
''[[Hyperthermus]]''<br><br />
''[[Ignicoccus]]''<br><br />
''[[Methanococcus]]''<br><br />
''[[Methanoculleus]]''<br><br />
''[[Methanofollis]]''<br><br />
''[[Methanogens]]''<br><br />
''[[Methanopyrus]]''<br><br />
''[[Methanosarcina]]''<br><br />
''[[Methanosphaera]]'' <br /><br />
''[[Methanothermobacter]]''<br><br />
''[[Nanoarchaeum]]''<br><br />
''[[Natronococcus]]''<br><br />
''[[Natronomonas]]'' <br><br />
''[[Picrophilus]]'' <br><br />
''[[Pyrobaculum]]'' <br><br />
''[[Pyrococcus]]''<br><br />
''[[Pyrodictium]]''<br><br />
''[[Sulfolobus]]''<br><br />
''[[Sulfurisphaera]]''<br><br />
''[[Thermococcus]]'' <br><br />
''[[Thermoplasma]]''<br><br />
''[[Thermoproteus]]''<br><br />
''[[Thermosphaera]]''<br><br />
''[[Vulcanisaeta]]'' <br><br />
</td><br />
<br />
<td align="center" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" bgcolor="#ffffcc" valign="top" width="25%"><font size="+2">'''Eukarya'''</font><br />
''[[Acrasids]]''<br><br />
''[[Actinophrydae]]''<br><br />
''[[Alexandrium]]''<br><br />
''[[Ameba]]''<br><br />
''[[Apicomplex]]''<br><br />
''[[Ascomycota]]''<br><br />
''[[Aspergillus]]''<br><br />
''[[Babesia]]''<br><br />
''[[Basidiomycota]]''<br><br />
''[[Bacillariophyta]]''<br><br />
''[[Bicosoecids]]''<br><br />
''[[Ceratium]]''<br><br />
''[[Charophyta]]''<br><br />
''[[Choanoflagellata]]''<br><br />
''[[Chrysophyceae]]''<br><br />
''[[Chrysophyta]]''<br><br />
''[[Chlorophyta]]''<br><br />
''[[Chytridiomycota]]''<br><br />
''[[Chrysophyta]]''<br><br />
''[[Ciliophora]]''<br><br />
''[[Cryptococcus]]''<br><br />
''[[Cryptosporidium]]''<br><br />
''[[Cyclospora]]''<br><br />
''[[Desulfurococcus]]''<br><br />
''[[Dictiostelida|Dictyostelida]]''<br><br />
''[[Didinium]]''<br><br />
''[[Dinoflagellata]]''<br><br />
''[[Diplomonada]]''<br><br />
''[[Emiliana|Emiliania]]''<br><br />
''[[Euglenozoa]]''<br><br />
''[[Euglyphids]]''<br><br />
''[[Foraminifera]]''<br><br />
''[[Giardia]]''<br><br />
''[[Labyrinthula]]''<br><br />
''[[Leishmania]]''<br><br />
''[[Leukocytozoon]]''<br><br />
''[[Magnaporthe]]''<br><br />
''[[Metazoa]]''<br><br />
''[[Microsporidia]]''<br><br />
''[[Mixotricha]]''<br><br />
''[[Morchella]]''<br><br />
''[[Myxogastria]]''<br><br />
''[[Nano- and Picoeukaryotes|Nanoeukaryotes]]''<br><br />
''[[Neurospora]]''<br><br />
''[[Oomycota]]''<br><br />
''[[Opalinids]]''<br><br />
''[[Oxymonads]]''<br><br />
''[[Parabasalia]]''<br><br />
''[[Paramecium]]''<br><br />
''[[Pelobionta]]''<br><br />
''[[Penecillium|Penicillium]]''<br><br />
''[[Pfiesteria]]''<br><br />
''[[Phaeophyceae]]''<br><br />
''[[Nano- and Picoeukaryotes|Picoeukaryotes]]''<br><br />
''[[Plasmodium]]''<br><br />
''[[Protostelida]]''<br><br />
''[[Radiolaria]]''<br><br />
''[[Retortamonads]]''<br><br />
''[[Rhodophyta]]''<br><br />
''[[Saccharomyces]]''<br><br />
''[[Sarcocystis]]''<br><br />
''[[Stentor]]''<br><br />
''[[Suctoria]]''<br><br />
''[[Parabasalia|Trichomonas]]''<br><br />
''[[Trypanosoma]]''<br><br />
''[[Vorticella]]''<br><br />
''[[Xanthophyceae]]''<br><br />
''[[Zooxanthellae]]''<br><br />
''[[Zygomycota]]''<br><br />
<td align="center"<!-- Suggest using a non yellow color yellow is already used. Maybe a light green #caffbc like that would work. Drew T. 6.2.06 --> bgcolor="#ffff99" height="1626" valign="top" width="25%"> <b><font size="+2">Viruses</font></b><br />
[[Adenoviridae]]<br><br />
''[[Aphthovirus]]''<br><br />
[[Arenaviridae]]<br><br />
[[Baculoviridae]]<br><br />
''[[Badnavirus]]''<br><br />
[[Birnaviridae]]<br><br />
[[Bromoviridae]]<br><br />
''[[Bromovirus]]''<br><br />
[[Bunyaviridae]]<br><br />
[[Caulimoviridae]]<br><br />
''[[Caulimovirus]]''<br><br />
''[[Circovirus]]''<br><br />
''[[Coronavirus]]''<br><br />
[[Cystoviridae]]<br><br />
''[[Enterovirus]]''<br><br />
[[Filoviridae]]<br><br />
[[Flaviviridae]]<br><br />
[[Fuselloviridae]]<br><br />
[[Geminiviridae]]<br><br />
''[[Hantavirus]]''<br><br />
''[[Hepacivirus]]''<br><br />
[[Hepadnaviridae]]<br><br />
''[[Hepatovirus]]''<br><br />
''[[Hepatitis B virus]]''<br><br />
[[Herpesviridae]]<br><br />
''[[Human immunodeficiency virus]]''<br><br />
[[Inoviridae]]<br><br />
[[Iridoviridae]]<br><br />
[[Leviviridae]]<br><br />
[[Myoviridae]]<br><br />
[[Orthomyxoviridae]]<br><br />
''[[Orthoreovirus]]''<br><br />
[[Papillomaviridae]]<br><br />
[[Paramyxoviridae]]<br><br />
[[Parvoviridae]]<br><br />
[[Phycodnaviridae]]<br><br />
[[Picornaviridae]]<br><br />
[[Potyviridae]]<br><br />
''[[Potyvirus]]''<br><br />
[[Poxviridae]]<br><br />
[[Reoviridae]]<br><br />
[[Retroviridae]]<br><br />
[[Rhabdoviridae]]<br><br />
''[[Rhinovirus]]''<br><br />
''[[Rotavirus]]''<br><br />
[[Siphoviridae]]<br><br />
[[Tectiviridae]]<br><br />
''[[Tobamovirus]]''<br><br />
[[Togaviridae]]<br><br />
''[[Varicosavirus]]''<br></div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Magnetotactic&diff=4845Magnetotactic2006-07-19T15:53:52Z<p>WikiAdmin: Magnetococcus moved to Magnetotactic: yes</p>
<hr />
<div>==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa:===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Proteobacteria; unclassified Proteobacteria<br />
<br />
===Species:===<br />
<br />
Magnetococcus sp. MC-1, environmental samples. (source [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=162171&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy])<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
<br />
Magnetococcus, also known as magnetotactic bacteria, are the smallest organisms that use a navigational method by using the earth's geomagnetic field to develop an internal compass. Magnetotactic bacteria were discovered in 1975 by Richard P. Blakemore when he noticed that some of the bacteria that he observed under the microscope always moved to the same side of the slide. These bacteria are able to move in a particular direction because they make tiny, iron-containing magnetic particles. Each of these particles is a magnet with a north pole and a south pole. The bacteria arrange these tiny magnets in a line to make one long magnet. They use this magnet as a compass to align themselves to the earth's geomagnetic field.<br />
<br />
Magnetotactic bacteria use their magnetic compass to tell them which way is down in an aquatic environment. These bacteria don't like oxygen and move from areas with high oxygen towards area with low or no oxygen. The level of oxygen decreases as one moves deeper into the water so magnetotactic bacteria live in the deeper parts of their aquatic environments, using their compass to help them.<br />
<br />
The geomagnetic field guides the direction of motion of magnetotactic bacteria. In the Northern Hemisphere, the geomagnetic north actually oints down to an angle; the magnetotactic bacteria that are aligned to this field are also pointing down. By moving north along this field, they move deeper into the water, and into areas with less oxygen. In the Southern Hemisphere, the geomagnetic north actually points up and at an angle so magnetotactic bacteria in this half of the world are "south-seeking", which points them downward. The magnetotactic bacteria found at the equator are a mixture of north-seeking and south-seeking bacteria because the geomagnetic north doesn't point either up or down.<br />
<br />
The practical applications of magnetotactic bacteria are of significant interest to scientists. The tiny magnets that these nacteria make are far superior to those produced by people. Scientists and engineers are trying to develop ways to use this magnetic material in places where tiny magnets are much better than big magnets.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Magnetotactic_bacteria.jpeg|frame|center|Cryoelectron tomography of a magnetotactic bacterium: a three-dimensional reconstruction of the interior of a Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense cell. The cell membrane is blue, the magnetosome crystal red, and the surrounding vesicle yellow. Image Courtesy [http://www.mpg.de/english//illustrationsDocumentation/documentation/pressReleases/2005/pressRelease200511171/genPDF.pdf Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry]]]<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Life cycle of Magnetotactic bacteria==<br />
<br />
Although most multicellular organisms, prokaryotes as well as animals, plants, and algae have a unicellular stage in their life cycle, an uncultured prokaryotic magnetotactic multicellular organism reproduces by binary fission. It is multicellular in all the stages of its life cycle, and during most of the life cycle the cells organize into a hollow sphere formed by a functionally coordinated and polarized single-cell layer that grows by increasing the cell size. All the cells then divide synchronously; the organism becomes elliptical, and separates into two equal spheres with a torsional movement in the equatorial plane. Unicellular bacteria similar to the cells that compose these organisms have not been found. All the organisms studied seem to belong to a single genetic population phylogenetically related to many-celled magnetotactic prokaryotic organism that proliferates in the delta sub-group of the proteobacteria. This appears to be the first report of a multicellular prokaryotic organism that proliferates by dividing into two equal multicellular organisms each similar to the parent one.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
<br />
Magnetotactic bcteria are found in the sediments of many aquatic environments. In addition to their worldwide distribution, the diversity of morphological types suggests that magnetotaxis is a feature of a number of bacterial species.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
Clement, Sandi; "Magnetic Microbes"; [http://commtechlab.msu.edu/Sites/dlc-me/curious/caOc96SC.html <u>Digital Learning Center for Microbial Ecology</u>]<br />
<br />
Carolina N. Keim, Juliana L. Martins, Fernanda Abreu, Alexandre Soares Rosado, Henrique Lins de Barros, Radovan Borojevic, Ulysses Lins, Marcos Farina; "Multicellular life cycle of magnetotactic prokaryotes"; <u>FEMS Microbiology Letters 240</u>; 2004<br />
<br />
Frankel, Richard B; "Magnetic Guidance of Organisms"; [http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/action/showJournals <u>Annual Reviews</u>]; 1984</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Contact_MicrobeWiki&diff=4719Contact MicrobeWiki2006-07-05T12:57:01Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>To request an account or inform us of any suggestions, corrections, or requests for MicrobeWiki, please contact:<br><br />
Email: [mailto:slonczewski@kenyon.edu MicrobeWiki]<br />
<br />
When you contact us to request an account, we will send you an e-mail with your username and password. Once you have your account, you will be able to edit pages and upload images. Unless a page is protected, you will be able to either edit the entire page by clicking on the Edit tab at the top of the screen or edit only a section by clicking on the Edit link next to the section heading. To upload an image or other file, click on the Upload File link in the toolbox at the left of the page. See [[Help:Contents#Editing| Help: Editing]] for further editing instructions.</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Enterococcus&diff=4346Enterococcus2006-06-20T14:25:47Z<p>WikiAdmin: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>{|<br />
| height="69" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI:<br />[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=1350&lvl=3&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]<br />[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Search&dopt=DocSum&term=txid1350%5BOrganism:exp%5D Genome] '''<br />
|}<br />
[[Image:enterococcus2.jpg|frame|right|''Enterococcus'' cultured on agar. From the [http://w3.ouhsc.edu/enterococcus/ University of Oklahoma.]]]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa:===<br />
<br />
Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacilli; Lactobacillales; Enterococcaceae; Enterococcus<br />
<br />
===Species:===<br />
<br />
''Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
<br />
Enterococci are regular inhabitants of the bowel. The genome of ''E. faecalis'' is more than 25% exogenously acquired DNA. Enterococci are the leading cause of hospital-acquired secondary infections.<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
The genome of ''Enterococcus faecalis'' ''V583'' was recently sequenced. The main chromosome is 3,218,031 bp long with 3,182 open-reading frames, and the three plasmids are 66,320 bp long, 57,660 bp long, and 17963 bp long, with 72, 64, and 19 open-reading frames respectively. The G+C content of the main chromosome is 37.5% and around 34% for the three plasmids. The genome will provide insight into the mechanisms of pathogenicity and the evolution of the genome and how it has acquired or developed vancomycin resistant strains. As regards virulence factors, researchers have discovered a pathogenicity island on the genome of ''E. faecalis''. This region contains about 150 kbp long with a lower G+C content than the rest of the genome and encodes genes that aid the bacteria in host infection, including genes for a toxin that punctures cell walls and genes for molecules that help ''E. faecalis'' adhere to surfaces. It is also believed that many of the genes on the ''E. faecalis'' genome have been acquired through lateral gene transfer, both within the species and the genus, but also with other genera, specifically'' Streptococcus'' and ''Staphylococcus''.<br />
<br />
The genome of ''E. faecalis'' ''DO'' is 2,848,380 base pairs long with a 37% G+C content. This obvious inclination to acquire mobile gene elements has certainly contributed to the rapid acquisition and dissemination of drug resistance of the ''Enterococci''. There is also evidence that ''Enterococci'' act as a reservoir of drug resistance for other genera, especially as concerns vancomycin resistance.<br />
<br />
Vancomycin is currently the strongest antibiotic in our arsenal, used as a last resort to treat bacterial infections that respond to no other antibiotics. Unfortunately several species of bacteria, including ''Enterococcus faecalis'' have developed resistance to our last line of defense. Vancomycin resistance in ''E. faecalis'' is encoded on a mobile element of DNA in the genome. The gene encodes vancomycin resistance via synthesis of modified peptidoglycan precursors that terminate in D-lactate.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
<br />
Enterococci are Gram-posistive cocci that occur singly, in pairs, or in short chains. They are facultative anaerobes. They have a fermentative metabolism in which they convert carbohydrates to lactic acid. They are usually considered strict fermenters because they lack a Kreb's cycle respiratory chain. Analysis of the ''E. faecalis'' genome highlights the importance of the fermentation of nonabsorbed sugars in the gastrointestinal tract. ''E. faecalis'' has a large number of sugar uptake systems, comparable to ''Listeria'' species and considerably more than any other sequenced bacteria. ''E. faecalis'' also produces a large amount of extracellular oxygen, one of the few bacteria that does so. ''E. faecalis'' also has cation homeostasis mechanisms, which likely contributes to its resistance to pH, salt, metal, and desiccation. Enterococci are usually catalase negative, although sometimes tests can come back slightly positive. They used to be classified as Group D streptococci due to the fact that they have the Lancefield Group D antigen (glycerol teichoic acid antigen) in their cell walls.<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
<br />
Enterococci have been described as extremely hardy organisms capable of living in many mediums that would certainly kill other bacteria. They normally inhabit the bowels of animlas, humans included, but they are found in soil, vegetation, and surface water, probably due to contamination by animal excrement. Enterococci are capable of growing at a range of temperatures from 10-45 degrees Celsius, and can grow in hypotonic, hypertonic, acidic, or alkaline environments. As facultative anaerobes, enterococci can grow under reduced or oxygenated conditions. They are also capable of survival at 60 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes. ''Enterocoocus'' ''faecalis'' is able to grow in 6.5% NaCl. Enterococci can also grow in 40% bile salts and over a broad range of pH. Enterococci also have a large amount of natural antibiotic resistance.<br />
<br />
==Isolation and Cultivation==<br />
<br />
[[Image:s1s13.jpg|frame|left|''Enterococcus faecalis'' on a blood agar plate. From the University of Missouri at Columbia.]]<br />
<br />
Enterococci can be isolated using any blood agar base containing 5% They can be isolated from Gram-negative bacteria in a sample using bile-esculin azide, phenylethyl alcohol agar, Columbia colistin-nalidixic acid agar, or other media containing azide. Standard laboratory growing conditions for enterococci is a brain heart infusion, or Todd-Hewitt, broth or agar, supplemented with antibiotics when appropriate, at 35-37 degrees Celsius without aeration.<br />
<br />
==Pathology==<br />
<br />
Enterococci are the leading cause of nosocomial infection (or secondary infection aquired while in a hospital). They are responsible for approximately 110,000 cases of urinary tract infection, 25,000 cases of bacteremia, 40,000 wound infections, and 1,100 cases of endocarditis yearly in the United States. To infect hosts enterococci primarily colonize mucosal surfaces. They also must evade host defenses although little is known about the actual mechanism of evasion. The pathogenicity of the organism is believed to be closely associated with its ability to produce cytolysin, a toxin that causes rupture of a variety of target membranes, including bacterial cells, erythrocytes, and other mammalian cells.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.nature.com/news/2002/020603/full/020603-17.html Clarke, Tom. 2002. Gene kit makes microbe menacing. Nature Science Update: June 13th.]<br />
<br />
Doe Joint Genome Institute. Organism Details, Enterococcus faecalis DO. March 22, 2005.<br />
<br />
[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol4no2/adobe/huy.pdf Huycke, Mark M. et al. 1998. Multiple-Drug Resistant ''Enterococci'': The nature of the problem and an agenda for the future. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4: 239-249.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12663927&dopt=Citation Paulsen, I. T. et al. 2003. Role of Mobile DNA in the Evolution of Vancomycin-Resistant ''Enterococcus faecalis''. Science, 299: 2071-2074.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.bact.wisc.edu/Microtextbook/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=203 Science Education: Vancomycin resistant ''Enterococcus'']<br />
<br />
[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v417/n6890/abs/nature00802_fs.html Shnakar, Nathan et al. 2002. Modulation of virulence within a pathogenicity island in vancomycin-resistant ''Enterococcus faecalis''. Nature, 417: 746-750.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.enterococcus.ouhsc.edu/lynn_revirew.asp University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center: Pathogenicity of ''Enterococci''][[search list|.]]<br />
<br />
[http://www.enterococcus.ouhsc.edu/lab_methods.asp University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center: Standard Laboratory Methods for Identifying and Growing ''Enterococci''.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Zygomycota&diff=4345Zygomycota2006-06-20T14:25:05Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
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<div>[[image:Zyg_phycomyces_zygospores.jpg|frame|right|''Phycomyces zygotes''. [http://www.csupomona.edu/%7Ejcclark/classes/bot125/resource/survey/zygomycota.html Survey of the botanical Phyla: Zygomycota by Curtis Clark]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa</h3><br />
Eukaryota; Metazoa/Fungi group; Fungi <br />
<h3>Species</h3><br />
''Rhizopus stolonifer''<br><br />
''Cunninghamella echinulata''<br><br />
''Syncephalastrum racemosum''<br><br />
<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Species within the Zygomycota classification make up only about 1% of true Fungi. There are only about 900 species. However, humans rarely encounter most species. The most familiar is the mold that affects strawberries and other fruits. This phylum encompasses at least seven orders. Zygomycota are commonly thought of as bread molds, but there are many species of fungi within this classification that form symbiotic relationships with plants or infect animal hosts. Two other common names for Zygomycota are pin molds and sugar molds. The term &quot;pin mold&quot; refers to the appearance of certain species, while &quot;sugar molds&quot; refers to the sugar-rich fruit that is often affected by zygomycota. They are thought to be the most primitive terrestrial fungi. It is believed that Zygomycota emerged between 600 and 1,400 million years ago. It is suggested that Zygomycota are either para- or polyphletic, but this has yet to be determine. They share many characteristics with flagellated fungi, and therefore were once thought to be related to acquatic fungi. However, differences in cell-wall structure and a lack of flagellated spores or gamets indicate that there is no relation.<br />
<br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
Zygomycota is a classification that encompasses many different species with very different genome structures.<br />
<br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
[[image:Syncep1.jpg|frame|left|Syncephalastrum racemosum. [http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/Bot201/Myxomycota/Introduction.htm Introduction to the Fungi by George Wong]]]<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
Cell walls are composed of chitin-chitosan. The mature zygospore has thick walls. Zygomycota also have coenocytic mycelium. <br />
<br />
<br />
They normally grow as mycellia or as filaments of long cells. Hyphae typically lack cross walls or septa, and therefore are coeonocytic. It is believed that zygomycota have zygotic or haplontic life cycles. Zygomycota are able to reproduce both sexually and asexually. In fact, sexual reproduction via zygospores following gametangial fusion is a definitive characteristic of Zygomycota. Sexual reproduction is haploid-dominant, while asexual reproduction <br />
makes use of aplanospores. In Zygomycota, sexual reproduction is the fusion of undifferentiated isogametangia or anisogametangia. Mating strains (progametangia) grow toward each other and induce <br />
the hormone trisporic acid to intiate sexual development. This fusion produces a zygote, which develops into a zygospore. The way Zygomycota reproduce asexually is also distinctive. With <br />
asexual reproduction, asexual spores called sporangiospores are produced in sporangia. Typically, three sporangia are produced, but there are variations within asexual reproduction. Nuclei <br />
move to the ends of the progametangia to form septa. Plasmogamy and karyogamy follow the fusion of the progametangia. Sexual reproduction ends with the formation of the zygospore. Because <br />
of the Zgomycota life cycle, only the diploid phase takes place in the zygospore. Zygospores must undergo a dormant period before beginning the reproductive cycle again.<br />
<br style="clear:both" /><br />
<h2>Ecology</h2><br />
Zygomycota are arguably the most ecologically diverse group of fungi. Zygomycota are terrestrial organisms. They live close to plants, usually in soil and on decaying plant matter. Because they decompose soil, plant matter, and dung, they have a major role in the carbon cycle. Zygomycota are also pathogens for animals, amebas, plants, and other fungi. They form mutualistic symbiotic relationships with plants. In addition, they form commensalistic relationships with arthropods, inhabiting the gut of the organism and feeding on unused nutrients. However, Zygomycota can also be found in acquatic ecosystems.<br />
While Zygomycota are largely known to humans for the negative economic impact they have on fruit, they also have some practical use. For example, certain species are used in Asian food fermentations. In addition, people have used their pathogenic powers to control insect pests. Although these are largely considered terrestrial organisms, certain species of Zygomycota also form relationships with animals. Zygomycetes are known to cause serious infections, articularly for diabetics and immunocompromised individuals. These infections can also occur as a result of major burns or other tramatic injury. One such disease is zygomycosis. This is a rare fungal disease that occurs in humans, and can even affect the fetus. It is potentially lethal. Diven et. al. (2004) note three clinical forms: cellulitis, disseminated, and gastrointestinal. The symptoms of the gastrointestinal form mirror those of another disease, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). This often makes diagnosis of the disease difficult. Thammayya (2005) wrote case study on a form of the diesease that is an upper respiratory tract infection with a wide variety of symptoms. Some of these include epistaxis, intranasal tumor, and nasal obstruction. Thammayya's case study noted that it was the first report on this disease due to a species from North-eastern India. One research focus regarding the infections species is on how to control and treat them. The work of -Lamaignaire et. al. (2005) studied the affects of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) on certain species of zygomycetes, and compared these results to those of interferon (IFN)- gamma and anulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). It was found that while the PMNLs did have ome effect, the IFN-gammas and GM-CSFs were more affective in combatting the invasive organisms.<br />
<br />
Zygomycota are not just restricted to the biological world. The modern dance company Pilobolus, founded in 1971, took its name from the fungus.<br />
<br />
[[image:31-07-ZygomyceteLifeCyc-L.jpg|frame|center|Zygomycota life cycle. [http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbios/surveybi04.html Survey of representatives of the major Kingdoms by Jay Pitocchelli.]]]<br />
[[image:Splash.jpg|frame|center|[http://www.pilobolus.com/ Members of Pilobolus. Photo taken by John Kane.]]]<br />
<h2>References. Updated May 19, 2005</h2><br />
<br />
[http://www.csupomona.edu/%7Ejcclark/classes/bot125/resource/survey/zygomycota.html Clark, Curtis. Survey of the botanical Phyla: Zygomycota.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15558003&query_hl=130 Diven SC, Angel CA, Hawkins HK, Rowen JL, Shattuck KE. "Intestinal zygomycosis due to Absidia corymbifera mimicking necrotizing enterocolitis in a preterm neonate." J Perinatol. 2004 Dec;24(12):794-6.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15747255&query_hl=130 Gil-Lamaignere C, Simitsopoulou M, Roilides E, Maloukou A, Winn RM, Walsh TJ. "Interferon- gamma and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor augment the activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes against medically important zygomycetes." J Infect Dis. 2005 Apr 1;191(7):1180-7. Epub 2005 Feb 25.]<br />
<br />
[http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Zygomycota James, Timothy and Kerry O'Donell. "Zygomycota: Microscopic 'Pin' or 'Sugar' Molds." Tree of Life Web Project.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15552649&query_hl=130 Mohammed S, Sahoo TP, Jayshree RS, Bapsy PP, Hema S. "Sino-oral zygomycosis due to Absidia corymbifera in a patient with acute leukemia." Med Mycol. 2004 Oct;42(5):475-8.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.pilobolus.com/ Pilobolus.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbios/surveybi04.html Pitocchelli, Jay. Survey of representatives of the major Kingdoms.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15597678&query_hl=130 Thammayya A. "Zygomycosis due to Conidiobolus coronatus in west Bengal." Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2000 Oct-Dec;42(4):305-9.]<br />
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<div>[[Image:tryp1.jpg|thumb|300px|''Trypanosomes. ''Image from [http://www.itg.uiuc.edu The Imaging Technology Group.]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2> <br />
<h3>Higher order taxa:</h3> [[Eukaryota]]<nowiki>; Euglenozoa; Kinetoplastida; Trypanosomatidae; Trypanosoma </nowiki><br />
<h3>Species:</h3><br />
''Trypanosoma cruzi'' <br />
''Trypanosoma brucei''<br />
<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2> <br />
The genus ''Trypanosoma ''contains a large number of parasitic species which infect wild and domesticated animals and humans in Africa. Commonly known as African sleeping sickness, human trypanosomiasis is caused by the species ''Trypanosoma brucei'' and is transmitted to humans through either a vector or the blood of ingested animals. The most common vector of ''Trypanosoma brucei ''is the tsetse fly, which may spread the parasite to humans and animals through bites. Through a process known as antigenic variation, some trypanosomes are able to evade the host's immune system by modifying their surface membrane, esentially multiplying with every surface change. As the disease progresses, ''Trypanosoma brucei'' gradually infiltrates the host's central nervous system. Symptoms include headache, weakness, and joint pain in the initial stages; anaemia, cardiovascular problems, and kidney disorders as the disease progresses; in its final stages, the disease may lead to extreme exhaustion and fatigue during the day, insomnia at night, coma, and ultimately death. Human trypanosomiasis affects as many as 66 million people in sub-Saharan Africa. <br /> Trypanosomes are also found in the Americas in the form of ''Trypanosoma cruzi'', which causes American human trypanosomiasis, or Chagas' disease. This disease is found in humans in two forms: as an [http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_a_27zPzhtm amastigote] in the cells, and as a [http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_a_27zPzhtm trymastigote] in the blood. The vectors for ''Trypanosoma cruzi'' include members of the order Hemiptera, such as assassin flies, which ingest the amastigote or trymastigote and carry them to animals or humans. The parasites enter the human host through mucus membranes in the nose, eye, or mouth upon release from the insect vectors. Left untreated, Chagas' disease may cause dementia, megacolon, and megaesophagus, and damage to the heart muscle, and may result in death. <br /><br />
<br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
<br /> Eleven chromosomes of ''Trypanosoma'''s DNA have been sequenced or are in the process of being sequenced by the [http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects/T_brucei/chromosomeI.shtml Sanger Institute] and [http://www.tigr.org/tdb/mdb/tbdb/ TIGR]. Chromosome I's sequence has been completed and has yielded 400 genes and five novel gene families. 99-100% of gene pairs were indentical, leading scientists to believe that an active process of amplification and gene conversion may be present.<br />
<br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
Trypanosome cells are small and heterotrophic; they share common characteristics with other members of the phylum Euglenozoa, particularly the stiffening paraxial rod in the flagellum, and characteristics common to the order Kinetoplastida, specifically a large clump of DNA located at one end of the unusually long mitochondrion known as the kinetoplast. ''Trypanosoma'''s cell structure plays a vital role in allowing the cell to morph into three forms (trypomastigote, epimastigote, and amastigote) during its lifecycle, depending on where the cell is located in the host's anatomy. The location of the kinetoplast in relation to the nucleus and the flagellum emergence dictate in which stage the trypanosome cell is found. Key sources of the cell's energy, for example acid calcisomes and reservosomes, continue to intrigue scientists. Drug studies that have been performed in order to curb the parasite's energy have yielded information regarding energy-producing glycosomal enzymes, purine and sterol byosynthetic pathways<font size="+1">'''. '''</font>''Trypanosoma'' uses several methods in order to penetrate the host's cell: active penetration, active induction of receptor-mediated phagocytosis, and opsonin-mediated phagocytosis. The cell's unique structure allows the trypanosome to invade the host cell usually with little or no difficulty, resulting eventually in cell rupture, release of trypomastigotes, and their subsequent multiplication. ''Trypanosoma cruzi ''cells differ from their African relatives (''Trypanosoma brucei'') in that no replication occurs in the bloodstream; rather, the cells are only able to replicate after another cell has been penetrated.<br />
<br />
<h3><center>Cell Structure of Trypanosoma</center></h3><br />
[[Image:trypanosomes.jpg|frame|center|Image by [http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310protozoaLab.htm Richard Fox].]]<br />
<br />
<h3><center>Life Cycle of Trypanosoma brucei</center></h3><br />
[[Image:AfrTryp_LifeCycle.gif|frame|center|Image from [http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/TrypanosomiasisAfrican.htm Centers of Disease Control and Prevention.]]]<br />
<br />
<h3><center>Life Cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi</center></h3><br />
[[Image:AmerTryp_LifeCycle.gif|frame|center|Image from [http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/Default.htm Centers of Disease Control and Prevention.]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2><br />
''Trypanosoma brucei ''and ''Trypanosoma cruzi'' are parasites--therefore the ecology of their vector and host is the ecology of the species itself. The most common carrier of ''Trypanosoma brucei'' is the tsetse fly, native to Africa. The three species of tsetse fly vectors are most prevalent in Western and Central Africa, although some are found more sproadically in the Eastern and Southern parts of the continent. The tsetse fly's habitat varies, depending on the species of fly and its location, but climate and altitude are a determining factor in their distribution. An increase in the number of diagnosed cases of sleeping sickness in the past forty years has prompted mass migrations from the politically charged areas of Western and Central Africa to places previously virtually uninhabited by humans. ''Trypanosoma cruzi'' is found in many countries in the Americas, and is carried by insects to animals and human in much the same way as its African counterpart, although rather than the tsetse fly, the vecters are bedbugs or "assassin" flies. ''Trypanosoma cruzi ''was once thought to be confined to Brazil and its surrounding area, but recently cases of Chagas' disease have been reported as far north as southern North America. Immigrants from Central America and Mexico are thought to be the cause of the disease's migration northward.<br />
<br />
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[[Image:tryp2.jpg]]<br />
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<div align="center">Maps from [http://www.cdfound.to.it The Carlo Denegri Foundation.]</div><br />
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<br />
<h2>References.</h2><br />
<br />
Updated June 6, 2005<br />
<br />
'''[http://www.sanger.ac.uk/ Berriman, Matt. <u>The Trypanosoma brucei Genome Project</u>. The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.<br /> <http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects/T_brucei/>.]'''<br />
<br />
'''<u>[http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_a-b_00zPzhtm Dorland's Medical Dictionary]</u>[http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_a-b_00zPzhtm . MerckSource. <http://www.mercksource.com>.]'''<br />
<br />
'''[http://www.cdfound.to.it/HTML/tryp2.htm "Geographic Distribution of Human African Trypanosomiasis." Map. <http://www.cdfound.to.it/HTML/tryp2.htm>.]'''<br />
<br />
'''[http://www.cdfound.to.it/HTML/tc2.htm "Geographic distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas' Disease)." Map. <http://www.cdfound.to.it/HTML/tc2.htm>.]'''<br />
<br />
'''<u>[http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/%7Eparasite/home.html Graphic Images of Parasites]</u>[http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/%7Eparasite/home.html . Ohio State University College of Biological Sciences.<br /> <http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite/trypanosoma.html>.]'''<br />
<br />
'''[http://www.itg.uiuc.edu The Imaging Technology Group.] '''<br />
<br />
'''[http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/Default.htm "Life Cycle of Trypanosoma brucei." Chart. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.<br /> <http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/TrypanosomiasisAfrican.htm>.<br />]'''<br />
<br />
'''[http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/TrypanosomiasisAmerican.htm "Life Cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi." Chart. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.<br /> <http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/TrypanosomiasisAmerican.htm>.]'''<br />
<br />
'''[http://jcs.biologists.org Matthew, Keith R. "The developmental biology of Trypanosoma brucei." <u>Journal of Cell Science</u> 118 (2005): 283-290.<br /> <http://jcs.biologists.org>.]'''<br />
<br />
'''[http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.en.26.010181.000533;jsessionid=jtvsFWs9W6Y7 Rabinovich, Jorge E., and Rodrigo Zeledón. "Chagas' Disease: An Ecological Appraisal with Special Emphasis on its Insect Vectors." <u>Annual Review Entomology</u> 26 (1981): 101-133. <http://arjournals.annualreviews.org>.]'''<br />
<br />
'''<u>[http://www.tigr.org/tdb/mdb/tbdb/intro.shtml The TIGR Trypanosoma brucei Genome Project]</u>[http://www.tigr.org/tdb/mdb/tbdb/intro.shtml . NIAID. <http://www.tigr.org/tdb/mdb/tbdb/>.]'''<br />
<br />
'''[http://www.dbbm.fiocruz.br/tropical/chagas/chapter3.html Zigman Brener. Chagas Disease - American Trypanosomiasis: its impact on transfusion and clinical medicine. S. Wendel, Z. Brener, M.E. Camargo, A. Rassi (Edt.). ISBT BRAZIL'92, SAO PAULO, BRAZIL]'''<br />
<br />
For information on parasites similar to trypanosoma, see [http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microbial_Biorealm/eukaryotes/trypansoma/leishmania.htm Leishmania].<br />
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<div>[[Image:99112C.jpg|frame|right|''Vorticella ''spp. [http://www.denniskunkel.com/index.php Dennis Kunkel Microscopy Inc].]]<br />
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[http://www.hukuki.net groovey]<br />
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<H2>Classification</H2><H3>Higher order taxa:</H3>Eukaryota; Alveolata; [[Ciliophora]]<nowiki>; Oligohymenophorea; Peritrichia; Vorticellidae. </nowiki><br /><H3>Species:</H3>''Vorticella campanula''<br />''Vorticella convallaria''<br />''Vorticella microstoma ''<br /><br />
<H2>Description and Significance</H2><br />
''Vorticella'' are members of the phylum [[Ciliophora]]. In some ways, they resemble members of the phylum [[Suctoria]]. However, there are major morphological differences between these two types of organisms. It is the unique structure of ''Vorticella ''that distinguishes them from other ciliates. <br /><br />
<H2>Genome Structure</H2><br />
Like some other ciliates, ''Vorticella ''has a deviant genetic code. UAA, a traditional stop codon, instead translates for glutamate. <br />
<br />
<font size="+1"><font size="3">The small subunit rRNA (SSrRNA) gene has proved crucial for distinguishing between ''Vorticella'' species. Because different species are physically very similar, it is difficult to tell them apart by morphological characterstics alone. SSrRNA has proved a much more effective method of classification and identification.</font></font><br />
<br />
<H2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</H2><br />
<br />
[[Image:Vorticella.gif|frame|left|Diagram of ''Vorticella''. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm Anabaena][http://www.hawriverprogram.org/Courses/Vorticella_page.html "Vorticella" lesson by the Haw River Program. ]]]<br />
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''Vorticella'' are sessile organisms. However, young ''Vorticella'' are free-swimming. Adult forms attach to substrates with contractile stalks. This stalk is a filamentous organelle called the spasmoneme. Adults can also be free-swimming if these stalks are cut. They can also detach themselves if food supplies are scarce and they need to find a new location. The spasmoneme has three cellular membranes, an extracelluar matrix, and an outer sheath. These stalks coil upon contraction. It is believed that the contraction is a defense mechanism to protect ''Vorticella '' from environmental hazards such as turbulent water. Contractions also help ''Vorticella '' capture food.<br />
<br />
''Vorticella'' are referred to as Peritrichs, meaning that their cilia are concentrated around the mouth end of the organism, but nowhere else on the body. In the event that ''Vorticella'' becomes motile, temporary cilia will form around the body. However, once the organism has anchored itself, these cilia will disappear.<br />
<br />
''Vorticella'' are heterotrophic organsims. They prey on bacteria. ''Vorticella'' use their cilia to create a current of water (vortex) to direct food towards its mouth.<br />
<br />
Typically, ''Vorticella'' reproduce via binary fission. The new organism splits from the parent and swims until it can find something on which to anchor itself. They are also capable of sexual reproduction.<br />
| width="15%" |<br />
|}<br />
<br style="clear:both" /><br />
<H2>Ecology</H2>''Vorticella ''are aquatic organisms, most commonly found in freshwater habitats. They attach themselves to plant detritus, rocks, algae, or animals (particularly crustaceans). They are individual organisms, but often can be found in colonies. However, these are not true colonies, because each individual retains its own stalk. ''Vorticella'' are therefore free to separate from the colony at any time.<br />
<br />
[[Image:10x.jpg|frame|center|A ''Vorticella ''colony. [http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov03/hwvorticella.html Photo by Howard Webb. ]]]<br />
<br />
<H2>References.</H2><br />
Updated June 24, 2005<BR><br> [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15352324&query_hl=2 Bramucci MG, Nagarajan V. <font size="3">"Inhibition of Vorticella microstoma stalk formation by wheat germ agglutinin." <span title="The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology.">J Eukaryot Microbiol.</span> 2004 Jul-Aug;51(4):425-7.</font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.denniskunkel.com/index.php Dennis Kunkel Microscopy Inc.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/wdvorticella.html Dioni, Walter. "The Reproduction of Vorticella." ''Micscape Magazine''. June 2003. Accessed 22 June 2005. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.hawriverprogram.org/Courses/Vorticella_page.html Haw River Program. "Vorticella." Accessed 23 June 2005.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12193809&dopt=Citation Itabashi, Takeshi, Kazuyuki Mikami, Jie Fang, and Hiroshi Asai. "Phylogenetic Relationships between ''Vorticella convallaria'' and Other Species Inferred from Small Subunit rRNA Gene Sequences." ''Zoological Science''. 2002;19:931-937.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.microscopeworld.com/resource/activities/critters/vorticella.htm MicroscopeWorld.com. "Vorticella". 2005. Accessed 23 June 2005. ]<br />
<br />
<div align="left"><br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12620196&query_hl=2 Sanchez-Silva R, Villalobo E, Morin L, Torres A. <font size="3">"A new noncanonical nuclear genetic code: translation of UAA into glutamate." <span title="Current biology : CB.">Curr Biol.</span> 2003 Mar 4;13(5):442-7.</font> ]<br />
<br />
[http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/200/16/2249 Shiono H, Naitoh Y. <font size="3">"Cellular contraction precedes membrane depolarization in Vorticella convallaria." <span title="The Journal of experimental biology.">J Exp Biol.</span> 1997;200(Pt 16):2249-61.</font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov03/hwvorticella.html Webb, Howard. "A Vorticella Colony." ''Micscape Magazine''. November 2003. Accessed 22 June 2005. ]<br />
<br />
</div><br />
|}<br />
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<br /></div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Vorticella&diff=3679Vorticella2006-06-14T19:38:28Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:99112C.jpg|frame|right|''Vorticella ''spp. [http://www.denniskunkel.com/index.php Dennis Kunkel Microscopy Inc].]]<br />
<br />
{| width="800" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" align="center"<br />
| height="1457" bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top" |<br />
<H2>Classification</H2><H3>Higher order taxa:</H3>Eukaryota; Alveolata; [[Ciliophora]]<nowiki>; Oligohymenophorea; Peritrichia; Vorticellidae. </nowiki><br /><H3>Species:</H3>''Vorticella campanula''<br />''Vorticella convallaria''<br />''Vorticella microstoma ''<br /><br />
<H2>Description and Significance</H2><br />
''Vorticella'' are members of the phylum [[Ciliophora]]. In some ways, they resemble members of the phylum [[Suctoria]]. However, there are major morphological differences between these two types of organisms. It is the unique structure of ''Vorticella ''that distinguishes them from other ciliates. <br /><br />
<H2>Genome Structure</H2><br />
Like some other ciliates, ''Vorticella ''has a deviant genetic code. UAA, a traditional stop codon, instead translates for glutamate. <br />
<br />
<font size="+1"><font size="3">The small subunit rRNA (SSrRNA) gene has proved crucial for distinguishing between ''Vorticella'' species. Because different species are physically very similar, it is difficult to tell them apart by morphological characterstics alone. SSrRNA has proved a much more effective method of classification and identification.</font></font><br />
<br />
<H2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</H2><br />
<br />
[[Image:Vorticella.gif|frame|left|Diagram of ''Vorticella''. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm Anabaena][http://www.hawriverprogram.org/Courses/Vorticella_page.html "Vorticella" lesson by the Haw River Program. ]]]<br />
{|<br />
| width="5%" |<br />
| width="80%" |<br />
''Vorticella'' are sessile organisms. However, young ''Vorticella'' are free-swimming. Adult forms attach to substrates with contractile stalks. This stalk is a filamentous organelle called the spasmoneme. Adults can also be free-swimming if these stalks are cut. They can also detach themselves if food supplies are scarce and they need to find a new location. The spasmoneme has three cellular membranes, an extracelluar matrix, and an outer sheath. These stalks coil upon contraction. It is believed that the contraction is a defense mechanism to protect ''Vorticella '' from environmental hazards such as turbulent water. Contractions also help ''Vorticella '' capture food.<br />
<br />
''Vorticella'' are referred to as Peritrichs, meaning that their cilia are concentrated around the mouth end of the organism, but nowhere else on the body. In the event that ''Vorticella'' becomes motile, temporary cilia will form around the body. However, once the organism has anchored itself, these cilia will disappear.<br />
<br />
''Vorticella'' are heterotrophic organsims. They prey on bacteria. ''Vorticella'' use their cilia to create a current of water (vortex) to direct food towards its mouth.<br />
<br />
Typically, ''Vorticella'' reproduce via binary fission. The new organism splits from the parent and swims until it can find something on which to anchor itself. They are also capable of sexual reproduction.<br />
| width="15%" |<br />
|}<br />
<br style="clear:both" /><br />
<H2>Ecology</H2>''Vorticella ''are aquatic organisms, most commonly found in freshwater habitats. They attach themselves to plant detritus, rocks, algae, or animals (particularly crustaceans). They are individual organisms, but often can be found in colonies. However, these are not true colonies, because each individual retains its own stalk. ''Vorticella'' are therefore free to separate from the colony at any time.<br />
<br />
[[Image:10x.jpg|frame|center|A ''Vorticella ''colony. [http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov03/hwvorticella.html Photo by Howard Webb. ]]]<br />
<br />
<H2>References.</H2><br />
Updated June 24, 2005<BR><br> [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15352324&query_hl=2 Bramucci MG, Nagarajan V. <font size="3">"Inhibition of Vorticella microstoma stalk formation by wheat germ agglutinin." <span title="The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology.">J Eukaryot Microbiol.</span> 2004 Jul-Aug;51(4):425-7.</font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.denniskunkel.com/index.php Dennis Kunkel Microscopy Inc.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/wdvorticella.html Dioni, Walter. "The Reproduction of Vorticella." ''Micscape Magazine''. June 2003. Accessed 22 June 2005. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.hawriverprogram.org/Courses/Vorticella_page.html Haw River Program. "Vorticella." Accessed 23 June 2005.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12193809&dopt=Citation Itabashi, Takeshi, Kazuyuki Mikami, Jie Fang, and Hiroshi Asai. "Phylogenetic Relationships between ''Vorticella convallaria'' and Other Species Inferred from Small Subunit rRNA Gene Sequences." ''Zoological Science''. 2002;19:931-937.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.microscopeworld.com/resource/activities/critters/vorticella.htm MicroscopeWorld.com. "Vorticella". 2005. Accessed 23 June 2005. ]<br />
<br />
<div align="left"><br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12620196&query_hl=2 Sanchez-Silva R, Villalobo E, Morin L, Torres A. <font size="3">"A new noncanonical nuclear genetic code: translation of UAA into glutamate." <span title="Current biology : CB.">Curr Biol.</span> 2003 Mar 4;13(5):442-7.</font> ]<br />
<br />
[http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/200/16/2249 Shiono H, Naitoh Y. <font size="3">"Cellular contraction precedes membrane depolarization in Vorticella convallaria." <span title="The Journal of experimental biology.">J Exp Biol.</span> 1997;200(Pt 16):2249-61.</font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov03/hwvorticella.html Webb, Howard. "A Vorticella Colony." ''Micscape Magazine''. November 2003. Accessed 22 June 2005. ]<br />
<br />
</div><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br /></div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Vorticella&diff=3608Vorticella2006-06-14T17:36:48Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:99112C.jpg|frame|right|''Vorticella ''spp. [http://www.denniskunkel.com/index.php Dennis Kunkel Microscopy Inc].]]<br />
<br />
[http://www.hukuki.net clickedy hery]<br />
<br />
{| width="800" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" align="center"<br />
| height="1457" bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top" |<br />
<H2>Classification</H2><H3>Higher order taxa:</H3>Eukaryota; Alveolata; [[Ciliophora]]<nowiki>; Oligohymenophorea; Peritrichia; Vorticellidae. </nowiki><br /><H3>Species:</H3>''Vorticella campanula''<br />''Vorticella convallaria''<br />''Vorticella microstoma ''<br /><br />
<H2>Description and Significance</H2><br />
''Vorticella'' are members of the phylum [[Ciliophora]]. In some ways, they resemble members of the phylum [[Suctoria]]. However, there are major morphological differences between these two types of organisms. It is the unique structure of ''Vorticella ''that distinguishes them from other ciliates. <br /><br />
<H2>Genome Structure</H2><br />
Like some other ciliates, ''Vorticella ''has a deviant genetic code. UAA, a traditional stop codon, instead translates for glutamate. <br />
<br />
<font size="+1"><font size="3">The small subunit rRNA (SSrRNA) gene has proved crucial for distinguishing between ''Vorticella'' species. Because different species are physically very similar, it is difficult to tell them apart by morphological characterstics alone. SSrRNA has proved a much more effective method of classification and identification.</font></font><br />
<br />
<H2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</H2><br />
<br />
[[Image:Vorticella.gif|frame|left|Diagram of ''Vorticella''. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm Anabaena][http://www.hawriverprogram.org/Courses/Vorticella_page.html "Vorticella" lesson by the Haw River Program. ]]]<br />
{|<br />
| width="5%" |<br />
| width="80%" |<br />
''Vorticella'' are sessile organisms. However, young ''Vorticella'' are free-swimming. Adult forms attach to substrates with contractile stalks. This stalk is a filamentous organelle called the spasmoneme. Adults can also be free-swimming if these stalks are cut. They can also detach themselves if food supplies are scarce and they need to find a new location. The spasmoneme has three cellular membranes, an extracelluar matrix, and an outer sheath. These stalks coil upon contraction. It is believed that the contraction is a defense mechanism to protect ''Vorticella '' from environmental hazards such as turbulent water. Contractions also help ''Vorticella '' capture food.<br />
<br />
''Vorticella'' are referred to as Peritrichs, meaning that their cilia are concentrated around the mouth end of the organism, but nowhere else on the body. In the event that ''Vorticella'' becomes motile, temporary cilia will form around the body. However, once the organism has anchored itself, these cilia will disappear.<br />
<br />
''Vorticella'' are heterotrophic organsims. They prey on bacteria. ''Vorticella'' use their cilia to create a current of water (vortex) to direct food towards its mouth.<br />
<br />
Typically, ''Vorticella'' reproduce via binary fission. The new organism splits from the parent and swims until it can find something on which to anchor itself. They are also capable of sexual reproduction.<br />
| width="15%" |<br />
|}<br />
<br style="clear:both" /><br />
<H2>Ecology</H2>''Vorticella ''are aquatic organisms, most commonly found in freshwater habitats. They attach themselves to plant detritus, rocks, algae, or animals (particularly crustaceans). They are individual organisms, but often can be found in colonies. However, these are not true colonies, because each individual retains its own stalk. ''Vorticella'' are therefore free to separate from the colony at any time.<br />
<br />
[[Image:10x.jpg|frame|center|A ''Vorticella ''colony. [http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov03/hwvorticella.html Photo by Howard Webb. ]]]<br />
<br />
<H2>References.</H2><br />
Updated June 24, 2005<BR><br> [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15352324&query_hl=2 Bramucci MG, Nagarajan V. <font size="3">"Inhibition of Vorticella microstoma stalk formation by wheat germ agglutinin." <span title="The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology.">J Eukaryot Microbiol.</span> 2004 Jul-Aug;51(4):425-7.</font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.denniskunkel.com/index.php Dennis Kunkel Microscopy Inc.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/wdvorticella.html Dioni, Walter. "The Reproduction of Vorticella." ''Micscape Magazine''. June 2003. Accessed 22 June 2005. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.hawriverprogram.org/Courses/Vorticella_page.html Haw River Program. "Vorticella." Accessed 23 June 2005.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12193809&dopt=Citation Itabashi, Takeshi, Kazuyuki Mikami, Jie Fang, and Hiroshi Asai. "Phylogenetic Relationships between ''Vorticella convallaria'' and Other Species Inferred from Small Subunit rRNA Gene Sequences." ''Zoological Science''. 2002;19:931-937.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.microscopeworld.com/resource/activities/critters/vorticella.htm MicroscopeWorld.com. "Vorticella". 2005. Accessed 23 June 2005. ]<br />
<br />
<div align="left"><br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12620196&query_hl=2 Sanchez-Silva R, Villalobo E, Morin L, Torres A. <font size="3">"A new noncanonical nuclear genetic code: translation of UAA into glutamate." <span title="Current biology : CB.">Curr Biol.</span> 2003 Mar 4;13(5):442-7.</font> ]<br />
<br />
[http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/200/16/2249 Shiono H, Naitoh Y. <font size="3">"Cellular contraction precedes membrane depolarization in Vorticella convallaria." <span title="The Journal of experimental biology.">J Exp Biol.</span> 1997;200(Pt 16):2249-61.</font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov03/hwvorticella.html Webb, Howard. "A Vorticella Colony." ''Micscape Magazine''. November 2003. Accessed 22 June 2005. ]<br />
<br />
</div><br />
|}<br />
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<br /></div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Vorticella&diff=3607Vorticella2006-06-14T17:36:26Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:99112C.jpg|frame|right|''Vorticella ''spp. [http://www.denniskunkel.com/index.php Dennis Kunkel Microscopy Inc].]]<br />
<br />
[www.hukuki.net clickedy hery]<br />
<br />
{| width="800" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" align="center"<br />
| height="1457" bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top" |<br />
<H2>Classification</H2><H3>Higher order taxa:</H3>Eukaryota; Alveolata; [[Ciliophora]]<nowiki>; Oligohymenophorea; Peritrichia; Vorticellidae. </nowiki><br /><H3>Species:</H3>''Vorticella campanula''<br />''Vorticella convallaria''<br />''Vorticella microstoma ''<br /><br />
<H2>Description and Significance</H2><br />
''Vorticella'' are members of the phylum [[Ciliophora]]. In some ways, they resemble members of the phylum [[Suctoria]]. However, there are major morphological differences between these two types of organisms. It is the unique structure of ''Vorticella ''that distinguishes them from other ciliates. <br /><br />
<H2>Genome Structure</H2><br />
Like some other ciliates, ''Vorticella ''has a deviant genetic code. UAA, a traditional stop codon, instead translates for glutamate. <br />
<br />
<font size="+1"><font size="3">The small subunit rRNA (SSrRNA) gene has proved crucial for distinguishing between ''Vorticella'' species. Because different species are physically very similar, it is difficult to tell them apart by morphological characterstics alone. SSrRNA has proved a much more effective method of classification and identification.</font></font><br />
<br />
<H2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</H2><br />
<br />
[[Image:Vorticella.gif|frame|left|Diagram of ''Vorticella''. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm Anabaena][http://www.hawriverprogram.org/Courses/Vorticella_page.html "Vorticella" lesson by the Haw River Program. ]]]<br />
{|<br />
| width="5%" |<br />
| width="80%" |<br />
''Vorticella'' are sessile organisms. However, young ''Vorticella'' are free-swimming. Adult forms attach to substrates with contractile stalks. This stalk is a filamentous organelle called the spasmoneme. Adults can also be free-swimming if these stalks are cut. They can also detach themselves if food supplies are scarce and they need to find a new location. The spasmoneme has three cellular membranes, an extracelluar matrix, and an outer sheath. These stalks coil upon contraction. It is believed that the contraction is a defense mechanism to protect ''Vorticella '' from environmental hazards such as turbulent water. Contractions also help ''Vorticella '' capture food.<br />
<br />
''Vorticella'' are referred to as Peritrichs, meaning that their cilia are concentrated around the mouth end of the organism, but nowhere else on the body. In the event that ''Vorticella'' becomes motile, temporary cilia will form around the body. However, once the organism has anchored itself, these cilia will disappear.<br />
<br />
''Vorticella'' are heterotrophic organsims. They prey on bacteria. ''Vorticella'' use their cilia to create a current of water (vortex) to direct food towards its mouth.<br />
<br />
Typically, ''Vorticella'' reproduce via binary fission. The new organism splits from the parent and swims until it can find something on which to anchor itself. They are also capable of sexual reproduction.<br />
| width="15%" |<br />
|}<br />
<br style="clear:both" /><br />
<H2>Ecology</H2>''Vorticella ''are aquatic organisms, most commonly found in freshwater habitats. They attach themselves to plant detritus, rocks, algae, or animals (particularly crustaceans). They are individual organisms, but often can be found in colonies. However, these are not true colonies, because each individual retains its own stalk. ''Vorticella'' are therefore free to separate from the colony at any time.<br />
<br />
[[Image:10x.jpg|frame|center|A ''Vorticella ''colony. [http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov03/hwvorticella.html Photo by Howard Webb. ]]]<br />
<br />
<H2>References.</H2><br />
Updated June 24, 2005<BR><br> [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15352324&query_hl=2 Bramucci MG, Nagarajan V. <font size="3">"Inhibition of Vorticella microstoma stalk formation by wheat germ agglutinin." <span title="The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology.">J Eukaryot Microbiol.</span> 2004 Jul-Aug;51(4):425-7.</font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.denniskunkel.com/index.php Dennis Kunkel Microscopy Inc.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun03/wdvorticella.html Dioni, Walter. "The Reproduction of Vorticella." ''Micscape Magazine''. June 2003. Accessed 22 June 2005. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.hawriverprogram.org/Courses/Vorticella_page.html Haw River Program. "Vorticella." Accessed 23 June 2005.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12193809&dopt=Citation Itabashi, Takeshi, Kazuyuki Mikami, Jie Fang, and Hiroshi Asai. "Phylogenetic Relationships between ''Vorticella convallaria'' and Other Species Inferred from Small Subunit rRNA Gene Sequences." ''Zoological Science''. 2002;19:931-937.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.microscopeworld.com/resource/activities/critters/vorticella.htm MicroscopeWorld.com. "Vorticella". 2005. Accessed 23 June 2005. ]<br />
<br />
<div align="left"><br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12620196&query_hl=2 Sanchez-Silva R, Villalobo E, Morin L, Torres A. <font size="3">"A new noncanonical nuclear genetic code: translation of UAA into glutamate." <span title="Current biology : CB.">Curr Biol.</span> 2003 Mar 4;13(5):442-7.</font> ]<br />
<br />
[http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/200/16/2249 Shiono H, Naitoh Y. <font size="3">"Cellular contraction precedes membrane depolarization in Vorticella convallaria." <span title="The Journal of experimental biology.">J Exp Biol.</span> 1997;200(Pt 16):2249-61.</font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov03/hwvorticella.html Webb, Howard. "A Vorticella Colony." ''Micscape Magazine''. November 2003. Accessed 22 June 2005. ]<br />
<br />
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|}<br />
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<br /></div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Poxviridae&diff=3602Poxviridae2006-06-14T17:18:32Z<p>WikiAdmin: Poxviridae moved to Poxviris: Family Name instead of species name</p>
<hr />
<div>==Baltimore Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa===<br />
<br />
root; Viruses; dsDNA viruses, no RNA stage; Poxviridae<br />
<br />
===Species===<br />
<br />
Avipoxvirus, Capripoxvirus, Orthopoxvirus (examples)<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
<br />
Poxviruses have been relegated to the position of relatively unimportant human pathogens after the global eradication of small pox.<br />
<br />
Poxviruses are the largest viruses known. They are very easy to isolate and can be grown in a variety of cell cultures. They produce pocks on the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). These pocks are characteristic, giving their name to all forms of infectious disease "a dose of the pox".<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
The genome of the poxvirus is unsegmented and contains a single molecule of linear double-stranded DNA. The complete genome is 130000-375000 nucleotides long. The genome has a guanine-cytosine of 35-64% but only 20% for Entomopoxviruses. The genome has terminally redundant sequences that have reiterated inverted terminal sequences which are tandemly repeated. The genome sequence is repeated at both ends. The double-stranded DNA is covalently bonded and is cross-linked at both ends. (source [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/ ICTV dB Descriptions])<br />
<br />
==Virion Structure of a Poxvirus==<br />
<br />
The virions of poxviruses consist of a surface membrane, a core, and lateral bodies, or a surface membrane, a core and lateral bodies. They may or may not have an envelope. They produce extracellular and intracellular particles during their life cycle and can occur in two phenotypes. They may be enveloped during their extracellular phase. Extracellular virions intiate the infection. The virus may be sequestered within inclusion bodies that are not occluded and typically contain one nucleocapsid. The virion capsid is enveloped. The virions are generally ovoid and brick shaped, or phlemorphic. The ovoid virion is 140-260nm in diameter, 140-260nm in height and220-450nm in length while the pleomorphic virion is 160-190nm in diameter and 250-330nm in length.The virion is composed of an external coat containing lipid and tubular or globular protein structures enclosing one or two lateral bodies and a core, which contains the genome, displaying tubular units, or globular units, or regular spiral filaments. The core is unilaterally concave, or is biconcave, or is cylindrical with one lateral body, or two lateral bodies. Lateral bodies are usually lens-shaped and nested between the core membrane, or between the surface membrane. (source [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/ ICTV dB Descriptions])<br />
<br />
==Reproductive Cycle of a Poxvirus in a Host Cell==<br />
<br />
The replication of the poxvirus occurs in the cytoplasm. The virus is suficiently complex and has acquired all the functions necessary for genome replication. Although the cell contributes to the process, it is not clear what exactly the cell does: poxvirus gene expression and genome replication occur in enucleated cells, but maturation is blocked.<br />
<br />
The receptors for poxvirus repliation are not know yet, but there are probably more than one on different cell types. The penetration is complex ad probably involves more than one mechanism. Two stages of uncoating take place. The outer membrane is removed as the particle enters the cell and in the cytoplasm, the particle is further uncoated and the core passes into the cytoplasm. Gene expression is carried out by viral enzymes associated with the core and is divided into two phases: early genes and late genes. Early genes are expressed before genome replication while late genes are expressed after genome replication and the late promoters are dependent on DNA replication for activity. The gene expression of poxviruses has been studied in detail because of the interest in the use of Vaccinia virus as a vector for the expression of heterologous genes.<br />
<br />
The genome replication of the the poxvirus is believed to involve self-priming, leading to the formation of high m.w. concatemers that are isolated from infected cells which are subsequently cleaved and repaired to make virus genomes. Thymidine kinase and many other virus-encoded enzymes involved in replication offer potential targets for chemotheraputic agents.<br />
<br />
The assembly occurs in the cytoskeleton. The events involved in putting together such a complex particle are not clearly understood yet, but probably involve interactions with the cytoskeleton, for example actin-binding proteins. Inclusions are formed in the cytoplasm which mature into virus particles. Actin 'comet tails' are formed and they shoot IEV through the cytoplasm to the cell surface, and possibly into adjacent cells. This movement has been timed and found to be 3µm/min. This may be instrumental in providing an alternate mechanism for cell to cell transmission. The relication of this large, complex virus is rather quick.<br />
<br />
[[Image:7762 lores.jpg|thumb|right|Rahima Banu, the last person with the naturally-occuring case of smallpox, is pictured here in 1975. From CDC; Courtesy World Health Organization; Stanley O. Foster M.D., M.P.H.]]<br />
<br />
==Viral Ecology & Pathology==<br />
<br />
The threats posed by the poxvirus have been effectively dealt with, leading to the eradication of the diseases caused by the virus.<br />
<br />
Smallpox had already been eradicated from most countries in Europe and the US by 1940s but it still posed a serious threat in the Indian subcontinent and much of Africa in the 1960s. The World Health Organization (WHO) decided to take strong actions for the eradication of the disease and listed smallpox on the top of the list for eradication in 1967. The WHO smallpox eradication unit was set up in the same year. <br />
<br />
After years of effort and investment into the eradication of smallpox, the last cases of variola major occured in the Indian subcontinent in 1975 while the last case of variola minor occured in Somalia in 1977. The last cases of smallpox occured in a Birmigam laboratory in 1979. Smallpox had been fought, and fought successfully.<br />
<br />
Smallpox has been eradicated globally but there are concerns about the potential use of variola virus as a weapon of terror. As a result, destruction of the last official remaining smallpox stocks held in Russia and USA has now been postponed indefinitely. The possibility of the emerging or re-emerging of variola, monkeypox, camelpox, taterapox or any other orthopoxvirus as a threat to human health increases as the proportion of the world population that is immunologically naïve for orthopoxviruses increases. The possibility of rat to human transmission of cowpox infection, or other forms of OVPs jumping species and adapting to mankind, increases because of the parallel increase in immunosuppression due to AIDS. These possibilities justify the retention of adequate stocks of vaccinia, which can be used as vaccine, to combat poxvirus infections. <br />
<br />
It is also unclear whether one single difference, a few differences or all differences between the genomes of viruses such as camelpox and smallpox are responsible for the inability of camelpox to cause human diseases. Hence, genetic modification of camelpox to delete genes that are present in camelpox but absent in smallpox might be higly dangerous. Genetic changes to cowpox could trigger reactions that might make humans susceptible to cowpox. Poxviruses could still pose serious threats to humans.<br />
<br />
==References. Updated June 6, 2006==<br />
<br />
[http://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/1999/reynafue/poxviridae.html Stanford University: Poxviridae]<br />
<br />
[http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology/BVDNApox.html The Big Picture Book of Viruses: Poxviridae]<br />
<br />
[http://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/3035/Poxviruses.html Microbiology@Leicester: Poxviruses ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/ ICTV dB Descriptions]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Xanthophyceae&diff=3472Xanthophyceae2006-06-13T20:11:22Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Tribonema.gif|thumb|500px|right|<em>Tribonema sp. </em>Photo by:[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Entwisel et al./ Botanic Gardens Trust.]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br /><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa:</h3> Eukaryota; stramenopiles <br /><h3>Genera</h3>'' Vaucheria, Tribonema, Botrydium<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Commonly called the yellow-green algae. There are about 600 species of Xanthophyceae, all but three'' (''Botrydium'', Tribonema'' and ''Vaucheria'') of the species are very rare. Before 1899 there were so few species known that they were categorized with the Chlorophyta. The two main varieties are found as large green vesicles up to several mm in diameter. They are often confused with green algae because it is pigmented by chlorophyll and lacks the fucoxanthin that is present in other Chyrsophyta. <br /><br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
There has not been a genome project on Xanthophyceae yet, however there have been some experiments studying how the organism can morph to adapt to frigid waters. There is also evidence from DNA sequence comparison that Xanthophyceae is genetically related to Raphidophyceae (click [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11539047&query_hl=21 here] for abstract on research.) <br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
| width="47%" |<br />
[[Image:Reproduction_Vaucheria.gif|thumb|500px|Diagram of life cycle. Sexual reproduction on left, asexually on right. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm#Anabaena <br />] Photo by:[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 Ivy Linginstone/ Biodiac ]]]<br />
| width="53%" |<br />
Xanthophyceae are a photosynthetic group of yellow-green algae. Their photosynthate is stored as oils and the storage polymer chrysolaminarin. Most Xanthophyta are coccoid or filamentous, but some are siphonous, meaning that they are composed of multiple tubular cells with several nuclei. What makes up the cell wall is unknown but inside some there are two silica valves similar to those in diatoms. For the species that are filamentous the interlocking halves are in the shape of a H.<br />
<br />
While not much is known about the life cycle of xathnophyta generally their reproduction is asexual, in which the cell divides bilaterally and creates and produces an endogenous cyst. Reproduction has only been observed in two xanothophtyes: in ''Vaucheria'', it was found to be oogamous, and ''Botrydium ''reproduces by means of bimastigote zoospores or aplanospores.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2>Xanthophyta are generally found in freshwater, wet soil and tree trunks, but there are several marine species. Most of the species occur singly and are found around other algae, making it difficult to find the same species twice. They do very well at low pH in habitats that are rich in iron. It was also found that Xanthophyceae loses its cytoplasmic streaming ability and organization of other vegetative filaments, when it is in an aluminum-rich environment. Many of them are found in late winter among floating mats in still water.<br />
<br />
The species ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' has a unique characteristic in that it will send a larvae of ''Alderua modesta'' into spontaneous metamorphorosis when the larvae comes in contact with it. The adults can create two kinds of larvae, planktotrophic or lecithotrophic. Lecithotrophic clutches contain a mix of larvae, some which settle spontaneously, and others that need to be exposed to ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.There were other experiments done to test and see if other algae would have the same effect and out of the 17 none did except for ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Botrydium_bubbles.jpg''Botrydium granulatum. ''Photo by: [http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>References. Updated June 22, 2005</h2><br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11323031&dopt=Abstract Alessa, L., Oliveria, L. Aluminum toxicity studies in ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' var. ''macounii'' (Xanthophyta, Tribophyceae). I. Effects on cytoplasmic organization. ''Environmental and Experimental Botany''. v. 45. 3 (2001) 205-222. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 American Journal of Botany. D. Potter, G.W. Saunders and R.A. Anderson.Phylogenetic relationships of the Raphidophyceae and Xanthophyceae as inferres from nucleotide sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene].<br />
<br />
[http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/catquery.htm?Kingdom=Protista&Phylum=Chrysophyta&category=diagbw BIODIDAC. Ivy Linginstone.Protista- Chrysophyta. ''Vaucheria''- Sexual and asexual reproduction in the yellow green alga Vaucheria.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages<font size="3">- Virtual Field-Guide (UK)</font>''<font size="3">. </font>Botrydium granulatum ''(a yellow green algae)''. ''.Sept. 28, 2002.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Department of Environment and Conservation.Botanic Garden Trust. Entwisle. ]<br />
<br />
Hibberd, David J. Phylum Xanthophyta. ''Handbook of Protoctista''. (pg 686-697). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. 1990.<br />
<br />
[http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/213/m213p177.pdf Krug, Patrick J. Bet-Hedging Dispersal Stategy of a Specialist Marine Herbivore: a Settlement Dimorphism Among Sibling Larvae of ''Alderia modesta''. Marine Ecology Progress Series. April 4, 2001. ]<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><font size="3">[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm Patterson, Mark. Aquatic Phototrophs: ]</font></span>[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm <font size="3"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Algae, Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes. </span></font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/xanthophyta.html B. R. Speer. University of California. Museum of Paleontology.Introduction to Xanthophyta].<br />
<br />
[http://www.ca.uky.edu/Agripedia/Classes/PLS566/CLASS14.asp University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Class Notes.Lecture 14- Algae. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Heterokonts3-xanth.html University of Maryland. Heterokontophyta III - Xanthophyceae & Eustigmatopyceae.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Xanthophyceae&diff=3471Xanthophyceae2006-06-13T20:11:10Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Tribonema.gif|thumb|500px|right|<em>Tribonema sp. </em>Photo by:[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Entwisel et al./ Botanic Gardens Trust.]]]<br />
[http://www.hukuki.net]<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br /><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa:</h3> Eukaryota; stramenopiles <br /><h3>Genera</h3>'' Vaucheria, Tribonema, Botrydium<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Commonly called the yellow-green algae. There are about 600 species of Xanthophyceae, all but three'' (''Botrydium'', Tribonema'' and ''Vaucheria'') of the species are very rare. Before 1899 there were so few species known that they were categorized with the Chlorophyta. The two main varieties are found as large green vesicles up to several mm in diameter. They are often confused with green algae because it is pigmented by chlorophyll and lacks the fucoxanthin that is present in other Chyrsophyta. <br /><br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
There has not been a genome project on Xanthophyceae yet, however there have been some experiments studying how the organism can morph to adapt to frigid waters. There is also evidence from DNA sequence comparison that Xanthophyceae is genetically related to Raphidophyceae (click [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11539047&query_hl=21 here] for abstract on research.) <br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
| width="47%" |<br />
[[Image:Reproduction_Vaucheria.gif|thumb|500px|Diagram of life cycle. Sexual reproduction on left, asexually on right. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm#Anabaena <br />] Photo by:[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 Ivy Linginstone/ Biodiac ]]]<br />
| width="53%" |<br />
Xanthophyceae are a photosynthetic group of yellow-green algae. Their photosynthate is stored as oils and the storage polymer chrysolaminarin. Most Xanthophyta are coccoid or filamentous, but some are siphonous, meaning that they are composed of multiple tubular cells with several nuclei. What makes up the cell wall is unknown but inside some there are two silica valves similar to those in diatoms. For the species that are filamentous the interlocking halves are in the shape of a H.<br />
<br />
While not much is known about the life cycle of xathnophyta generally their reproduction is asexual, in which the cell divides bilaterally and creates and produces an endogenous cyst. Reproduction has only been observed in two xanothophtyes: in ''Vaucheria'', it was found to be oogamous, and ''Botrydium ''reproduces by means of bimastigote zoospores or aplanospores.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2>Xanthophyta are generally found in freshwater, wet soil and tree trunks, but there are several marine species. Most of the species occur singly and are found around other algae, making it difficult to find the same species twice. They do very well at low pH in habitats that are rich in iron. It was also found that Xanthophyceae loses its cytoplasmic streaming ability and organization of other vegetative filaments, when it is in an aluminum-rich environment. Many of them are found in late winter among floating mats in still water.<br />
<br />
The species ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' has a unique characteristic in that it will send a larvae of ''Alderua modesta'' into spontaneous metamorphorosis when the larvae comes in contact with it. The adults can create two kinds of larvae, planktotrophic or lecithotrophic. Lecithotrophic clutches contain a mix of larvae, some which settle spontaneously, and others that need to be exposed to ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.There were other experiments done to test and see if other algae would have the same effect and out of the 17 none did except for ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Botrydium_bubbles.jpg''Botrydium granulatum. ''Photo by: [http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>References. Updated June 22, 2005</h2><br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11323031&dopt=Abstract Alessa, L., Oliveria, L. Aluminum toxicity studies in ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' var. ''macounii'' (Xanthophyta, Tribophyceae). I. Effects on cytoplasmic organization. ''Environmental and Experimental Botany''. v. 45. 3 (2001) 205-222. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 American Journal of Botany. D. Potter, G.W. Saunders and R.A. Anderson.Phylogenetic relationships of the Raphidophyceae and Xanthophyceae as inferres from nucleotide sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene].<br />
<br />
[http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/catquery.htm?Kingdom=Protista&Phylum=Chrysophyta&category=diagbw BIODIDAC. Ivy Linginstone.Protista- Chrysophyta. ''Vaucheria''- Sexual and asexual reproduction in the yellow green alga Vaucheria.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages<font size="3">- Virtual Field-Guide (UK)</font>''<font size="3">. </font>Botrydium granulatum ''(a yellow green algae)''. ''.Sept. 28, 2002.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Department of Environment and Conservation.Botanic Garden Trust. Entwisle. ]<br />
<br />
Hibberd, David J. Phylum Xanthophyta. ''Handbook of Protoctista''. (pg 686-697). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. 1990.<br />
<br />
[http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/213/m213p177.pdf Krug, Patrick J. Bet-Hedging Dispersal Stategy of a Specialist Marine Herbivore: a Settlement Dimorphism Among Sibling Larvae of ''Alderia modesta''. Marine Ecology Progress Series. April 4, 2001. ]<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><font size="3">[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm Patterson, Mark. Aquatic Phototrophs: ]</font></span>[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm <font size="3"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Algae, Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes. </span></font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/xanthophyta.html B. R. Speer. University of California. Museum of Paleontology.Introduction to Xanthophyta].<br />
<br />
[http://www.ca.uky.edu/Agripedia/Classes/PLS566/CLASS14.asp University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Class Notes.Lecture 14- Algae. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Heterokonts3-xanth.html University of Maryland. Heterokontophyta III - Xanthophyceae & Eustigmatopyceae.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Xanthophyceae&diff=3470Xanthophyceae2006-06-13T20:10:41Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Tribonema.gif|thumb|500px|right|<em>Tribonema sp. </em>Photo by:[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Entwisel et al./ Botanic Gardens Trust.]]]<br />
<br />
[http://www.001love.com]<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br /><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa:</h3> Eukaryota; stramenopiles <br /><h3>Genera</h3>'' Vaucheria, Tribonema, Botrydium<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Commonly called the yellow-green algae. There are about 600 species of Xanthophyceae, all but three'' (''Botrydium'', Tribonema'' and ''Vaucheria'') of the species are very rare. Before 1899 there were so few species known that they were categorized with the Chlorophyta. The two main varieties are found as large green vesicles up to several mm in diameter. They are often confused with green algae because it is pigmented by chlorophyll and lacks the fucoxanthin that is present in other Chyrsophyta. <br /><br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
There has not been a genome project on Xanthophyceae yet, however there have been some experiments studying how the organism can morph to adapt to frigid waters. There is also evidence from DNA sequence comparison that Xanthophyceae is genetically related to Raphidophyceae (click [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11539047&query_hl=21 here] for abstract on research.) <br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
| width="47%" |<br />
[[Image:Reproduction_Vaucheria.gif|thumb|500px|Diagram of life cycle. Sexual reproduction on left, asexually on right. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm#Anabaena <br />] Photo by:[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 Ivy Linginstone/ Biodiac ]]]<br />
| width="53%" |<br />
Xanthophyceae are a photosynthetic group of yellow-green algae. Their photosynthate is stored as oils and the storage polymer chrysolaminarin. Most Xanthophyta are coccoid or filamentous, but some are siphonous, meaning that they are composed of multiple tubular cells with several nuclei. What makes up the cell wall is unknown but inside some there are two silica valves similar to those in diatoms. For the species that are filamentous the interlocking halves are in the shape of a H.<br />
<br />
While not much is known about the life cycle of xathnophyta generally their reproduction is asexual, in which the cell divides bilaterally and creates and produces an endogenous cyst. Reproduction has only been observed in two xanothophtyes: in ''Vaucheria'', it was found to be oogamous, and ''Botrydium ''reproduces by means of bimastigote zoospores or aplanospores.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2>Xanthophyta are generally found in freshwater, wet soil and tree trunks, but there are several marine species. Most of the species occur singly and are found around other algae, making it difficult to find the same species twice. They do very well at low pH in habitats that are rich in iron. It was also found that Xanthophyceae loses its cytoplasmic streaming ability and organization of other vegetative filaments, when it is in an aluminum-rich environment. Many of them are found in late winter among floating mats in still water.<br />
<br />
The species ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' has a unique characteristic in that it will send a larvae of ''Alderua modesta'' into spontaneous metamorphorosis when the larvae comes in contact with it. The adults can create two kinds of larvae, planktotrophic or lecithotrophic. Lecithotrophic clutches contain a mix of larvae, some which settle spontaneously, and others that need to be exposed to ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.There were other experiments done to test and see if other algae would have the same effect and out of the 17 none did except for ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Botrydium_bubbles.jpg''Botrydium granulatum. ''Photo by: [http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>References. Updated June 22, 2005</h2><br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11323031&dopt=Abstract Alessa, L., Oliveria, L. Aluminum toxicity studies in ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' var. ''macounii'' (Xanthophyta, Tribophyceae). I. Effects on cytoplasmic organization. ''Environmental and Experimental Botany''. v. 45. 3 (2001) 205-222. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 American Journal of Botany. D. Potter, G.W. Saunders and R.A. Anderson.Phylogenetic relationships of the Raphidophyceae and Xanthophyceae as inferres from nucleotide sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene].<br />
<br />
[http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/catquery.htm?Kingdom=Protista&Phylum=Chrysophyta&category=diagbw BIODIDAC. Ivy Linginstone.Protista- Chrysophyta. ''Vaucheria''- Sexual and asexual reproduction in the yellow green alga Vaucheria.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages<font size="3">- Virtual Field-Guide (UK)</font>''<font size="3">. </font>Botrydium granulatum ''(a yellow green algae)''. ''.Sept. 28, 2002.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Department of Environment and Conservation.Botanic Garden Trust. Entwisle. ]<br />
<br />
Hibberd, David J. Phylum Xanthophyta. ''Handbook of Protoctista''. (pg 686-697). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. 1990.<br />
<br />
[http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/213/m213p177.pdf Krug, Patrick J. Bet-Hedging Dispersal Stategy of a Specialist Marine Herbivore: a Settlement Dimorphism Among Sibling Larvae of ''Alderia modesta''. Marine Ecology Progress Series. April 4, 2001. ]<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><font size="3">[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm Patterson, Mark. Aquatic Phototrophs: ]</font></span>[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm <font size="3"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Algae, Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes. </span></font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/xanthophyta.html B. R. Speer. University of California. Museum of Paleontology.Introduction to Xanthophyta].<br />
<br />
[http://www.ca.uky.edu/Agripedia/Classes/PLS566/CLASS14.asp University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Class Notes.Lecture 14- Algae. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Heterokonts3-xanth.html University of Maryland. Heterokontophyta III - Xanthophyceae & Eustigmatopyceae.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Zooxanthellae&diff=3464Zooxanthellae2006-06-13T20:03:45Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Zoox_1.jpg|frame|right|Zooxanthellae sp.[http://www.coris.noaa.gov/about/biology/biology.html Photo by Scott R. Santos.]]]<br />
<br />
[http://www.hukuki.net Click Here]<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa</h3><br />
Eukaryota; Alveolata; Dinophyceae<br />
<h3>Species:</h3><br />
''Symbiodinium microadriaticum''<br />
''Symbiodinium californium''<br />
''Symbiodinium mustcatinei''<br />
<br style="clear:both" /><br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Zooxanthellae species are members of the phylum [[Dinoflagellata]].<br />
However, this is not a taxonomic name. Instead, it refers to a variety<br />
of species that form symbiotic relationships with other marine<br />
organisms, particularly coral. The most common genus is <em>Symbiodinium</em>.<br />
Not all Zooxanthellae are endosymbionts; some are free-living.<br />
Typically, Zooxanthellae form relationships with organisms simply<br />
because they inhabit the same area. However, there are other ways for<br />
organisms to acquire Zooanthellae endosymbionts. In the sea anenome <i>Anthopleura ballii</i>, Zooxanthellae are inherited maternally. This, however, is a rare phenomenon.<br />
<br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
There is not yet an extensive body of research on the numerous genome structures within the Zooxanthellae category.<br />
<br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
[[image:463115b.jpg|frame|left|250px| Zooxanthellae in Xenia.<br />
[http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=zoox2 W. B. Rudman, "Zooxanthellae in Cnidarians."]]]<br />
Zooxanthellae are unicellular organisms with a spherical shape. They have two flagella, although these are lost if the organism is acquired by a host. This is called the coccoid state.<br />
<br />
Zooxanthellae are mixotrophic organisms. They are mainly photosynthetic organisms (photoautotrophic). However, some species can also obtain food by ingesting other organisms.<br />
<br />
Asexual reproduction by division is the most common form of reproduction. Zooxanthellae typically spend their entire life on the organism to which they are attached. The exception is when coral bleaching occurs, and the Zooxanthellae are expelled from the coral.<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2><br />
Zooxanthellae are known for their symbiotic relationships with<br />
coral. Zooxanthellae often suffer from bacterial infections that attack<br />
corals. For example, the bacteria that causes Yellow Band/Blotch<br />
Disease (YBD) in <i>Montastraea</i> species actually affects the<br />
Zooxanthellae endosymbionts rather than the actual organism. Many<br />
bacterium interfere with the photosynthetic processes of these<br />
organisms. Zooxanthellae can help host coral harvest light. This helps<br />
the host meet its carbon and energy needs. In addition, Zooxanthellae<br />
give host corals their color. The research of Levy et. al. (2003)<br />
indicates that corals with continuously extended tentacles have denser<br />
populations of Zooxanthellae. Coral bleachings are caused by a<br />
disruption in these relationships. Symbiotic relationships with corals<br />
and other organisms are common in tropical waters with a low abundance<br />
of nutrients. These relationships are significantly less common in<br />
temperate waters.<br><br />
<br><br />
The Adaptive Bleaching Hypothesis (ABH) suggests that if the loss of Zooxanthellae<br />
occurs due to environmental change, the host organism forms a new<br />
symbiotic relationship with a different type of Zooxanthellae. These<br />
new endosymbionts are blelieved to be better adapted to the new<br />
environment. Other research on the adaptations of coral and<br />
Zooxanthellae suggest that corals that have been damaged due to high<br />
temperatures contain an abundance of Zooxanthellae that are thermally<br />
tolerant (Baker et. al. 2004). The symbiont changes during the stress<br />
period. It is suggested that these corals will be resistant to future<br />
thermal stress because they now have an endosymbiont that will better<br />
help them manage these environmental conditions. Rowan (2004) also<br />
shows that corals adapt to high temperatures by hosting Zooxanthellae<br />
that are specifically adapted to such conditions.<br><br />
<br><br />
In addition to living in coral, Zooxanthellae can inhabit clams,<br />
nudibranches, flatworms, octocorals, sea anenomes, hydrocorals,<br />
mollusks, zoanthids, sponges, Foraminifera, and jellyfish.<br />
[[image:Coral02d_480.jpg|frame|center|Left: A coral with Zooxanthellae. Right: A bleached coral that has lost its Zooxanthellae.[http://www.nos.noaa.gov/welcome.html National Ocean Service.]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>References</h2><br />
[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v430/n7001/abs/430741a_fs.html Baker, Andrew C., Craig J. Starger, Tim R. McClanahan, and Peter W. Glynn. "Corals' adaptive response to climate change." <em> Nature</em>. 12 August 2004; 430:741.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&amp;pubmedid=11282602 Banin, Ehud, Sanjay K. Khare, Fred Naider, and Eugene Rosenberg. "Proline-Rich Peptide from the Coral Pathogen <i>Vibrio shiloi</i> That Inhibits Photosynthesis of Zooxanthellae." Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 April; 67(4): 1536–1541.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&amp;pubmedid=12839805 Ben-Haim, Yael, Maya Zicherman-Keren, and Eugene Rosenberg. "Temperature-Regulated Bleaching and Lysis of the Coral <i>Pocillopora damicornis</i> by the Novel Pathogen <i>Vibrio coralliilyticus</i>." Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 July; 69(7): 4236–4242.]<br />
<!-- had to place the <nowiki></nowiki> tags in the next two hyperlinks cause something in the text was canceling the brackets --><br />
<br />
[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15528553 <nowiki>Cervino,<br />
James M., Raymond L. Hayes, Shawn W. Polson, Sara C. Polson, Thomas J.Goreau, Robert J. Martinez, and Garriet W. Smith. "Relationship of Vibrio Species Infection and Elevated Temperatures to Yellow Blotch/Band Disease in Caribbean Corals." Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 November;70(11): 6855–6864.</nowiki>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/full/205/1/66?view=long&pmid=12917223 <nowiki>Davy, Simon K. and John R. Turner. "Early Development and Acquisition of Zooxanthellae in the Temperate Symbiotic <br />
Sea Anemone Anthopleura ballii (Cocks)." Biol. Bull. 205: 66-72. (August 2003)</nowiki>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.reefpix.com.au/guide.htm Heatherwick, Pete and Sue Heatherwick. "Guide to the Great Barrier Reef." Accessed 5 July 2005.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.reefs.org/library/talklog/l_ho_030898.html Ho, Leonard. "Zooxanthellae." March 8, 1998. Accessed 5 July 2005. ]<br />
<br />
[http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/206/22/4041 Levy, O., Z. Dubinsky and Y. Achituv. "<font size="3">Photobehavior of stony corals: responses to light spectra and intensity." <em>The Journal of Experimental Biology</em> 206, 4041-4049 (2003). </font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/full/200/1/51?view=long&amp;pmid=11249211 Kinzie, III, Robert A., Michelle Takayama, Scott R. Santos, and Mary Alice Coffroth. "The Adaptive Bleaching Hypothesis: Experimental Tests of Critical Assumptions." <font size="-1"><em><font size="3">Biol. Bull. </font></em><font size="3">200: 51-58. (February 2001)</font></font><font size="3">.<nobr> </nobr></font></a>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.nos.noaa.gov/welcome.html National Ocean Service.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v430/n7001/abs/430742a_fs.html Rowan, Rob. "Thermal adaptation in reef coral symbionts." <em>Nature</em>. 12 August 2004;430:742.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=zoox1 Rudman, W.B. "What are Zooxanthellae?" <em>Sea Slug Forum</em>. Australian Museum, Sydney. October 10, 2000. Accessed 5 July 2005.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=zoox2 Rudman, W.B. "Zooxanthellae in Cnidarians." <em>Sea Slug Forum</em> Austrailan Museum, Sydney. October 10, 2000. Accessed 5 July 2005.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.seaworld.org/index.asp Sea World/Busch Gardens Animal Information Database. Accessed 5 July 2005.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.nsm.buffalo.edu/Bio/burr/zooxanthellae.htm Zooxanthellae Mania. Accessed 5 July 2005.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Xanthophyceae&diff=3463Xanthophyceae2006-06-13T20:03:10Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Tribonema.gif|thumb|500px|right|<em>Tribonema sp. </em>Photo by:[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Entwisel et al./ Botanic Gardens Trust.]]]<br />
<br />
[http:/www.001love.com]<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br /><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa:</h3> Eukaryota; stramenopiles <br /><h3>Genera</h3>'' Vaucheria, Tribonema, Botrydium<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Commonly called the yellow-green algae. There are about 600 species of Xanthophyceae, all but three'' (''Botrydium'', Tribonema'' and ''Vaucheria'') of the species are very rare. Before 1899 there were so few species known that they were categorized with the Chlorophyta. The two main varieties are found as large green vesicles up to several mm in diameter. They are often confused with green algae because it is pigmented by chlorophyll and lacks the fucoxanthin that is present in other Chyrsophyta. <br /><br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
There has not been a genome project on Xanthophyceae yet, however there have been some experiments studying how the organism can morph to adapt to frigid waters. There is also evidence from DNA sequence comparison that Xanthophyceae is genetically related to Raphidophyceae (click [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11539047&query_hl=21 here] for abstract on research.) <br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
| width="47%" |<br />
[[Image:Reproduction_Vaucheria.gif|thumb|500px|Diagram of life cycle. Sexual reproduction on left, asexually on right. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm#Anabaena <br />] Photo by:[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 Ivy Linginstone/ Biodiac ]]]<br />
| width="53%" |<br />
Xanthophyceae are a photosynthetic group of yellow-green algae. Their photosynthate is stored as oils and the storage polymer chrysolaminarin. Most Xanthophyta are coccoid or filamentous, but some are siphonous, meaning that they are composed of multiple tubular cells with several nuclei. What makes up the cell wall is unknown but inside some there are two silica valves similar to those in diatoms. For the species that are filamentous the interlocking halves are in the shape of a H.<br />
<br />
While not much is known about the life cycle of xathnophyta generally their reproduction is asexual, in which the cell divides bilaterally and creates and produces an endogenous cyst. Reproduction has only been observed in two xanothophtyes: in ''Vaucheria'', it was found to be oogamous, and ''Botrydium ''reproduces by means of bimastigote zoospores or aplanospores.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2>Xanthophyta are generally found in freshwater, wet soil and tree trunks, but there are several marine species. Most of the species occur singly and are found around other algae, making it difficult to find the same species twice. They do very well at low pH in habitats that are rich in iron. It was also found that Xanthophyceae loses its cytoplasmic streaming ability and organization of other vegetative filaments, when it is in an aluminum-rich environment. Many of them are found in late winter among floating mats in still water.<br />
<br />
The species ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' has a unique characteristic in that it will send a larvae of ''Alderua modesta'' into spontaneous metamorphorosis when the larvae comes in contact with it. The adults can create two kinds of larvae, planktotrophic or lecithotrophic. Lecithotrophic clutches contain a mix of larvae, some which settle spontaneously, and others that need to be exposed to ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.There were other experiments done to test and see if other algae would have the same effect and out of the 17 none did except for ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Botrydium_bubbles.jpg''Botrydium granulatum. ''Photo by: [http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>References. Updated June 22, 2005</h2><br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11323031&dopt=Abstract Alessa, L., Oliveria, L. Aluminum toxicity studies in ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' var. ''macounii'' (Xanthophyta, Tribophyceae). I. Effects on cytoplasmic organization. ''Environmental and Experimental Botany''. v. 45. 3 (2001) 205-222. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 American Journal of Botany. D. Potter, G.W. Saunders and R.A. Anderson.Phylogenetic relationships of the Raphidophyceae and Xanthophyceae as inferres from nucleotide sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene].<br />
<br />
[http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/catquery.htm?Kingdom=Protista&Phylum=Chrysophyta&category=diagbw BIODIDAC. Ivy Linginstone.Protista- Chrysophyta. ''Vaucheria''- Sexual and asexual reproduction in the yellow green alga Vaucheria.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages<font size="3">- Virtual Field-Guide (UK)</font>''<font size="3">. </font>Botrydium granulatum ''(a yellow green algae)''. ''.Sept. 28, 2002.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Department of Environment and Conservation.Botanic Garden Trust. Entwisle. ]<br />
<br />
Hibberd, David J. Phylum Xanthophyta. ''Handbook of Protoctista''. (pg 686-697). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. 1990.<br />
<br />
[http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/213/m213p177.pdf Krug, Patrick J. Bet-Hedging Dispersal Stategy of a Specialist Marine Herbivore: a Settlement Dimorphism Among Sibling Larvae of ''Alderia modesta''. Marine Ecology Progress Series. April 4, 2001. ]<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><font size="3">[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm Patterson, Mark. Aquatic Phototrophs: ]</font></span>[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm <font size="3"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Algae, Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes. </span></font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/xanthophyta.html B. R. Speer. University of California. Museum of Paleontology.Introduction to Xanthophyta].<br />
<br />
[http://www.ca.uky.edu/Agripedia/Classes/PLS566/CLASS14.asp University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Class Notes.Lecture 14- Algae. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Heterokonts3-xanth.html University of Maryland. Heterokontophyta III - Xanthophyceae & Eustigmatopyceae.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Xanthophyceae&diff=3454Xanthophyceae2006-06-13T19:51:02Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Tribonema.gif|thumb|500px|right|<em>Tribonema sp. </em>Photo by:[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Entwisel et al./ Botanic Gardens Trust.]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br /><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa:</h3> Eukaryota; stramenopiles <br /><h3>Genera</h3>'' Vaucheria, Tribonema, Botrydium<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Commonly called the yellow-green algae. There are about 600 species of Xanthophyceae, all but three'' (''Botrydium'', Tribonema'' and ''Vaucheria'') of the species are very rare. Before 1899 there were so few species known that they were categorized with the Chlorophyta. The two main varieties are found as large green vesicles up to several mm in diameter. They are often confused with green algae because it is pigmented by chlorophyll and lacks the fucoxanthin that is present in other Chyrsophyta. <br /><br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
There has not been a genome project on Xanthophyceae yet, however there have been some experiments studying how the organism can morph to adapt to frigid waters. There is also evidence from DNA sequence comparison that Xanthophyceae is genetically related to Raphidophyceae (click [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11539047&query_hl=21 here] for abstract on research.) <br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
| width="47%" |<br />
[[Image:Reproduction_Vaucheria.gif|thumb|500px|Diagram of life cycle. Sexual reproduction on left, asexually on right. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm#Anabaena <br />] Photo by:[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 Ivy Linginstone/ Biodiac ]]]<br />
| width="53%" |<br />
Xanthophyceae are a photosynthetic group of yellow-green algae. Their photosynthate is stored as oils and the storage polymer chrysolaminarin. Most Xanthophyta are coccoid or filamentous, but some are siphonous, meaning that they are composed of multiple tubular cells with several nuclei. What makes up the cell wall is unknown but inside some there are two silica valves similar to those in diatoms. For the species that are filamentous the interlocking halves are in the shape of a H.<br />
<br />
While not much is known about the life cycle of xathnophyta generally their reproduction is asexual, in which the cell divides bilaterally and creates and produces an endogenous cyst. Reproduction has only been observed in two xanothophtyes: in ''Vaucheria'', it was found to be oogamous, and ''Botrydium ''reproduces by means of bimastigote zoospores or aplanospores.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2>Xanthophyta are generally found in freshwater, wet soil and tree trunks, but there are several marine species. Most of the species occur singly and are found around other algae, making it difficult to find the same species twice. They do very well at low pH in habitats that are rich in iron. It was also found that Xanthophyceae loses its cytoplasmic streaming ability and organization of other vegetative filaments, when it is in an aluminum-rich environment. Many of them are found in late winter among floating mats in still water.<br />
<br />
The species ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' has a unique characteristic in that it will send a larvae of ''Alderua modesta'' into spontaneous metamorphorosis when the larvae comes in contact with it. The adults can create two kinds of larvae, planktotrophic or lecithotrophic. Lecithotrophic clutches contain a mix of larvae, some which settle spontaneously, and others that need to be exposed to ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.There were other experiments done to test and see if other algae would have the same effect and out of the 17 none did except for ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Botrydium_bubbles.jpg''Botrydium granulatum. ''Photo by: [http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>References. Updated June 22, 2005</h2><br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11323031&dopt=Abstract Alessa, L., Oliveria, L. Aluminum toxicity studies in ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' var. ''macounii'' (Xanthophyta, Tribophyceae). I. Effects on cytoplasmic organization. ''Environmental and Experimental Botany''. v. 45. 3 (2001) 205-222. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 American Journal of Botany. D. Potter, G.W. Saunders and R.A. Anderson.Phylogenetic relationships of the Raphidophyceae and Xanthophyceae as inferres from nucleotide sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene].<br />
<br />
[http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/catquery.htm?Kingdom=Protista&Phylum=Chrysophyta&category=diagbw BIODIDAC. Ivy Linginstone.Protista- Chrysophyta. ''Vaucheria''- Sexual and asexual reproduction in the yellow green alga Vaucheria.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages<font size="3">- Virtual Field-Guide (UK)</font>''<font size="3">. </font>Botrydium granulatum ''(a yellow green algae)''. ''.Sept. 28, 2002.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Department of Environment and Conservation.Botanic Garden Trust. Entwisle. ]<br />
<br />
Hibberd, David J. Phylum Xanthophyta. ''Handbook of Protoctista''. (pg 686-697). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. 1990.<br />
<br />
[http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/213/m213p177.pdf Krug, Patrick J. Bet-Hedging Dispersal Stategy of a Specialist Marine Herbivore: a Settlement Dimorphism Among Sibling Larvae of ''Alderia modesta''. Marine Ecology Progress Series. April 4, 2001. ]<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><font size="3">[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm Patterson, Mark. Aquatic Phototrophs: ]</font></span>[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm <font size="3"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Algae, Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes. </span></font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/xanthophyta.html B. R. Speer. University of California. Museum of Paleontology.Introduction to Xanthophyta].<br />
<br />
[http://www.ca.uky.edu/Agripedia/Classes/PLS566/CLASS14.asp University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Class Notes.Lecture 14- Algae. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Heterokonts3-xanth.html University of Maryland. Heterokontophyta III - Xanthophyceae & Eustigmatopyceae.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Xanthophyceae&diff=3453Xanthophyceae2006-06-13T19:50:52Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Tribonema.gif|thumb|500px|right|<em>Tribonema sp. </em>Photo by:[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Entwisel et al./ Botanic Gardens Trust.]]]<br />
<br />
livesex<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br /><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa:</h3> Eukaryota; stramenopiles <br /><h3>Genera</h3>'' Vaucheria, Tribonema, Botrydium<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Commonly called the yellow-green algae. There are about 600 species of Xanthophyceae, all but three'' (''Botrydium'', Tribonema'' and ''Vaucheria'') of the species are very rare. Before 1899 there were so few species known that they were categorized with the Chlorophyta. The two main varieties are found as large green vesicles up to several mm in diameter. They are often confused with green algae because it is pigmented by chlorophyll and lacks the fucoxanthin that is present in other Chyrsophyta. <br /><br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
There has not been a genome project on Xanthophyceae yet, however there have been some experiments studying how the organism can morph to adapt to frigid waters. There is also evidence from DNA sequence comparison that Xanthophyceae is genetically related to Raphidophyceae (click [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11539047&query_hl=21 here] for abstract on research.) <br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
| width="47%" |<br />
[[Image:Reproduction_Vaucheria.gif|thumb|500px|Diagram of life cycle. Sexual reproduction on left, asexually on right. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm#Anabaena <br />] Photo by:[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 Ivy Linginstone/ Biodiac ]]]<br />
| width="53%" |<br />
Xanthophyceae are a photosynthetic group of yellow-green algae. Their photosynthate is stored as oils and the storage polymer chrysolaminarin. Most Xanthophyta are coccoid or filamentous, but some are siphonous, meaning that they are composed of multiple tubular cells with several nuclei. What makes up the cell wall is unknown but inside some there are two silica valves similar to those in diatoms. For the species that are filamentous the interlocking halves are in the shape of a H.<br />
<br />
While not much is known about the life cycle of xathnophyta generally their reproduction is asexual, in which the cell divides bilaterally and creates and produces an endogenous cyst. Reproduction has only been observed in two xanothophtyes: in ''Vaucheria'', it was found to be oogamous, and ''Botrydium ''reproduces by means of bimastigote zoospores or aplanospores.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2>Xanthophyta are generally found in freshwater, wet soil and tree trunks, but there are several marine species. Most of the species occur singly and are found around other algae, making it difficult to find the same species twice. They do very well at low pH in habitats that are rich in iron. It was also found that Xanthophyceae loses its cytoplasmic streaming ability and organization of other vegetative filaments, when it is in an aluminum-rich environment. Many of them are found in late winter among floating mats in still water.<br />
<br />
The species ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' has a unique characteristic in that it will send a larvae of ''Alderua modesta'' into spontaneous metamorphorosis when the larvae comes in contact with it. The adults can create two kinds of larvae, planktotrophic or lecithotrophic. Lecithotrophic clutches contain a mix of larvae, some which settle spontaneously, and others that need to be exposed to ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.There were other experiments done to test and see if other algae would have the same effect and out of the 17 none did except for ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Botrydium_bubbles.jpg''Botrydium granulatum. ''Photo by: [http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>References. Updated June 22, 2005</h2><br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11323031&dopt=Abstract Alessa, L., Oliveria, L. Aluminum toxicity studies in ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' var. ''macounii'' (Xanthophyta, Tribophyceae). I. Effects on cytoplasmic organization. ''Environmental and Experimental Botany''. v. 45. 3 (2001) 205-222. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 American Journal of Botany. D. Potter, G.W. Saunders and R.A. Anderson.Phylogenetic relationships of the Raphidophyceae and Xanthophyceae as inferres from nucleotide sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene].<br />
<br />
[http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/catquery.htm?Kingdom=Protista&Phylum=Chrysophyta&category=diagbw BIODIDAC. Ivy Linginstone.Protista- Chrysophyta. ''Vaucheria''- Sexual and asexual reproduction in the yellow green alga Vaucheria.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages<font size="3">- Virtual Field-Guide (UK)</font>''<font size="3">. </font>Botrydium granulatum ''(a yellow green algae)''. ''.Sept. 28, 2002.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Department of Environment and Conservation.Botanic Garden Trust. Entwisle. ]<br />
<br />
Hibberd, David J. Phylum Xanthophyta. ''Handbook of Protoctista''. (pg 686-697). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. 1990.<br />
<br />
[http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/213/m213p177.pdf Krug, Patrick J. Bet-Hedging Dispersal Stategy of a Specialist Marine Herbivore: a Settlement Dimorphism Among Sibling Larvae of ''Alderia modesta''. Marine Ecology Progress Series. April 4, 2001. ]<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><font size="3">[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm Patterson, Mark. Aquatic Phototrophs: ]</font></span>[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm <font size="3"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Algae, Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes. </span></font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/xanthophyta.html B. R. Speer. University of California. Museum of Paleontology.Introduction to Xanthophyta].<br />
<br />
[http://www.ca.uky.edu/Agripedia/Classes/PLS566/CLASS14.asp University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Class Notes.Lecture 14- Algae. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Heterokonts3-xanth.html University of Maryland. Heterokontophyta III - Xanthophyceae & Eustigmatopyceae.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Xanthophyceae&diff=3448Xanthophyceae2006-06-13T19:41:52Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Tribonema.gif|thumb|500px|right|<em>Tribonema sp. </em>Photo by:[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Entwisel et al./ Botanic Gardens Trust.]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br /><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa:</h3> Eukaryota; stramenopiles <br /><h3>Genera</h3>'' Vaucheria, Tribonema, Botrydium<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Commonly called the yellow-green algae. There are about 600 species of Xanthophyceae, all but three'' (''Botrydium'', Tribonema'' and ''Vaucheria'') of the species are very rare. Before 1899 there were so few species known that they were categorized with the Chlorophyta. The two main varieties are found as large green vesicles up to several mm in diameter. They are often confused with green algae because it is pigmented by chlorophyll and lacks the fucoxanthin that is present in other Chyrsophyta. <br /><br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
There has not been a genome project on Xanthophyceae yet, however there have been some experiments studying how the organism can morph to adapt to frigid waters. There is also evidence from DNA sequence comparison that Xanthophyceae is genetically related to Raphidophyceae (click [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11539047&query_hl=21 here] for abstract on research.) <br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
| width="47%" |<br />
[[Image:Reproduction_Vaucheria.gif|thumb|500px|Diagram of life cycle. Sexual reproduction on left, asexually on right. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm#Anabaena <br />] Photo by:[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 Ivy Linginstone/ Biodiac ]]]<br />
| width="53%" |<br />
Xanthophyceae are a photosynthetic group of yellow-green algae. Their photosynthate is stored as oils and the storage polymer chrysolaminarin. Most Xanthophyta are coccoid or filamentous, but some are siphonous, meaning that they are composed of multiple tubular cells with several nuclei. What makes up the cell wall is unknown but inside some there are two silica valves similar to those in diatoms. For the species that are filamentous the interlocking halves are in the shape of a H.<br />
<br />
While not much is known about the life cycle of xathnophyta generally their reproduction is asexual, in which the cell divides bilaterally and creates and produces an endogenous cyst. Reproduction has only been observed in two xanothophtyes: in ''Vaucheria'', it was found to be oogamous, and ''Botrydium ''reproduces by means of bimastigote zoospores or aplanospores.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2>Xanthophyta are generally found in freshwater, wet soil and tree trunks, but there are several marine species. Most of the species occur singly and are found around other algae, making it difficult to find the same species twice. They do very well at low pH in habitats that are rich in iron. It was also found that Xanthophyceae loses its cytoplasmic streaming ability and organization of other vegetative filaments, when it is in an aluminum-rich environment. Many of them are found in late winter among floating mats in still water.<br />
<br />
The species ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' has a unique characteristic in that it will send a larvae of ''Alderua modesta'' into spontaneous metamorphorosis when the larvae comes in contact with it. The adults can create two kinds of larvae, planktotrophic or lecithotrophic. Lecithotrophic clutches contain a mix of larvae, some which settle spontaneously, and others that need to be exposed to ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.There were other experiments done to test and see if other algae would have the same effect and out of the 17 none did except for ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Botrydium_bubbles.jpg''Botrydium granulatum. ''Photo by: [http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>References. Updated June 22, 2005</h2><br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11323031&dopt=Abstract Alessa, L., Oliveria, L. Aluminum toxicity studies in ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' var. ''macounii'' (Xanthophyta, Tribophyceae). I. Effects on cytoplasmic organization. ''Environmental and Experimental Botany''. v. 45. 3 (2001) 205-222. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 American Journal of Botany. D. Potter, G.W. Saunders and R.A. Anderson.Phylogenetic relationships of the Raphidophyceae and Xanthophyceae as inferres from nucleotide sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene].<br />
<br />
[http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/catquery.htm?Kingdom=Protista&Phylum=Chrysophyta&category=diagbw BIODIDAC. Ivy Linginstone.Protista- Chrysophyta. ''Vaucheria''- Sexual and asexual reproduction in the yellow green alga Vaucheria.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages<font size="3">- Virtual Field-Guide (UK)</font>''<font size="3">. </font>Botrydium granulatum ''(a yellow green algae)''. ''.Sept. 28, 2002.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Department of Environment and Conservation.Botanic Garden Trust. Entwisle. ]<br />
<br />
Hibberd, David J. Phylum Xanthophyta. ''Handbook of Protoctista''. (pg 686-697). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. 1990.<br />
<br />
[http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/213/m213p177.pdf Krug, Patrick J. Bet-Hedging Dispersal Stategy of a Specialist Marine Herbivore: a Settlement Dimorphism Among Sibling Larvae of ''Alderia modesta''. Marine Ecology Progress Series. April 4, 2001. ]<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><font size="3">[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm Patterson, Mark. Aquatic Phototrophs: ]</font></span>[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm <font size="3"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Algae, Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes. </span></font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/xanthophyta.html B. R. Speer. University of California. Museum of Paleontology.Introduction to Xanthophyta].<br />
<br />
[http://www.ca.uky.edu/Agripedia/Classes/PLS566/CLASS14.asp University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Class Notes.Lecture 14- Algae. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Heterokonts3-xanth.html University of Maryland. Heterokontophyta III - Xanthophyceae & Eustigmatopyceae.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Xanthophyceae&diff=3447Xanthophyceae2006-06-13T19:41:40Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Tribonema.gif|thumb|500px|right|<em>Tribonema sp. </em>Photo by:[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Entwisel et al./ Botanic Gardens Trust.]]]<br />
<br />
www.fuck.net<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br /><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa:</h3> Eukaryota; stramenopiles <br /><h3>Genera</h3>'' Vaucheria, Tribonema, Botrydium<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Commonly called the yellow-green algae. There are about 600 species of Xanthophyceae, all but three'' (''Botrydium'', Tribonema'' and ''Vaucheria'') of the species are very rare. Before 1899 there were so few species known that they were categorized with the Chlorophyta. The two main varieties are found as large green vesicles up to several mm in diameter. They are often confused with green algae because it is pigmented by chlorophyll and lacks the fucoxanthin that is present in other Chyrsophyta. <br /><br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
There has not been a genome project on Xanthophyceae yet, however there have been some experiments studying how the organism can morph to adapt to frigid waters. There is also evidence from DNA sequence comparison that Xanthophyceae is genetically related to Raphidophyceae (click [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11539047&query_hl=21 here] for abstract on research.) <br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
| width="47%" |<br />
[[Image:Reproduction_Vaucheria.gif|thumb|500px|Diagram of life cycle. Sexual reproduction on left, asexually on right. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm#Anabaena <br />] Photo by:[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 Ivy Linginstone/ Biodiac ]]]<br />
| width="53%" |<br />
Xanthophyceae are a photosynthetic group of yellow-green algae. Their photosynthate is stored as oils and the storage polymer chrysolaminarin. Most Xanthophyta are coccoid or filamentous, but some are siphonous, meaning that they are composed of multiple tubular cells with several nuclei. What makes up the cell wall is unknown but inside some there are two silica valves similar to those in diatoms. For the species that are filamentous the interlocking halves are in the shape of a H.<br />
<br />
While not much is known about the life cycle of xathnophyta generally their reproduction is asexual, in which the cell divides bilaterally and creates and produces an endogenous cyst. Reproduction has only been observed in two xanothophtyes: in ''Vaucheria'', it was found to be oogamous, and ''Botrydium ''reproduces by means of bimastigote zoospores or aplanospores.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2>Xanthophyta are generally found in freshwater, wet soil and tree trunks, but there are several marine species. Most of the species occur singly and are found around other algae, making it difficult to find the same species twice. They do very well at low pH in habitats that are rich in iron. It was also found that Xanthophyceae loses its cytoplasmic streaming ability and organization of other vegetative filaments, when it is in an aluminum-rich environment. Many of them are found in late winter among floating mats in still water.<br />
<br />
The species ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' has a unique characteristic in that it will send a larvae of ''Alderua modesta'' into spontaneous metamorphorosis when the larvae comes in contact with it. The adults can create two kinds of larvae, planktotrophic or lecithotrophic. Lecithotrophic clutches contain a mix of larvae, some which settle spontaneously, and others that need to be exposed to ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.There were other experiments done to test and see if other algae would have the same effect and out of the 17 none did except for ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Botrydium_bubbles.jpg''Botrydium granulatum. ''Photo by: [http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>References. Updated June 22, 2005</h2><br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11323031&dopt=Abstract Alessa, L., Oliveria, L. Aluminum toxicity studies in ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' var. ''macounii'' (Xanthophyta, Tribophyceae). I. Effects on cytoplasmic organization. ''Environmental and Experimental Botany''. v. 45. 3 (2001) 205-222. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 American Journal of Botany. D. Potter, G.W. Saunders and R.A. Anderson.Phylogenetic relationships of the Raphidophyceae and Xanthophyceae as inferres from nucleotide sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene].<br />
<br />
[http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/catquery.htm?Kingdom=Protista&Phylum=Chrysophyta&category=diagbw BIODIDAC. Ivy Linginstone.Protista- Chrysophyta. ''Vaucheria''- Sexual and asexual reproduction in the yellow green alga Vaucheria.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages<font size="3">- Virtual Field-Guide (UK)</font>''<font size="3">. </font>Botrydium granulatum ''(a yellow green algae)''. ''.Sept. 28, 2002.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Department of Environment and Conservation.Botanic Garden Trust. Entwisle. ]<br />
<br />
Hibberd, David J. Phylum Xanthophyta. ''Handbook of Protoctista''. (pg 686-697). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. 1990.<br />
<br />
[http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/213/m213p177.pdf Krug, Patrick J. Bet-Hedging Dispersal Stategy of a Specialist Marine Herbivore: a Settlement Dimorphism Among Sibling Larvae of ''Alderia modesta''. Marine Ecology Progress Series. April 4, 2001. ]<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><font size="3">[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm Patterson, Mark. Aquatic Phototrophs: ]</font></span>[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm <font size="3"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Algae, Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes. </span></font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/xanthophyta.html B. R. Speer. University of California. Museum of Paleontology.Introduction to Xanthophyta].<br />
<br />
[http://www.ca.uky.edu/Agripedia/Classes/PLS566/CLASS14.asp University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Class Notes.Lecture 14- Algae. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Heterokonts3-xanth.html University of Maryland. Heterokontophyta III - Xanthophyceae & Eustigmatopyceae.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Xanthophyceae&diff=3444Xanthophyceae2006-06-13T19:39:51Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Tribonema.gif|thumb|500px|right|<em>Tribonema sp. </em>Photo by:[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Entwisel et al./ Botanic Gardens Trust.]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br /><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa:</h3> Eukaryota; stramenopiles <br /><h3>Genera</h3>'' Vaucheria, Tribonema, Botrydium<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Commonly called the yellow-green algae. There are about 600 species of Xanthophyceae, all but three'' (''Botrydium'', Tribonema'' and ''Vaucheria'') of the species are very rare. Before 1899 there were so few species known that they were categorized with the Chlorophyta. The two main varieties are found as large green vesicles up to several mm in diameter. They are often confused with green algae because it is pigmented by chlorophyll and lacks the fucoxanthin that is present in other Chyrsophyta. <br /><br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
There has not been a genome project on Xanthophyceae yet, however there have been some experiments studying how the organism can morph to adapt to frigid waters. There is also evidence from DNA sequence comparison that Xanthophyceae is genetically related to Raphidophyceae (click [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11539047&query_hl=21 here] for abstract on research.) <br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
| width="47%" |<br />
[[Image:Reproduction_Vaucheria.gif|thumb|500px|Diagram of life cycle. Sexual reproduction on left, asexually on right. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm#Anabaena <br />] Photo by:[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 Ivy Linginstone/ Biodiac ]]]<br />
| width="53%" |<br />
Xanthophyceae are a photosynthetic group of yellow-green algae. Their photosynthate is stored as oils and the storage polymer chrysolaminarin. Most Xanthophyta are coccoid or filamentous, but some are siphonous, meaning that they are composed of multiple tubular cells with several nuclei. What makes up the cell wall is unknown but inside some there are two silica valves similar to those in diatoms. For the species that are filamentous the interlocking halves are in the shape of a H.<br />
<br />
While not much is known about the life cycle of xathnophyta generally their reproduction is asexual, in which the cell divides bilaterally and creates and produces an endogenous cyst. Reproduction has only been observed in two xanothophtyes: in ''Vaucheria'', it was found to be oogamous, and ''Botrydium ''reproduces by means of bimastigote zoospores or aplanospores.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2>Xanthophyta are generally found in freshwater, wet soil and tree trunks, but there are several marine species. Most of the species occur singly and are found around other algae, making it difficult to find the same species twice. They do very well at low pH in habitats that are rich in iron. It was also found that Xanthophyceae loses its cytoplasmic streaming ability and organization of other vegetative filaments, when it is in an aluminum-rich environment. Many of them are found in late winter among floating mats in still water.<br />
<br />
The species ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' has a unique characteristic in that it will send a larvae of ''Alderua modesta'' into spontaneous metamorphorosis when the larvae comes in contact with it. The adults can create two kinds of larvae, planktotrophic or lecithotrophic. Lecithotrophic clutches contain a mix of larvae, some which settle spontaneously, and others that need to be exposed to ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.There were other experiments done to test and see if other algae would have the same effect and out of the 17 none did except for ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Botrydium_bubbles.jpg''Botrydium granulatum. ''Photo by: [http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>References. Updated June 22, 2005</h2><br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11323031&dopt=Abstract Alessa, L., Oliveria, L. Aluminum toxicity studies in ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' var. ''macounii'' (Xanthophyta, Tribophyceae). I. Effects on cytoplasmic organization. ''Environmental and Experimental Botany''. v. 45. 3 (2001) 205-222. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 American Journal of Botany. D. Potter, G.W. Saunders and R.A. Anderson.Phylogenetic relationships of the Raphidophyceae and Xanthophyceae as inferres from nucleotide sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene].<br />
<br />
[http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/catquery.htm?Kingdom=Protista&Phylum=Chrysophyta&category=diagbw BIODIDAC. Ivy Linginstone.Protista- Chrysophyta. ''Vaucheria''- Sexual and asexual reproduction in the yellow green alga Vaucheria.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages<font size="3">- Virtual Field-Guide (UK)</font>''<font size="3">. </font>Botrydium granulatum ''(a yellow green algae)''. ''.Sept. 28, 2002.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Department of Environment and Conservation.Botanic Garden Trust. Entwisle. ]<br />
<br />
Hibberd, David J. Phylum Xanthophyta. ''Handbook of Protoctista''. (pg 686-697). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. 1990.<br />
<br />
[http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/213/m213p177.pdf Krug, Patrick J. Bet-Hedging Dispersal Stategy of a Specialist Marine Herbivore: a Settlement Dimorphism Among Sibling Larvae of ''Alderia modesta''. Marine Ecology Progress Series. April 4, 2001. ]<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><font size="3">[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm Patterson, Mark. Aquatic Phototrophs: ]</font></span>[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm <font size="3"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Algae, Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes. </span></font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/xanthophyta.html B. R. Speer. University of California. Museum of Paleontology.Introduction to Xanthophyta].<br />
<br />
[http://www.ca.uky.edu/Agripedia/Classes/PLS566/CLASS14.asp University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Class Notes.Lecture 14- Algae. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Heterokonts3-xanth.html University of Maryland. Heterokontophyta III - Xanthophyceae & Eustigmatopyceae.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Xanthophyceae&diff=3441Xanthophyceae2006-06-13T19:38:32Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Tribonema.gif|thumb|500px|right|<em>Tribonema sp. </em>Photo by:[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Entwisel et al./ Botanic Gardens Trust.]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br /><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa:</h3> Eukaryota; stramenopiles <br /><h3>Genera</h3>'' Vaucheria, Tribonema, Botrydium<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Commonly called the yellow-green algae. There are about 600 species of Xanthophyceae, all but three'' (''Botrydium'', Tribonema'' and ''Vaucheria'') of the species are very rare. Before 1899 there were so few species known that they were categorized with the Chlorophyta. The two main varieties are found as large green vesicles up to several mm in diameter. They are often confused with green algae because it is pigmented by chlorophyll and lacks the fucoxanthin that is present in other Chyrsophyta. <br /><br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
There has not been a genome project on Xanthophyceae yet, however there have been some experiments studying how the organism can morph to adapt to frigid waters. There is also evidence from DNA sequence comparison that Xanthophyceae is genetically related to Raphidophyceae (click [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11539047&query_hl=21 here] for abstract on research.) <br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
| width="47%" |<br />
[[Image:Reproduction_Vaucheria.gif|thumb|500px|Diagram of life cycle. Sexual reproduction on left, asexually on right. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm#Anabaena <br />] Photo by:[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 Ivy Linginstone/ Biodiac ]]]<br />
| width="53%" |<br />
Xanthophyceae are a photosynthetic group of yellow-green algae. Their photosynthate is stored as oils and the storage polymer chrysolaminarin. Most Xanthophyta are coccoid or filamentous, but some are siphonous, meaning that they are composed of multiple tubular cells with several nuclei. What makes up the cell wall is unknown but inside some there are two silica valves similar to those in diatoms. For the species that are filamentous the interlocking halves are in the shape of a H.<br />
<br />
While not much is known about the life cycle of xathnophyta generally their reproduction is asexual, in which the cell divides bilaterally and creates and produces an endogenous cyst. Reproduction has only been observed in two xanothophtyes: in ''Vaucheria'', it was found to be oogamous, and ''Botrydium ''reproduces by means of bimastigote zoospores or aplanospores.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2>Xanthophyta are generally found in freshwater, wet soil and tree trunks, but there are several marine species. Most of the species occur singly and are found around other algae, making it difficult to find the same species twice. They do very well at low pH in habitats that are rich in iron. It was also found that Xanthophyceae loses its cytoplasmic streaming ability and organization of other vegetative filaments, when it is in an aluminum-rich environment. Many of them are found in late winter among floating mats in still water.<br />
<br />
The species ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' has a unique characteristic in that it will send a larvae of ''Alderua modesta'' into spontaneous metamorphorosis when the larvae comes in contact with it. The adults can create two kinds of larvae, planktotrophic or lecithotrophic. Lecithotrophic clutches contain a mix of larvae, some which settle spontaneously, and others that need to be exposed to ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.There were other experiments done to test and see if other algae would have the same effect and out of the 17 none did except for ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Botrydium_bubbles.jpg''Botrydium granulatum. ''Photo by: [http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>References. Updated June 22, 2005</h2><br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11323031&dopt=Abstract Alessa, L., Oliveria, L. Aluminum toxicity studies in ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' var. ''macounii'' (Xanthophyta, Tribophyceae). I. Effects on cytoplasmic organization. ''Environmental and Experimental Botany''. v. 45. 3 (2001) 205-222. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 American Journal of Botany. D. Potter, G.W. Saunders and R.A. Anderson.Phylogenetic relationships of the Raphidophyceae and Xanthophyceae as inferres from nucleotide sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene].<br />
<br />
[http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/catquery.htm?Kingdom=Protista&Phylum=Chrysophyta&category=diagbw BIODIDAC. Ivy Linginstone.Protista- Chrysophyta. ''Vaucheria''- Sexual and asexual reproduction in the yellow green alga Vaucheria.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages<font size="3">- Virtual Field-Guide (UK)</font>''<font size="3">. </font>Botrydium granulatum ''(a yellow green algae)''. ''.Sept. 28, 2002.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Department of Environment and Conservation.Botanic Garden Trust. Entwisle. ]<br />
<br />
Hibberd, David J. Phylum Xanthophyta. ''Handbook of Protoctista''. (pg 686-697). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. 1990.<br />
<br />
[http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/213/m213p177.pdf Krug, Patrick J. Bet-Hedging Dispersal Stategy of a Specialist Marine Herbivore: a Settlement Dimorphism Among Sibling Larvae of ''Alderia modesta''. Marine Ecology Progress Series. April 4, 2001. ]<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><font size="3">[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm Patterson, Mark. Aquatic Phototrophs: ]</font></span>[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm <font size="3"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Algae, Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes. </span></font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/xanthophyta.html B. R. Speer. University of California. Museum of Paleontology.Introduction to Xanthophyta].<br />
<br />
[http://www.ca.uky.edu/Agripedia/Classes/PLS566/CLASS14.asp University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Class Notes.Lecture 14- Algae. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Heterokonts3-xanth.html University of Maryland. Heterokontophyta III - Xanthophyceae & Eustigmatopyceae.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Xanthophyceae&diff=3440Xanthophyceae2006-06-13T19:38:20Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Tribonema.gif|thumb|500px|right|<em>Tribonema sp. </em>Photo by:[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Entwisel et al./ Botanic Gardens Trust.]]]<br />
bitch<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br /><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa:</h3> Eukaryota; stramenopiles <br /><h3>Genera</h3>'' Vaucheria, Tribonema, Botrydium<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Commonly called the yellow-green algae. There are about 600 species of Xanthophyceae, all but three'' (''Botrydium'', Tribonema'' and ''Vaucheria'') of the species are very rare. Before 1899 there were so few species known that they were categorized with the Chlorophyta. The two main varieties are found as large green vesicles up to several mm in diameter. They are often confused with green algae because it is pigmented by chlorophyll and lacks the fucoxanthin that is present in other Chyrsophyta. <br /><br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
There has not been a genome project on Xanthophyceae yet, however there have been some experiments studying how the organism can morph to adapt to frigid waters. There is also evidence from DNA sequence comparison that Xanthophyceae is genetically related to Raphidophyceae (click [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11539047&query_hl=21 here] for abstract on research.) <br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
| width="47%" |<br />
[[Image:Reproduction_Vaucheria.gif|thumb|500px|Diagram of life cycle. Sexual reproduction on left, asexually on right. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm#Anabaena <br />] Photo by:[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 Ivy Linginstone/ Biodiac ]]]<br />
| width="53%" |<br />
Xanthophyceae are a photosynthetic group of yellow-green algae. Their photosynthate is stored as oils and the storage polymer chrysolaminarin. Most Xanthophyta are coccoid or filamentous, but some are siphonous, meaning that they are composed of multiple tubular cells with several nuclei. What makes up the cell wall is unknown but inside some there are two silica valves similar to those in diatoms. For the species that are filamentous the interlocking halves are in the shape of a H.<br />
<br />
While not much is known about the life cycle of xathnophyta generally their reproduction is asexual, in which the cell divides bilaterally and creates and produces an endogenous cyst. Reproduction has only been observed in two xanothophtyes: in ''Vaucheria'', it was found to be oogamous, and ''Botrydium ''reproduces by means of bimastigote zoospores or aplanospores.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2>Xanthophyta are generally found in freshwater, wet soil and tree trunks, but there are several marine species. Most of the species occur singly and are found around other algae, making it difficult to find the same species twice. They do very well at low pH in habitats that are rich in iron. It was also found that Xanthophyceae loses its cytoplasmic streaming ability and organization of other vegetative filaments, when it is in an aluminum-rich environment. Many of them are found in late winter among floating mats in still water.<br />
<br />
The species ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' has a unique characteristic in that it will send a larvae of ''Alderua modesta'' into spontaneous metamorphorosis when the larvae comes in contact with it. The adults can create two kinds of larvae, planktotrophic or lecithotrophic. Lecithotrophic clutches contain a mix of larvae, some which settle spontaneously, and others that need to be exposed to ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.There were other experiments done to test and see if other algae would have the same effect and out of the 17 none did except for ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Botrydium_bubbles.jpg''Botrydium granulatum. ''Photo by: [http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>References. Updated June 22, 2005</h2><br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11323031&dopt=Abstract Alessa, L., Oliveria, L. Aluminum toxicity studies in ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' var. ''macounii'' (Xanthophyta, Tribophyceae). I. Effects on cytoplasmic organization. ''Environmental and Experimental Botany''. v. 45. 3 (2001) 205-222. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 American Journal of Botany. D. Potter, G.W. Saunders and R.A. Anderson.Phylogenetic relationships of the Raphidophyceae and Xanthophyceae as inferres from nucleotide sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene].<br />
<br />
[http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/catquery.htm?Kingdom=Protista&Phylum=Chrysophyta&category=diagbw BIODIDAC. Ivy Linginstone.Protista- Chrysophyta. ''Vaucheria''- Sexual and asexual reproduction in the yellow green alga Vaucheria.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages<font size="3">- Virtual Field-Guide (UK)</font>''<font size="3">. </font>Botrydium granulatum ''(a yellow green algae)''. ''.Sept. 28, 2002.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Department of Environment and Conservation.Botanic Garden Trust. Entwisle. ]<br />
<br />
Hibberd, David J. Phylum Xanthophyta. ''Handbook of Protoctista''. (pg 686-697). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. 1990.<br />
<br />
[http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/213/m213p177.pdf Krug, Patrick J. Bet-Hedging Dispersal Stategy of a Specialist Marine Herbivore: a Settlement Dimorphism Among Sibling Larvae of ''Alderia modesta''. Marine Ecology Progress Series. April 4, 2001. ]<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><font size="3">[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm Patterson, Mark. Aquatic Phototrophs: ]</font></span>[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm <font size="3"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Algae, Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes. </span></font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/xanthophyta.html B. R. Speer. University of California. Museum of Paleontology.Introduction to Xanthophyta].<br />
<br />
[http://www.ca.uky.edu/Agripedia/Classes/PLS566/CLASS14.asp University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Class Notes.Lecture 14- Algae. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Heterokonts3-xanth.html University of Maryland. Heterokontophyta III - Xanthophyceae & Eustigmatopyceae.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Xanthophyceae&diff=3439Xanthophyceae2006-06-13T19:37:48Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Tribonema.gif|thumb|500px|right|<em>Tribonema sp. </em>Photo by:[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Entwisel et al./ Botanic Gardens Trust.]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br /><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa:</h3> Eukaryota; stramenopiles <br /><h3>Genera</h3>'' Vaucheria, Tribonema, Botrydium<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Commonly called the yellow-green algae. There are about 600 species of Xanthophyceae, all but three'' (''Botrydium'', Tribonema'' and ''Vaucheria'') of the species are very rare. Before 1899 there were so few species known that they were categorized with the Chlorophyta. The two main varieties are found as large green vesicles up to several mm in diameter. They are often confused with green algae because it is pigmented by chlorophyll and lacks the fucoxanthin that is present in other Chyrsophyta. <br /><br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
There has not been a genome project on Xanthophyceae yet, however there have been some experiments studying how the organism can morph to adapt to frigid waters. There is also evidence from DNA sequence comparison that Xanthophyceae is genetically related to Raphidophyceae (click [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11539047&query_hl=21 here] for abstract on research.) <br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
| width="47%" |<br />
[[Image:Reproduction_Vaucheria.gif|thumb|500px|Diagram of life cycle. Sexual reproduction on left, asexually on right. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm#Anabaena <br />] Photo by:[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 Ivy Linginstone/ Biodiac ]]]<br />
| width="53%" |<br />
Xanthophyceae are a photosynthetic group of yellow-green algae. Their photosynthate is stored as oils and the storage polymer chrysolaminarin. Most Xanthophyta are coccoid or filamentous, but some are siphonous, meaning that they are composed of multiple tubular cells with several nuclei. What makes up the cell wall is unknown but inside some there are two silica valves similar to those in diatoms. For the species that are filamentous the interlocking halves are in the shape of a H.<br />
<br />
While not much is known about the life cycle of xathnophyta generally their reproduction is asexual, in which the cell divides bilaterally and creates and produces an endogenous cyst. Reproduction has only been observed in two xanothophtyes: in ''Vaucheria'', it was found to be oogamous, and ''Botrydium ''reproduces by means of bimastigote zoospores or aplanospores.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2>Xanthophyta are generally found in freshwater, wet soil and tree trunks, but there are several marine species. Most of the species occur singly and are found around other algae, making it difficult to find the same species twice. They do very well at low pH in habitats that are rich in iron. It was also found that Xanthophyceae loses its cytoplasmic streaming ability and organization of other vegetative filaments, when it is in an aluminum-rich environment. Many of them are found in late winter among floating mats in still water.<br />
<br />
The species ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' has a unique characteristic in that it will send a larvae of ''Alderua modesta'' into spontaneous metamorphorosis when the larvae comes in contact with it. The adults can create two kinds of larvae, planktotrophic or lecithotrophic. Lecithotrophic clutches contain a mix of larvae, some which settle spontaneously, and others that need to be exposed to ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.There were other experiments done to test and see if other algae would have the same effect and out of the 17 none did except for ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Botrydium_bubbles.jpg''Botrydium granulatum. ''Photo by: [http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>References. Updated June 22, 2005</h2><br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11323031&dopt=Abstract Alessa, L., Oliveria, L. Aluminum toxicity studies in ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' var. ''macounii'' (Xanthophyta, Tribophyceae). I. Effects on cytoplasmic organization. ''Environmental and Experimental Botany''. v. 45. 3 (2001) 205-222. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 American Journal of Botany. D. Potter, G.W. Saunders and R.A. Anderson.Phylogenetic relationships of the Raphidophyceae and Xanthophyceae as inferres from nucleotide sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene].<br />
<br />
[http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/catquery.htm?Kingdom=Protista&Phylum=Chrysophyta&category=diagbw BIODIDAC. Ivy Linginstone.Protista- Chrysophyta. ''Vaucheria''- Sexual and asexual reproduction in the yellow green alga Vaucheria.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages<font size="3">- Virtual Field-Guide (UK)</font>''<font size="3">. </font>Botrydium granulatum ''(a yellow green algae)''. ''.Sept. 28, 2002.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Department of Environment and Conservation.Botanic Garden Trust. Entwisle. ]<br />
<br />
Hibberd, David J. Phylum Xanthophyta. ''Handbook of Protoctista''. (pg 686-697). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. 1990.<br />
<br />
[http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/213/m213p177.pdf Krug, Patrick J. Bet-Hedging Dispersal Stategy of a Specialist Marine Herbivore: a Settlement Dimorphism Among Sibling Larvae of ''Alderia modesta''. Marine Ecology Progress Series. April 4, 2001. ]<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><font size="3">[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm Patterson, Mark. Aquatic Phototrophs: ]</font></span>[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm <font size="3"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Algae, Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes. </span></font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/xanthophyta.html B. R. Speer. University of California. Museum of Paleontology.Introduction to Xanthophyta].<br />
<br />
[http://www.ca.uky.edu/Agripedia/Classes/PLS566/CLASS14.asp University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Class Notes.Lecture 14- Algae. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Heterokonts3-xanth.html University of Maryland. Heterokontophyta III - Xanthophyceae & Eustigmatopyceae.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Xanthophyceae&diff=3438Xanthophyceae2006-06-13T19:37:35Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Tribonema.gif|thumb|500px|right|<em>Tribonema sp. </em>Photo by:[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Entwisel et al./ Botanic Gardens Trust.]]]<br />
<br />
bitch<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br /><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa:</h3> Eukaryota; stramenopiles <br /><h3>Genera</h3>'' Vaucheria, Tribonema, Botrydium<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Commonly called the yellow-green algae. There are about 600 species of Xanthophyceae, all but three'' (''Botrydium'', Tribonema'' and ''Vaucheria'') of the species are very rare. Before 1899 there were so few species known that they were categorized with the Chlorophyta. The two main varieties are found as large green vesicles up to several mm in diameter. They are often confused with green algae because it is pigmented by chlorophyll and lacks the fucoxanthin that is present in other Chyrsophyta. <br /><br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
There has not been a genome project on Xanthophyceae yet, however there have been some experiments studying how the organism can morph to adapt to frigid waters. There is also evidence from DNA sequence comparison that Xanthophyceae is genetically related to Raphidophyceae (click [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11539047&query_hl=21 here] for abstract on research.) <br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
| width="47%" |<br />
[[Image:Reproduction_Vaucheria.gif|thumb|500px|Diagram of life cycle. Sexual reproduction on left, asexually on right. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm#Anabaena <br />] Photo by:[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 Ivy Linginstone/ Biodiac ]]]<br />
| width="53%" |<br />
Xanthophyceae are a photosynthetic group of yellow-green algae. Their photosynthate is stored as oils and the storage polymer chrysolaminarin. Most Xanthophyta are coccoid or filamentous, but some are siphonous, meaning that they are composed of multiple tubular cells with several nuclei. What makes up the cell wall is unknown but inside some there are two silica valves similar to those in diatoms. For the species that are filamentous the interlocking halves are in the shape of a H.<br />
<br />
While not much is known about the life cycle of xathnophyta generally their reproduction is asexual, in which the cell divides bilaterally and creates and produces an endogenous cyst. Reproduction has only been observed in two xanothophtyes: in ''Vaucheria'', it was found to be oogamous, and ''Botrydium ''reproduces by means of bimastigote zoospores or aplanospores.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2>Xanthophyta are generally found in freshwater, wet soil and tree trunks, but there are several marine species. Most of the species occur singly and are found around other algae, making it difficult to find the same species twice. They do very well at low pH in habitats that are rich in iron. It was also found that Xanthophyceae loses its cytoplasmic streaming ability and organization of other vegetative filaments, when it is in an aluminum-rich environment. Many of them are found in late winter among floating mats in still water.<br />
<br />
The species ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' has a unique characteristic in that it will send a larvae of ''Alderua modesta'' into spontaneous metamorphorosis when the larvae comes in contact with it. The adults can create two kinds of larvae, planktotrophic or lecithotrophic. Lecithotrophic clutches contain a mix of larvae, some which settle spontaneously, and others that need to be exposed to ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.There were other experiments done to test and see if other algae would have the same effect and out of the 17 none did except for ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Botrydium_bubbles.jpg''Botrydium granulatum. ''Photo by: [http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>References. Updated June 22, 2005</h2><br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11323031&dopt=Abstract Alessa, L., Oliveria, L. Aluminum toxicity studies in ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' var. ''macounii'' (Xanthophyta, Tribophyceae). I. Effects on cytoplasmic organization. ''Environmental and Experimental Botany''. v. 45. 3 (2001) 205-222. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 American Journal of Botany. D. Potter, G.W. Saunders and R.A. Anderson.Phylogenetic relationships of the Raphidophyceae and Xanthophyceae as inferres from nucleotide sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene].<br />
<br />
[http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/catquery.htm?Kingdom=Protista&Phylum=Chrysophyta&category=diagbw BIODIDAC. Ivy Linginstone.Protista- Chrysophyta. ''Vaucheria''- Sexual and asexual reproduction in the yellow green alga Vaucheria.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages<font size="3">- Virtual Field-Guide (UK)</font>''<font size="3">. </font>Botrydium granulatum ''(a yellow green algae)''. ''.Sept. 28, 2002.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Department of Environment and Conservation.Botanic Garden Trust. Entwisle. ]<br />
<br />
Hibberd, David J. Phylum Xanthophyta. ''Handbook of Protoctista''. (pg 686-697). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. 1990.<br />
<br />
[http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/213/m213p177.pdf Krug, Patrick J. Bet-Hedging Dispersal Stategy of a Specialist Marine Herbivore: a Settlement Dimorphism Among Sibling Larvae of ''Alderia modesta''. Marine Ecology Progress Series. April 4, 2001. ]<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><font size="3">[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm Patterson, Mark. Aquatic Phototrophs: ]</font></span>[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm <font size="3"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Algae, Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes. </span></font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/xanthophyta.html B. R. Speer. University of California. Museum of Paleontology.Introduction to Xanthophyta].<br />
<br />
[http://www.ca.uky.edu/Agripedia/Classes/PLS566/CLASS14.asp University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Class Notes.Lecture 14- Algae. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Heterokonts3-xanth.html University of Maryland. Heterokontophyta III - Xanthophyceae & Eustigmatopyceae.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Xanthophyceae&diff=3437Xanthophyceae2006-06-13T19:37:00Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Tribonema.gif|thumb|500px|right|<em>Tribonema sp. </em>Photo by:[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Entwisel et al./ Botanic Gardens Trust.]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br /><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa:</h3> Eukaryota; stramenopiles <br /><h3>Genera</h3>'' Vaucheria, Tribonema, Botrydium<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Commonly called the yellow-green algae. There are about 600 species of Xanthophyceae, all but three'' (''Botrydium'', Tribonema'' and ''Vaucheria'') of the species are very rare. Before 1899 there were so few species known that they were categorized with the Chlorophyta. The two main varieties are found as large green vesicles up to several mm in diameter. They are often confused with green algae because it is pigmented by chlorophyll and lacks the fucoxanthin that is present in other Chyrsophyta. <br /><br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
There has not been a genome project on Xanthophyceae yet, however there have been some experiments studying how the organism can morph to adapt to frigid waters. There is also evidence from DNA sequence comparison that Xanthophyceae is genetically related to Raphidophyceae (click [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11539047&query_hl=21 here] for abstract on research.) <br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
| width="47%" |<br />
[[Image:Reproduction_Vaucheria.gif|thumb|500px|Diagram of life cycle. Sexual reproduction on left, asexually on right. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm#Anabaena <br />] Photo by:[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 Ivy Linginstone/ Biodiac ]]]<br />
| width="53%" |<br />
Xanthophyceae are a photosynthetic group of yellow-green algae. Their photosynthate is stored as oils and the storage polymer chrysolaminarin. Most Xanthophyta are coccoid or filamentous, but some are siphonous, meaning that they are composed of multiple tubular cells with several nuclei. What makes up the cell wall is unknown but inside some there are two silica valves similar to those in diatoms. For the species that are filamentous the interlocking halves are in the shape of a H.<br />
<br />
While not much is known about the life cycle of xathnophyta generally their reproduction is asexual, in which the cell divides bilaterally and creates and produces an endogenous cyst. Reproduction has only been observed in two xanothophtyes: in ''Vaucheria'', it was found to be oogamous, and ''Botrydium ''reproduces by means of bimastigote zoospores or aplanospores.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2>Xanthophyta are generally found in freshwater, wet soil and tree trunks, but there are several marine species. Most of the species occur singly and are found around other algae, making it difficult to find the same species twice. They do very well at low pH in habitats that are rich in iron. It was also found that Xanthophyceae loses its cytoplasmic streaming ability and organization of other vegetative filaments, when it is in an aluminum-rich environment. Many of them are found in late winter among floating mats in still water.<br />
<br />
The species ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' has a unique characteristic in that it will send a larvae of ''Alderua modesta'' into spontaneous metamorphorosis when the larvae comes in contact with it. The adults can create two kinds of larvae, planktotrophic or lecithotrophic. Lecithotrophic clutches contain a mix of larvae, some which settle spontaneously, and others that need to be exposed to ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.There were other experiments done to test and see if other algae would have the same effect and out of the 17 none did except for ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Botrydium_bubbles.jpg''Botrydium granulatum. ''Photo by: [http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>References. Updated June 22, 2005</h2><br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11323031&dopt=Abstract Alessa, L., Oliveria, L. Aluminum toxicity studies in ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' var. ''macounii'' (Xanthophyta, Tribophyceae). I. Effects on cytoplasmic organization. ''Environmental and Experimental Botany''. v. 45. 3 (2001) 205-222. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 American Journal of Botany. D. Potter, G.W. Saunders and R.A. Anderson.Phylogenetic relationships of the Raphidophyceae and Xanthophyceae as inferres from nucleotide sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene].<br />
<br />
[http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/catquery.htm?Kingdom=Protista&Phylum=Chrysophyta&category=diagbw BIODIDAC. Ivy Linginstone.Protista- Chrysophyta. ''Vaucheria''- Sexual and asexual reproduction in the yellow green alga Vaucheria.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages<font size="3">- Virtual Field-Guide (UK)</font>''<font size="3">. </font>Botrydium granulatum ''(a yellow green algae)''. ''.Sept. 28, 2002.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Department of Environment and Conservation.Botanic Garden Trust. Entwisle. ]<br />
<br />
Hibberd, David J. Phylum Xanthophyta. ''Handbook of Protoctista''. (pg 686-697). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. 1990.<br />
<br />
[http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/213/m213p177.pdf Krug, Patrick J. Bet-Hedging Dispersal Stategy of a Specialist Marine Herbivore: a Settlement Dimorphism Among Sibling Larvae of ''Alderia modesta''. Marine Ecology Progress Series. April 4, 2001. ]<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><font size="3">[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm Patterson, Mark. Aquatic Phototrophs: ]</font></span>[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm <font size="3"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Algae, Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes. </span></font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/xanthophyta.html B. R. Speer. University of California. Museum of Paleontology.Introduction to Xanthophyta].<br />
<br />
[http://www.ca.uky.edu/Agripedia/Classes/PLS566/CLASS14.asp University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Class Notes.Lecture 14- Algae. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Heterokonts3-xanth.html University of Maryland. Heterokontophyta III - Xanthophyceae & Eustigmatopyceae.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Xanthophyceae&diff=3436Xanthophyceae2006-06-13T19:36:48Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Tribonema.gif|thumb|500px|right|<em>Tribonema sp. </em>Photo by:[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Entwisel et al./ Botanic Gardens Trust.]]]<br />
<br />
bitch<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br /><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa:</h3> Eukaryota; stramenopiles <br /><h3>Genera</h3>'' Vaucheria, Tribonema, Botrydium<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Commonly called the yellow-green algae. There are about 600 species of Xanthophyceae, all but three'' (''Botrydium'', Tribonema'' and ''Vaucheria'') of the species are very rare. Before 1899 there were so few species known that they were categorized with the Chlorophyta. The two main varieties are found as large green vesicles up to several mm in diameter. They are often confused with green algae because it is pigmented by chlorophyll and lacks the fucoxanthin that is present in other Chyrsophyta. <br /><br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
There has not been a genome project on Xanthophyceae yet, however there have been some experiments studying how the organism can morph to adapt to frigid waters. There is also evidence from DNA sequence comparison that Xanthophyceae is genetically related to Raphidophyceae (click [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11539047&query_hl=21 here] for abstract on research.) <br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
| width="47%" |<br />
[[Image:Reproduction_Vaucheria.gif|thumb|500px|Diagram of life cycle. Sexual reproduction on left, asexually on right. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm#Anabaena <br />] Photo by:[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 Ivy Linginstone/ Biodiac ]]]<br />
| width="53%" |<br />
Xanthophyceae are a photosynthetic group of yellow-green algae. Their photosynthate is stored as oils and the storage polymer chrysolaminarin. Most Xanthophyta are coccoid or filamentous, but some are siphonous, meaning that they are composed of multiple tubular cells with several nuclei. What makes up the cell wall is unknown but inside some there are two silica valves similar to those in diatoms. For the species that are filamentous the interlocking halves are in the shape of a H.<br />
<br />
While not much is known about the life cycle of xathnophyta generally their reproduction is asexual, in which the cell divides bilaterally and creates and produces an endogenous cyst. Reproduction has only been observed in two xanothophtyes: in ''Vaucheria'', it was found to be oogamous, and ''Botrydium ''reproduces by means of bimastigote zoospores or aplanospores.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2>Xanthophyta are generally found in freshwater, wet soil and tree trunks, but there are several marine species. Most of the species occur singly and are found around other algae, making it difficult to find the same species twice. They do very well at low pH in habitats that are rich in iron. It was also found that Xanthophyceae loses its cytoplasmic streaming ability and organization of other vegetative filaments, when it is in an aluminum-rich environment. Many of them are found in late winter among floating mats in still water.<br />
<br />
The species ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' has a unique characteristic in that it will send a larvae of ''Alderua modesta'' into spontaneous metamorphorosis when the larvae comes in contact with it. The adults can create two kinds of larvae, planktotrophic or lecithotrophic. Lecithotrophic clutches contain a mix of larvae, some which settle spontaneously, and others that need to be exposed to ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.There were other experiments done to test and see if other algae would have the same effect and out of the 17 none did except for ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Botrydium_bubbles.jpg''Botrydium granulatum. ''Photo by: [http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>References. Updated June 22, 2005</h2><br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11323031&dopt=Abstract Alessa, L., Oliveria, L. Aluminum toxicity studies in ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' var. ''macounii'' (Xanthophyta, Tribophyceae). I. Effects on cytoplasmic organization. ''Environmental and Experimental Botany''. v. 45. 3 (2001) 205-222. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 American Journal of Botany. D. Potter, G.W. Saunders and R.A. Anderson.Phylogenetic relationships of the Raphidophyceae and Xanthophyceae as inferres from nucleotide sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene].<br />
<br />
[http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/catquery.htm?Kingdom=Protista&Phylum=Chrysophyta&category=diagbw BIODIDAC. Ivy Linginstone.Protista- Chrysophyta. ''Vaucheria''- Sexual and asexual reproduction in the yellow green alga Vaucheria.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages<font size="3">- Virtual Field-Guide (UK)</font>''<font size="3">. </font>Botrydium granulatum ''(a yellow green algae)''. ''.Sept. 28, 2002.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Department of Environment and Conservation.Botanic Garden Trust. Entwisle. ]<br />
<br />
Hibberd, David J. Phylum Xanthophyta. ''Handbook of Protoctista''. (pg 686-697). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. 1990.<br />
<br />
[http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/213/m213p177.pdf Krug, Patrick J. Bet-Hedging Dispersal Stategy of a Specialist Marine Herbivore: a Settlement Dimorphism Among Sibling Larvae of ''Alderia modesta''. Marine Ecology Progress Series. April 4, 2001. ]<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><font size="3">[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm Patterson, Mark. Aquatic Phototrophs: ]</font></span>[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm <font size="3"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Algae, Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes. </span></font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/xanthophyta.html B. R. Speer. University of California. Museum of Paleontology.Introduction to Xanthophyta].<br />
<br />
[http://www.ca.uky.edu/Agripedia/Classes/PLS566/CLASS14.asp University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Class Notes.Lecture 14- Algae. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Heterokonts3-xanth.html University of Maryland. Heterokontophyta III - Xanthophyceae & Eustigmatopyceae.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Xanthophyceae&diff=3434Xanthophyceae2006-06-13T19:34:50Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Tribonema.gif|thumb|500px|right|<em>Tribonema sp. </em>Photo by:[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Entwisel et al./ Botanic Gardens Trust.]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br /><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa:</h3> Eukaryota; stramenopiles <br /><h3>Genera</h3>'' Vaucheria, Tribonema, Botrydium<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Commonly called the yellow-green algae. There are about 600 species of Xanthophyceae, all but three'' (''Botrydium'', Tribonema'' and ''Vaucheria'') of the species are very rare. Before 1899 there were so few species known that they were categorized with the Chlorophyta. The two main varieties are found as large green vesicles up to several mm in diameter. They are often confused with green algae because it is pigmented by chlorophyll and lacks the fucoxanthin that is present in other Chyrsophyta. <br /><br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
There has not been a genome project on Xanthophyceae yet, however there have been some experiments studying how the organism can morph to adapt to frigid waters. There is also evidence from DNA sequence comparison that Xanthophyceae is genetically related to Raphidophyceae (click [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11539047&query_hl=21 here] for abstract on research.) <br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
| width="47%" |<br />
[[Image:Reproduction_Vaucheria.gif|thumb|500px|Diagram of life cycle. Sexual reproduction on left, asexually on right. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm#Anabaena <br />] Photo by:[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 Ivy Linginstone/ Biodiac ]]]<br />
| width="53%" |<br />
Xanthophyceae are a photosynthetic group of yellow-green algae. Their photosynthate is stored as oils and the storage polymer chrysolaminarin. Most Xanthophyta are coccoid or filamentous, but some are siphonous, meaning that they are composed of multiple tubular cells with several nuclei. What makes up the cell wall is unknown but inside some there are two silica valves similar to those in diatoms. For the species that are filamentous the interlocking halves are in the shape of a H.<br />
<br />
While not much is known about the life cycle of xathnophyta generally their reproduction is asexual, in which the cell divides bilaterally and creates and produces an endogenous cyst. Reproduction has only been observed in two xanothophtyes: in ''Vaucheria'', it was found to be oogamous, and ''Botrydium ''reproduces by means of bimastigote zoospores or aplanospores.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2>Xanthophyta are generally found in freshwater, wet soil and tree trunks, but there are several marine species. Most of the species occur singly and are found around other algae, making it difficult to find the same species twice. They do very well at low pH in habitats that are rich in iron. It was also found that Xanthophyceae loses its cytoplasmic streaming ability and organization of other vegetative filaments, when it is in an aluminum-rich environment. Many of them are found in late winter among floating mats in still water.<br />
<br />
The species ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' has a unique characteristic in that it will send a larvae of ''Alderua modesta'' into spontaneous metamorphorosis when the larvae comes in contact with it. The adults can create two kinds of larvae, planktotrophic or lecithotrophic. Lecithotrophic clutches contain a mix of larvae, some which settle spontaneously, and others that need to be exposed to ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.There were other experiments done to test and see if other algae would have the same effect and out of the 17 none did except for ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Botrydium_bubbles.jpg''Botrydium granulatum. ''Photo by: [http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>References. Updated June 22, 2005</h2><br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11323031&dopt=Abstract Alessa, L., Oliveria, L. Aluminum toxicity studies in ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' var. ''macounii'' (Xanthophyta, Tribophyceae). I. Effects on cytoplasmic organization. ''Environmental and Experimental Botany''. v. 45. 3 (2001) 205-222. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 American Journal of Botany. D. Potter, G.W. Saunders and R.A. Anderson.Phylogenetic relationships of the Raphidophyceae and Xanthophyceae as inferres from nucleotide sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene].<br />
<br />
[http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/catquery.htm?Kingdom=Protista&Phylum=Chrysophyta&category=diagbw BIODIDAC. Ivy Linginstone.Protista- Chrysophyta. ''Vaucheria''- Sexual and asexual reproduction in the yellow green alga Vaucheria.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages<font size="3">- Virtual Field-Guide (UK)</font>''<font size="3">. </font>Botrydium granulatum ''(a yellow green algae)''. ''.Sept. 28, 2002.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Department of Environment and Conservation.Botanic Garden Trust. Entwisle. ]<br />
<br />
Hibberd, David J. Phylum Xanthophyta. ''Handbook of Protoctista''. (pg 686-697). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. 1990.<br />
<br />
[http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/213/m213p177.pdf Krug, Patrick J. Bet-Hedging Dispersal Stategy of a Specialist Marine Herbivore: a Settlement Dimorphism Among Sibling Larvae of ''Alderia modesta''. Marine Ecology Progress Series. April 4, 2001. ]<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><font size="3">[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm Patterson, Mark. Aquatic Phototrophs: ]</font></span>[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm <font size="3"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Algae, Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes. </span></font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/xanthophyta.html B. R. Speer. University of California. Museum of Paleontology.Introduction to Xanthophyta].<br />
<br />
[http://www.ca.uky.edu/Agripedia/Classes/PLS566/CLASS14.asp University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Class Notes.Lecture 14- Algae. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Heterokonts3-xanth.html University of Maryland. Heterokontophyta III - Xanthophyceae & Eustigmatopyceae.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Xanthophyceae&diff=3433Xanthophyceae2006-06-13T19:34:34Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Tribonema.gif|thumb|500px|right|<em>Tribonema sp. </em>Photo by:[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Entwisel et al./ Botanic Gardens Trust.]]]<br />
<br />
fuck<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br /><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa:</h3> Eukaryota; stramenopiles <br /><h3>Genera</h3>'' Vaucheria, Tribonema, Botrydium<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Commonly called the yellow-green algae. There are about 600 species of Xanthophyceae, all but three'' (''Botrydium'', Tribonema'' and ''Vaucheria'') of the species are very rare. Before 1899 there were so few species known that they were categorized with the Chlorophyta. The two main varieties are found as large green vesicles up to several mm in diameter. They are often confused with green algae because it is pigmented by chlorophyll and lacks the fucoxanthin that is present in other Chyrsophyta. <br /><br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
There has not been a genome project on Xanthophyceae yet, however there have been some experiments studying how the organism can morph to adapt to frigid waters. There is also evidence from DNA sequence comparison that Xanthophyceae is genetically related to Raphidophyceae (click [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11539047&query_hl=21 here] for abstract on research.) <br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
| width="47%" |<br />
[[Image:Reproduction_Vaucheria.gif|thumb|500px|Diagram of life cycle. Sexual reproduction on left, asexually on right. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm#Anabaena <br />] Photo by:[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 Ivy Linginstone/ Biodiac ]]]<br />
| width="53%" |<br />
Xanthophyceae are a photosynthetic group of yellow-green algae. Their photosynthate is stored as oils and the storage polymer chrysolaminarin. Most Xanthophyta are coccoid or filamentous, but some are siphonous, meaning that they are composed of multiple tubular cells with several nuclei. What makes up the cell wall is unknown but inside some there are two silica valves similar to those in diatoms. For the species that are filamentous the interlocking halves are in the shape of a H.<br />
<br />
While not much is known about the life cycle of xathnophyta generally their reproduction is asexual, in which the cell divides bilaterally and creates and produces an endogenous cyst. Reproduction has only been observed in two xanothophtyes: in ''Vaucheria'', it was found to be oogamous, and ''Botrydium ''reproduces by means of bimastigote zoospores or aplanospores.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2>Xanthophyta are generally found in freshwater, wet soil and tree trunks, but there are several marine species. Most of the species occur singly and are found around other algae, making it difficult to find the same species twice. They do very well at low pH in habitats that are rich in iron. It was also found that Xanthophyceae loses its cytoplasmic streaming ability and organization of other vegetative filaments, when it is in an aluminum-rich environment. Many of them are found in late winter among floating mats in still water.<br />
<br />
The species ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' has a unique characteristic in that it will send a larvae of ''Alderua modesta'' into spontaneous metamorphorosis when the larvae comes in contact with it. The adults can create two kinds of larvae, planktotrophic or lecithotrophic. Lecithotrophic clutches contain a mix of larvae, some which settle spontaneously, and others that need to be exposed to ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.There were other experiments done to test and see if other algae would have the same effect and out of the 17 none did except for ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Botrydium_bubbles.jpg''Botrydium granulatum. ''Photo by: [http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>References. Updated June 22, 2005</h2><br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11323031&dopt=Abstract Alessa, L., Oliveria, L. Aluminum toxicity studies in ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' var. ''macounii'' (Xanthophyta, Tribophyceae). I. Effects on cytoplasmic organization. ''Environmental and Experimental Botany''. v. 45. 3 (2001) 205-222. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 American Journal of Botany. D. Potter, G.W. Saunders and R.A. Anderson.Phylogenetic relationships of the Raphidophyceae and Xanthophyceae as inferres from nucleotide sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene].<br />
<br />
[http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/catquery.htm?Kingdom=Protista&Phylum=Chrysophyta&category=diagbw BIODIDAC. Ivy Linginstone.Protista- Chrysophyta. ''Vaucheria''- Sexual and asexual reproduction in the yellow green alga Vaucheria.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages<font size="3">- Virtual Field-Guide (UK)</font>''<font size="3">. </font>Botrydium granulatum ''(a yellow green algae)''. ''.Sept. 28, 2002.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Department of Environment and Conservation.Botanic Garden Trust. Entwisle. ]<br />
<br />
Hibberd, David J. Phylum Xanthophyta. ''Handbook of Protoctista''. (pg 686-697). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. 1990.<br />
<br />
[http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/213/m213p177.pdf Krug, Patrick J. Bet-Hedging Dispersal Stategy of a Specialist Marine Herbivore: a Settlement Dimorphism Among Sibling Larvae of ''Alderia modesta''. Marine Ecology Progress Series. April 4, 2001. ]<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><font size="3">[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm Patterson, Mark. Aquatic Phototrophs: ]</font></span>[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm <font size="3"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Algae, Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes. </span></font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/xanthophyta.html B. R. Speer. University of California. Museum of Paleontology.Introduction to Xanthophyta].<br />
<br />
[http://www.ca.uky.edu/Agripedia/Classes/PLS566/CLASS14.asp University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Class Notes.Lecture 14- Algae. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Heterokonts3-xanth.html University of Maryland. Heterokontophyta III - Xanthophyceae & Eustigmatopyceae.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Xanthophyceae&diff=3423Xanthophyceae2006-06-13T19:19:39Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Tribonema.gif|thumb|500px|right|<em>Tribonema sp. </em>Photo by:[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Entwisel et al./ Botanic Gardens Trust.]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br /><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa:</h3> Eukaryota; stramenopiles <br /><h3>Genera</h3>'' Vaucheria, Tribonema, Botrydium<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Commonly called the yellow-green algae. There are about 600 species of Xanthophyceae, all but three'' (''Botrydium'', Tribonema'' and ''Vaucheria'') of the species are very rare. Before 1899 there were so few species known that they were categorized with the Chlorophyta. The two main varieties are found as large green vesicles up to several mm in diameter. They are often confused with green algae because it is pigmented by chlorophyll and lacks the fucoxanthin that is present in other Chyrsophyta. <br /><br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
There has not been a genome project on Xanthophyceae yet, however there have been some experiments studying how the organism can morph to adapt to frigid waters. There is also evidence from DNA sequence comparison that Xanthophyceae is genetically related to Raphidophyceae (click [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11539047&query_hl=21 here] for abstract on research.) <br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
| width="47%" |<br />
[[Image:Reproduction_Vaucheria.gif|thumb|500px|Diagram of life cycle. Sexual reproduction on left, asexually on right. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm#Anabaena <br />] Photo by:[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 Ivy Linginstone/ Biodiac ]]]<br />
| width="53%" |<br />
Xanthophyceae are a photosynthetic group of yellow-green algae. Their photosynthate is stored as oils and the storage polymer chrysolaminarin. Most Xanthophyta are coccoid or filamentous, but some are siphonous, meaning that they are composed of multiple tubular cells with several nuclei. What makes up the cell wall is unknown but inside some there are two silica valves similar to those in diatoms. For the species that are filamentous the interlocking halves are in the shape of a H.<br />
<br />
While not much is known about the life cycle of xathnophyta generally their reproduction is asexual, in which the cell divides bilaterally and creates and produces an endogenous cyst. Reproduction has only been observed in two xanothophtyes: in ''Vaucheria'', it was found to be oogamous, and ''Botrydium ''reproduces by means of bimastigote zoospores or aplanospores.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2>Xanthophyta are generally found in freshwater, wet soil and tree trunks, but there are several marine species. Most of the species occur singly and are found around other algae, making it difficult to find the same species twice. They do very well at low pH in habitats that are rich in iron. It was also found that Xanthophyceae loses its cytoplasmic streaming ability and organization of other vegetative filaments, when it is in an aluminum-rich environment. Many of them are found in late winter among floating mats in still water.<br />
<br />
The species ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' has a unique characteristic in that it will send a larvae of ''Alderua modesta'' into spontaneous metamorphorosis when the larvae comes in contact with it. The adults can create two kinds of larvae, planktotrophic or lecithotrophic. Lecithotrophic clutches contain a mix of larvae, some which settle spontaneously, and others that need to be exposed to ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.There were other experiments done to test and see if other algae would have the same effect and out of the 17 none did except for ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Botrydium_bubbles.jpg''Botrydium granulatum. ''Photo by: [http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>References. Updated June 22, 2005</h2><br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11323031&dopt=Abstract Alessa, L., Oliveria, L. Aluminum toxicity studies in ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' var. ''macounii'' (Xanthophyta, Tribophyceae). I. Effects on cytoplasmic organization. ''Environmental and Experimental Botany''. v. 45. 3 (2001) 205-222. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 American Journal of Botany. D. Potter, G.W. Saunders and R.A. Anderson.Phylogenetic relationships of the Raphidophyceae and Xanthophyceae as inferres from nucleotide sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene].<br />
<br />
[http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/catquery.htm?Kingdom=Protista&Phylum=Chrysophyta&category=diagbw BIODIDAC. Ivy Linginstone.Protista- Chrysophyta. ''Vaucheria''- Sexual and asexual reproduction in the yellow green alga Vaucheria.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages<font size="3">- Virtual Field-Guide (UK)</font>''<font size="3">. </font>Botrydium granulatum ''(a yellow green algae)''. ''.Sept. 28, 2002.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Department of Environment and Conservation.Botanic Garden Trust. Entwisle. ]<br />
<br />
Hibberd, David J. Phylum Xanthophyta. ''Handbook of Protoctista''. (pg 686-697). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. 1990.<br />
<br />
[http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/213/m213p177.pdf Krug, Patrick J. Bet-Hedging Dispersal Stategy of a Specialist Marine Herbivore: a Settlement Dimorphism Among Sibling Larvae of ''Alderia modesta''. Marine Ecology Progress Series. April 4, 2001. ]<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><font size="3">[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm Patterson, Mark. Aquatic Phototrophs: ]</font></span>[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm <font size="3"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Algae, Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes. </span></font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/xanthophyta.html B. R. Speer. University of California. Museum of Paleontology.Introduction to Xanthophyta].<br />
<br />
[http://www.ca.uky.edu/Agripedia/Classes/PLS566/CLASS14.asp University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Class Notes.Lecture 14- Algae. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Heterokonts3-xanth.html University of Maryland. Heterokontophyta III - Xanthophyceae & Eustigmatopyceae.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Xanthophyceae&diff=3422Xanthophyceae2006-06-13T19:19:26Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Tribonema.gif|thumb|500px|right|<em>Tribonema sp. </em>Photo by:[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Entwisel et al./ Botanic Gardens Trust.]]]<br />
<br />
fuck<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br /><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa:</h3> Eukaryota; stramenopiles <br /><h3>Genera</h3>'' Vaucheria, Tribonema, Botrydium<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Commonly called the yellow-green algae. There are about 600 species of Xanthophyceae, all but three'' (''Botrydium'', Tribonema'' and ''Vaucheria'') of the species are very rare. Before 1899 there were so few species known that they were categorized with the Chlorophyta. The two main varieties are found as large green vesicles up to several mm in diameter. They are often confused with green algae because it is pigmented by chlorophyll and lacks the fucoxanthin that is present in other Chyrsophyta. <br /><br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
There has not been a genome project on Xanthophyceae yet, however there have been some experiments studying how the organism can morph to adapt to frigid waters. There is also evidence from DNA sequence comparison that Xanthophyceae is genetically related to Raphidophyceae (click [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11539047&query_hl=21 here] for abstract on research.) <br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
| width="47%" |<br />
[[Image:Reproduction_Vaucheria.gif|thumb|500px|Diagram of life cycle. Sexual reproduction on left, asexually on right. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm#Anabaena <br />] Photo by:[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 Ivy Linginstone/ Biodiac ]]]<br />
| width="53%" |<br />
Xanthophyceae are a photosynthetic group of yellow-green algae. Their photosynthate is stored as oils and the storage polymer chrysolaminarin. Most Xanthophyta are coccoid or filamentous, but some are siphonous, meaning that they are composed of multiple tubular cells with several nuclei. What makes up the cell wall is unknown but inside some there are two silica valves similar to those in diatoms. For the species that are filamentous the interlocking halves are in the shape of a H.<br />
<br />
While not much is known about the life cycle of xathnophyta generally their reproduction is asexual, in which the cell divides bilaterally and creates and produces an endogenous cyst. Reproduction has only been observed in two xanothophtyes: in ''Vaucheria'', it was found to be oogamous, and ''Botrydium ''reproduces by means of bimastigote zoospores or aplanospores.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2>Xanthophyta are generally found in freshwater, wet soil and tree trunks, but there are several marine species. Most of the species occur singly and are found around other algae, making it difficult to find the same species twice. They do very well at low pH in habitats that are rich in iron. It was also found that Xanthophyceae loses its cytoplasmic streaming ability and organization of other vegetative filaments, when it is in an aluminum-rich environment. Many of them are found in late winter among floating mats in still water.<br />
<br />
The species ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' has a unique characteristic in that it will send a larvae of ''Alderua modesta'' into spontaneous metamorphorosis when the larvae comes in contact with it. The adults can create two kinds of larvae, planktotrophic or lecithotrophic. Lecithotrophic clutches contain a mix of larvae, some which settle spontaneously, and others that need to be exposed to ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.There were other experiments done to test and see if other algae would have the same effect and out of the 17 none did except for ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Botrydium_bubbles.jpg''Botrydium granulatum. ''Photo by: [http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>References. Updated June 22, 2005</h2><br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11323031&dopt=Abstract Alessa, L., Oliveria, L. Aluminum toxicity studies in ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' var. ''macounii'' (Xanthophyta, Tribophyceae). I. Effects on cytoplasmic organization. ''Environmental and Experimental Botany''. v. 45. 3 (2001) 205-222. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 American Journal of Botany. D. Potter, G.W. Saunders and R.A. Anderson.Phylogenetic relationships of the Raphidophyceae and Xanthophyceae as inferres from nucleotide sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene].<br />
<br />
[http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/catquery.htm?Kingdom=Protista&Phylum=Chrysophyta&category=diagbw BIODIDAC. Ivy Linginstone.Protista- Chrysophyta. ''Vaucheria''- Sexual and asexual reproduction in the yellow green alga Vaucheria.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages<font size="3">- Virtual Field-Guide (UK)</font>''<font size="3">. </font>Botrydium granulatum ''(a yellow green algae)''. ''.Sept. 28, 2002.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Department of Environment and Conservation.Botanic Garden Trust. Entwisle. ]<br />
<br />
Hibberd, David J. Phylum Xanthophyta. ''Handbook of Protoctista''. (pg 686-697). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. 1990.<br />
<br />
[http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/213/m213p177.pdf Krug, Patrick J. Bet-Hedging Dispersal Stategy of a Specialist Marine Herbivore: a Settlement Dimorphism Among Sibling Larvae of ''Alderia modesta''. Marine Ecology Progress Series. April 4, 2001. ]<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><font size="3">[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm Patterson, Mark. Aquatic Phototrophs: ]</font></span>[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm <font size="3"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Algae, Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes. </span></font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/xanthophyta.html B. R. Speer. University of California. Museum of Paleontology.Introduction to Xanthophyta].<br />
<br />
[http://www.ca.uky.edu/Agripedia/Classes/PLS566/CLASS14.asp University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Class Notes.Lecture 14- Algae. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Heterokonts3-xanth.html University of Maryland. Heterokontophyta III - Xanthophyceae & Eustigmatopyceae.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Xanthophyceae&diff=3417Xanthophyceae2006-06-13T19:16:36Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[image:Tribonema.gif|thumb|500px|right|<em>Tribonema sp. </em>Photo by:[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Entwisel et al./ Botanic Gardens Trust.]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>Classification</h2><br /><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa:</h3> Eukaryota; stramenopiles <br /><h3>Genera</h3>'' Vaucheria, Tribonema, Botrydium<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Commonly called the yellow-green algae. There are about 600 species of Xanthophyceae, all but three'' (''Botrydium'', Tribonema'' and ''Vaucheria'') of the species are very rare. Before 1899 there were so few species known that they were categorized with the Chlorophyta. The two main varieties are found as large green vesicles up to several mm in diameter. They are often confused with green algae because it is pigmented by chlorophyll and lacks the fucoxanthin that is present in other Chyrsophyta. <br /><br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
There has not been a genome project on Xanthophyceae yet, however there have been some experiments studying how the organism can morph to adapt to frigid waters. There is also evidence from DNA sequence comparison that Xanthophyceae is genetically related to Raphidophyceae (click [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11539047&query_hl=21 here] for abstract on research.) <br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
<br />
{| width="100%"<br />
| width="47%" |<br />
[[Image:Reproduction_Vaucheria.gif|thumb|500px|Diagram of life cycle. Sexual reproduction on left, asexually on right. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm#Anabaena <br />] Photo by:[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 Ivy Linginstone/ Biodiac ]]]<br />
| width="53%" |<br />
Xanthophyceae are a photosynthetic group of yellow-green algae. Their photosynthate is stored as oils and the storage polymer chrysolaminarin. Most Xanthophyta are coccoid or filamentous, but some are siphonous, meaning that they are composed of multiple tubular cells with several nuclei. What makes up the cell wall is unknown but inside some there are two silica valves similar to those in diatoms. For the species that are filamentous the interlocking halves are in the shape of a H.<br />
<br />
While not much is known about the life cycle of xathnophyta generally their reproduction is asexual, in which the cell divides bilaterally and creates and produces an endogenous cyst. Reproduction has only been observed in two xanothophtyes: in ''Vaucheria'', it was found to be oogamous, and ''Botrydium ''reproduces by means of bimastigote zoospores or aplanospores.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<h2>Ecology</h2>Xanthophyta are generally found in freshwater, wet soil and tree trunks, but there are several marine species. Most of the species occur singly and are found around other algae, making it difficult to find the same species twice. They do very well at low pH in habitats that are rich in iron. It was also found that Xanthophyceae loses its cytoplasmic streaming ability and organization of other vegetative filaments, when it is in an aluminum-rich environment. Many of them are found in late winter among floating mats in still water.<br />
<br />
The species ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' has a unique characteristic in that it will send a larvae of ''Alderua modesta'' into spontaneous metamorphorosis when the larvae comes in contact with it. The adults can create two kinds of larvae, planktotrophic or lecithotrophic. Lecithotrophic clutches contain a mix of larvae, some which settle spontaneously, and others that need to be exposed to ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.There were other experiments done to test and see if other algae would have the same effect and out of the 17 none did except for ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Botrydium_bubbles.jpg''Botrydium granulatum. ''Photo by: [http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages]]]<br />
<br />
<h2>References. Updated June 22, 2005</h2><br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11323031&dopt=Abstract Alessa, L., Oliveria, L. Aluminum toxicity studies in ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' var. ''macounii'' (Xanthophyta, Tribophyceae). I. Effects on cytoplasmic organization. ''Environmental and Experimental Botany''. v. 45. 3 (2001) 205-222. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 American Journal of Botany. D. Potter, G.W. Saunders and R.A. Anderson.Phylogenetic relationships of the Raphidophyceae and Xanthophyceae as inferres from nucleotide sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene].<br />
<br />
[http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/catquery.htm?Kingdom=Protista&Phylum=Chrysophyta&category=diagbw BIODIDAC. Ivy Linginstone.Protista- Chrysophyta. ''Vaucheria''- Sexual and asexual reproduction in the yellow green alga Vaucheria.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages<font size="3">- Virtual Field-Guide (UK)</font>''<font size="3">. </font>Botrydium granulatum ''(a yellow green algae)''. ''.Sept. 28, 2002.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Department of Environment and Conservation.Botanic Garden Trust. Entwisle. ]<br />
<br />
Hibberd, David J. Phylum Xanthophyta. ''Handbook of Protoctista''. (pg 686-697). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. 1990.<br />
<br />
[http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/213/m213p177.pdf Krug, Patrick J. Bet-Hedging Dispersal Stategy of a Specialist Marine Herbivore: a Settlement Dimorphism Among Sibling Larvae of ''Alderia modesta''. Marine Ecology Progress Series. April 4, 2001. ]<br />
<br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><font size="3">[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm Patterson, Mark. Aquatic Phototrophs: ]</font></span>[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm <font size="3"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Algae, Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes. </span></font>]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/xanthophyta.html B. R. Speer. University of California. Museum of Paleontology.Introduction to Xanthophyta].<br />
<br />
[http://www.ca.uky.edu/Agripedia/Classes/PLS566/CLASS14.asp University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Class Notes.Lecture 14- Algae. ]<br />
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[http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Heterokonts3-xanth.html University of Maryland. Heterokontophyta III - Xanthophyceae & Eustigmatopyceae.]</div>WikiAdminhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Xanthophyceae&diff=3416Xanthophyceae2006-06-13T19:16:23Z<p>WikiAdmin: </p>
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<div>[[image:Tribonema.gif|thumb|500px|right|<em>Tribonema sp. </em>Photo by:[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Entwisel et al./ Botanic Gardens Trust.]]]<br />
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[http://www.hukuki.net click here]<br />
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<h2>Classification</h2><br /><br />
<h3>Higher order taxa:</h3> Eukaryota; stramenopiles <br /><h3>Genera</h3>'' Vaucheria, Tribonema, Botrydium<br />
<h2>Description and Significance</h2><br />
Commonly called the yellow-green algae. There are about 600 species of Xanthophyceae, all but three'' (''Botrydium'', Tribonema'' and ''Vaucheria'') of the species are very rare. Before 1899 there were so few species known that they were categorized with the Chlorophyta. The two main varieties are found as large green vesicles up to several mm in diameter. They are often confused with green algae because it is pigmented by chlorophyll and lacks the fucoxanthin that is present in other Chyrsophyta. <br /><br />
<h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />
There has not been a genome project on Xanthophyceae yet, however there have been some experiments studying how the organism can morph to adapt to frigid waters. There is also evidence from DNA sequence comparison that Xanthophyceae is genetically related to Raphidophyceae (click [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11539047&query_hl=21 here] for abstract on research.) <br />
<h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2><br />
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[[Image:Reproduction_Vaucheria.gif|thumb|500px|Diagram of life cycle. Sexual reproduction on left, asexually on right. [http://www.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/strainlist_a.htm#Anabaena <br />] Photo by:[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 Ivy Linginstone/ Biodiac ]]]<br />
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Xanthophyceae are a photosynthetic group of yellow-green algae. Their photosynthate is stored as oils and the storage polymer chrysolaminarin. Most Xanthophyta are coccoid or filamentous, but some are siphonous, meaning that they are composed of multiple tubular cells with several nuclei. What makes up the cell wall is unknown but inside some there are two silica valves similar to those in diatoms. For the species that are filamentous the interlocking halves are in the shape of a H.<br />
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While not much is known about the life cycle of xathnophyta generally their reproduction is asexual, in which the cell divides bilaterally and creates and produces an endogenous cyst. Reproduction has only been observed in two xanothophtyes: in ''Vaucheria'', it was found to be oogamous, and ''Botrydium ''reproduces by means of bimastigote zoospores or aplanospores.<br />
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<h2>Ecology</h2>Xanthophyta are generally found in freshwater, wet soil and tree trunks, but there are several marine species. Most of the species occur singly and are found around other algae, making it difficult to find the same species twice. They do very well at low pH in habitats that are rich in iron. It was also found that Xanthophyceae loses its cytoplasmic streaming ability and organization of other vegetative filaments, when it is in an aluminum-rich environment. Many of them are found in late winter among floating mats in still water.<br />
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The species ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' has a unique characteristic in that it will send a larvae of ''Alderua modesta'' into spontaneous metamorphorosis when the larvae comes in contact with it. The adults can create two kinds of larvae, planktotrophic or lecithotrophic. Lecithotrophic clutches contain a mix of larvae, some which settle spontaneously, and others that need to be exposed to ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.There were other experiments done to test and see if other algae would have the same effect and out of the 17 none did except for ''Vaucheria longicaulis''.<br />
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[[Image:Botrydium_bubbles.jpg''Botrydium granulatum. ''Photo by: [http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages]]]<br />
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<h2>References. Updated June 22, 2005</h2><br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11323031&dopt=Abstract Alessa, L., Oliveria, L. Aluminum toxicity studies in ''Vaucheria longicaulis'' var. ''macounii'' (Xanthophyta, Tribophyceae). I. Effects on cytoplasmic organization. ''Environmental and Experimental Botany''. v. 45. 3 (2001) 205-222. ]<br />
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[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/7/966 American Journal of Botany. D. Potter, G.W. Saunders and R.A. Anderson.Phylogenetic relationships of the Raphidophyceae and Xanthophyceae as inferres from nucleotide sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene].<br />
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[http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/catquery.htm?Kingdom=Protista&Phylum=Chrysophyta&category=diagbw BIODIDAC. Ivy Linginstone.Protista- Chrysophyta. ''Vaucheria''- Sexual and asexual reproduction in the yellow green alga Vaucheria.]<br />
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[http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P7/P7695.HTM Bioimages<font size="3">- Virtual Field-Guide (UK)</font>''<font size="3">. </font>Botrydium granulatum ''(a yellow green algae)''. ''.Sept. 28, 2002.]<br />
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[http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/information_about_plants/botanical_info/australian_freshwater_algae2/algpic/simple_unbranched_algae Department of Environment and Conservation.Botanic Garden Trust. Entwisle. ]<br />
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Hibberd, David J. Phylum Xanthophyta. ''Handbook of Protoctista''. (pg 686-697). Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston. 1990.<br />
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[http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/213/m213p177.pdf Krug, Patrick J. Bet-Hedging Dispersal Stategy of a Specialist Marine Herbivore: a Settlement Dimorphism Among Sibling Larvae of ''Alderia modesta''. Marine Ecology Progress Series. April 4, 2001. ]<br />
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><font size="3">[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm Patterson, Mark. Aquatic Phototrophs: ]</font></span>[http://mark.gisc.kennesaw.edu/4700/notes/ALGAE1a.htm <font size="3"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Algae, Cyanobacteria and Prochlorophytes. </span></font>]<br />
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[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/xanthophyta.html B. R. Speer. University of California. Museum of Paleontology.Introduction to Xanthophyta].<br />
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[http://www.ca.uky.edu/Agripedia/Classes/PLS566/CLASS14.asp University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Class Notes.Lecture 14- Algae. ]<br />
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[http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Heterokonts3-xanth.html University of Maryland. Heterokontophyta III - Xanthophyceae & Eustigmatopyceae.]</div>WikiAdmin