File:Coxsackievirus Type B Intracellular Signaling.png

Figure: CVB3-induced intracellular signalling pathways and networks in infected cells. ( a ) Attachment of CVB3 to its receptors, CAR and DAF, ( b) induces a rapid and transient activation of src-family kinases and the ERK pathway. ( c) CVB3 infection also leads to activation of PI3 kinase and integrin-linked kinase ( ILK ) that leads to activation of Akt. CVB3-induced anti-apoptotic survival signalling early in the lifecycle may be mediated by the activation of Akt. In later stages of the CVB3 lifecycle, stress-activated protein kinases including ( d ) p38 MAPK and ( e ) JNK are activated. Activation of p38 MAPK plays a role in CVB3 progeny virion release, while activation of JNK leads to phosphorylation of transcription factors ATF-2 and c-Jun. In addition, ( f ) GSK3b is also activated through tyrosine phosphorylation, and such activation plays a role in CVB3-induced CPE and apoptosis of infected cells for viral progeny release. Taken from Marchant, D., Si, X., Luo, H., McManus, B. and Yang, D., 2008 (13), in Tracy, S., Oberste, M.S. and Drescher, K.M. eds., 2008 (67), with permission.