https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Agrobacterium&feed=atom&action=history
Agrobacterium - Revision history
2024-03-29T00:57:55Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
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https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Agrobacterium&diff=54337&oldid=prev
BarichD at 21:40, 23 July 2010
2010-07-23T21:40:17Z
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BarichD
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Agrobacterium&diff=5437&oldid=prev
BarichD at 20:28, 15 August 2006
2006-08-15T20:28:31Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| height="69" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''NCBI:<br />[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=357 Taxonomy]<br />[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Search&dopt=DocSum&term=txid357%5BOrganism:exp%5D Genomes]<br /></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|}</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Agro1.JPG|frame|''Agrobacterium'' ''tumefaciens'' cells attached to a plant cell. From [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/12_01/A_tumefaciens_genome.shtml Genome News Network and Martha Hawes].]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Agro1.JPG|frame|''Agrobacterium'' ''tumefaciens'' cells attached to a plant cell. From [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/12_01/A_tumefaciens_genome.shtml Genome News Network and Martha Hawes].]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| width="802" height="874" bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top" |</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| width="802" height="874" bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top" |</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2>Classification</h2><br style="clear:both" /><h3>'''Higher order taxa:'''</h3> Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhizobiales; Rhizobiaceae; Rhizobium/Agrobacterium group <br /><h3>'''Species: '''</h3>''Agrobacterium agile, Agrobacterium albertimagni, Agrobacterium aurantiacum, Agrobacterium larrymoorei, Agrobacterium radiobacter, Agrobacterium rhizogenes, Agrobacterium rubi, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Agrobacterium vitis, Agrobacterium ''sp.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2>Classification</h2><br style="clear:both" /><h3>'''Higher order taxa:'''</h3> Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhizobiales; Rhizobiaceae; Rhizobium/Agrobacterium group <br /><h3>'''Species: '''</h3>''Agrobacterium agile, Agrobacterium albertimagni, Agrobacterium aurantiacum, Agrobacterium larrymoorei, Agrobacterium radiobacter, Agrobacterium rhizogenes, Agrobacterium rubi, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Agrobacterium vitis, Agrobacterium ''sp.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=357 Taxonomy] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Search&dopt=DocSum&term=txid357%5BOrganism:exp%5D Genomes]</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2>Description and Significance<br /></h2>At the turn of the century ''Agrobacterium tumefaciens'' was identified as the causal agent in crown gall disease in dicotyledonous plants. Since then, thorough research has been done on this bacterium's mechanism of tumor induction; in addition, ''Argorbacterium'' is used in numerous research projects as a means with which to introduce new genes into the genomes of a number of plants.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2>Description and Significance<br /></h2>At the turn of the century ''Agrobacterium tumefaciens'' was identified as the causal agent in crown gall disease in dicotyledonous plants. Since then, thorough research has been done on this bacterium's mechanism of tumor induction; in addition, ''Argorbacterium'' is used in numerous research projects as a means with which to introduce new genes into the genomes of a number of plants.</div></td></tr>
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BarichD
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Agrobacterium&diff=4993&oldid=prev
BarichD at 13:48, 14 August 2006
2006-08-14T13:48:35Z
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BarichD
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Agrobacterium&diff=1692&oldid=prev
Tashiror at 14:36, 1 June 2006
2006-06-01T14:36:16Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This has already been shown to work using potatoes and a modified'' E. coli'' protein that is known to cause severe diarrhea. When mice ate the raw engineered potatoes, they developed the antibodies to the ''E. coli ''toxin. Clinical tests on humans eating genetically engineered potatoes also showed that they started producing antibodies against Norwalk virus, which causes acute bouts of diarrhea (Redig 2003). For now, all clinical trials involve genetically modified potatoes or tomatoes, both of which can easily be freeze-dried, transported, and reconstituted. These can be more easily dosage regulated and quality controlled, unlike a banana tree growing in the middle of a village, for example. But the ideal of fresh banana vaccines is still being developed and perfected.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This has already been shown to work using potatoes and a modified'' E. coli'' protein that is known to cause severe diarrhea. When mice ate the raw engineered potatoes, they developed the antibodies to the ''E. coli ''toxin. Clinical tests on humans eating genetically engineered potatoes also showed that they started producing antibodies against Norwalk virus, which causes acute bouts of diarrhea (Redig 2003). For now, all clinical trials involve genetically modified potatoes or tomatoes, both of which can easily be freeze-dried, transported, and reconstituted. These can be more easily dosage regulated and quality controlled, unlike a banana tree growing in the middle of a village, for example. But the ideal of fresh banana vaccines is still being developed and perfected.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2>References <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Updated July 28, 2005</del></h2></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2>References</h2></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.wegmans.com/kitchen/ingredients/produce/fruit/bananas.asp Brown, Kathryn. 1996. "Vaccine Cuisine." Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 104, no. 3. ]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.wegmans.com/kitchen/ingredients/produce/fruit/bananas.asp Brown, Kathryn. 1996. "Vaccine Cuisine." Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 104, no. 3. ]</div></td></tr>
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Tashiror
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Agrobacterium&diff=1682&oldid=prev
Tashiror at 14:21, 1 June 2006
2006-06-01T14:21:37Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Agrobacterium'' ''tumefaciens'' is most widely known for causing crown gall disease that affects many dicotyledonous (broad-leaved) plants; another strain called biovar 3 causes crown gall disease in grapvines. The disease causes the formation of tumor-like swellings called galls that can generally be found on the crown of the plant just above the soil. Crown gall disease does not usually seriously harm older plants; however, it may reduce the value of a plant in a nursery.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Agrobacterium'' ''tumefaciens'' is most widely known for causing crown gall disease that affects many dicotyledonous (broad-leaved) plants; another strain called biovar 3 causes crown gall disease in grapvines. The disease causes the formation of tumor-like swellings called galls that can generally be found on the crown of the plant just above the soil. Crown gall disease does not usually seriously harm older plants; however, it may reduce the value of a plant in a nursery.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image:gall.jpg|frame|left|Courtesy of [http://biologi.uio.no/plfys/haa/gen/gmo.htm Halvor Aarnes</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A gall caused by ''Agrobacterium'' ''tumefaciens.'']]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Agrobacterium'' ''tumefaciens'' causes crown gall disease by first transferring part of its DNA into an opening in the plant. The DNA is attches itself to the plants DNA through histones. The DNA then integrates itself into the plant's genome and causes the formation of the gall. Because of how smoothly ''Agrobacterium tumefaciens'' is able to transfer DNA it has become a helpful tool for scientists to use.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Agrobacterium'' ''tumefaciens'' causes crown gall disease by first transferring part of its DNA into an opening in the plant. The DNA is attches itself to the plants DNA through histones. The DNA then integrates itself into the plant's genome and causes the formation of the gall. Because of how smoothly ''Agrobacterium tumefaciens'' is able to transfer DNA it has become a helpful tool for scientists to use.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| width="341" |</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image:gall.jpg]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A gall caused by ''Agrobacterium'' ''tumefaciens''. Courtesy of [http://biologi.uio.no/plfys/haa/gen/gmo.htm Halvor Aarnes].</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|}</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2>Banana Vaccines </h2></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2>Banana Vaccines </h2></div></td></tr>
</table>
Tashiror
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Agrobacterium&diff=1681&oldid=prev
Tashiror at 14:15, 1 June 2006
2006-06-01T14:15:28Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2>Banana Vaccines </h2></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2>Banana Vaccines </h2></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image:bananas.JPG|frame|center|From [http://www.wegmans.com/kitchen/ingredients/produce/fruit/bananas.asp Wegmans Bananas]]]</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bananas have potential to become the world's first edible vaccine due to ''Agrobacterium''. An edible vaccine doesn't need sterile syringes, costly refrigeration, or multiple injections. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 2 million children die worldwide each year from diarrhea that can be prevented easily with vaccines.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image:bananas.JPG|frame|left|From [http://www.wegmans.com/kitchen/ingredients/produce/fruit/bananas.asp Wegmans Bananas]]] </ins>Thus, researchers lead by Dr. Charles Arntzen are looking into making the food vaccines to prevent diarrhea caused by ''Escherichia coli'' and ''Vibrio cholara'' bacteria. First, the gene for an immune system-stimulating disease protein would have to be spliced into the bacterium. The bacterium is then allowed to contaminate banana cells, inserting the Ti plasmid (containing the spliced gene) into their chromosomes. The next step is to grow the cells until they are mature fruit-bearing plants. The fruits, when eaten, would transfer the immunity to a particular disease into the consumer's body. This would be a relatively inexpensive and feasible method to distribute certain vaccines to people, especially in developing countries.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bananas have potential to become the world's first edible vaccine due to ''Agrobacterium''. An edible vaccine doesn't need sterile syringes, costly refrigeration, or multiple injections. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 2 million children die worldwide each year from diarrhea that can be prevented easily with vaccines. Thus, researchers lead by Dr. Charles Arntzen are looking into making the food vaccines to prevent diarrhea caused by ''Escherichia coli'' and ''Vibrio cholara'' bacteria. First, the gene for an immune system-stimulating disease protein would have to be spliced into the bacterium. The bacterium is then allowed to contaminate banana cells, inserting the Ti plasmid (containing the spliced gene) into their chromosomes. The next step is to grow the cells until they are mature fruit-bearing plants. The fruits, when eaten, would transfer the immunity to a particular disease into the consumer's body. This would be a relatively inexpensive and feasible method to distribute certain vaccines to people, especially in developing countries.</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>
Tashiror
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Agrobacterium&diff=1680&oldid=prev
Tashiror at 14:13, 1 June 2006
2006-06-01T14:13:45Z
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:13, 1 June 2006</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2>Banana Vaccines </h2></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2>Banana Vaccines </h2></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{</del>| <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">width="792"</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image:bananas.JPG</ins>|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">frame</ins>|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">center</ins>|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">From </ins>[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http</ins>:<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">//www.wegmans.com/kitchen/ingredients/produce/fruit/</ins>bananas.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">asp Wegmans Bananas]</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">width="332" height="287" valign="top" </del>|</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[Image</del>:bananas.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">JPG</del>]]</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bananas. From [http://www.wegmans.com/kitchen/ingredients/produce/fruit/bananas.asp Wegmans].</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| width="450" |</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bananas have potential to become the world's first edible vaccine due to ''Agrobacterium''. An edible vaccine doesn't need sterile syringes, costly refrigeration, or multiple injections. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 2 million children die worldwide each year from diarrhea that can be prevented easily with vaccines. Thus, researchers lead by Dr. Charles Arntzen are looking into making the food vaccines to prevent diarrhea caused by ''Escherichia coli'' and ''Vibrio cholara'' bacteria. First, the gene for an immune system-stimulating disease protein would have to be spliced into the bacterium. The bacterium is then allowed to contaminate banana cells, inserting the Ti plasmid (containing the spliced gene) into their chromosomes. The next step is to grow the cells until they are mature fruit-bearing plants. The fruits, when eaten, would transfer the immunity to a particular disease into the consumer's body. This would be a relatively inexpensive and feasible method to distribute certain vaccines to people, especially in developing countries.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bananas have potential to become the world's first edible vaccine due to ''Agrobacterium''. An edible vaccine doesn't need sterile syringes, costly refrigeration, or multiple injections. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 2 million children die worldwide each year from diarrhea that can be prevented easily with vaccines. Thus, researchers lead by Dr. Charles Arntzen are looking into making the food vaccines to prevent diarrhea caused by ''Escherichia coli'' and ''Vibrio cholara'' bacteria. First, the gene for an immune system-stimulating disease protein would have to be spliced into the bacterium. The bacterium is then allowed to contaminate banana cells, inserting the Ti plasmid (containing the spliced gene) into their chromosomes. The next step is to grow the cells until they are mature fruit-bearing plants. The fruits, when eaten, would transfer the immunity to a particular disease into the consumer's body. This would be a relatively inexpensive and feasible method to distribute certain vaccines to people, especially in developing countries.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|}</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This has already been shown to work using potatoes and a modified'' E. coli'' protein that is known to cause severe diarrhea. When mice ate the raw engineered potatoes, they developed the antibodies to the ''E. coli ''toxin. Clinical tests on humans eating genetically engineered potatoes also showed that they started producing antibodies against Norwalk virus, which causes acute bouts of diarrhea (Redig 2003). For now, all clinical trials involve genetically modified potatoes or tomatoes, both of which can easily be freeze-dried, transported, and reconstituted. These can be more easily dosage regulated and quality controlled, unlike a banana tree growing in the middle of a village, for example. But the ideal of fresh banana vaccines is still being developed and perfected.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This has already been shown to work using potatoes and a modified'' E. coli'' protein that is known to cause severe diarrhea. When mice ate the raw engineered potatoes, they developed the antibodies to the ''E. coli ''toxin. Clinical tests on humans eating genetically engineered potatoes also showed that they started producing antibodies against Norwalk virus, which causes acute bouts of diarrhea (Redig 2003). For now, all clinical trials involve genetically modified potatoes or tomatoes, both of which can easily be freeze-dried, transported, and reconstituted. These can be more easily dosage regulated and quality controlled, unlike a banana tree growing in the middle of a village, for example. But the ideal of fresh banana vaccines is still being developed and perfected.</div></td></tr>
</table>
Tashiror
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Agrobacterium&diff=1679&oldid=prev
Tashiror at 14:09, 1 June 2006
2006-06-01T14:09:25Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| height="69" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| height="69" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''NCBI:<br />[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=357 Taxonomy]<br />[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Search&dopt=DocSum&term=txid357%5BOrganism:exp%5D Genomes]<br /><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''''' '''</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''NCBI:<br />[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=357 Taxonomy]<br />[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Search&dopt=DocSum&term=txid357%5BOrganism:exp%5D Genomes]<br /></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Agro1.JPG|frame|''Agrobacterium'' ''tumefaciens'' cells attached to a plant cell. From [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/12_01/A_tumefaciens_genome.shtml Genome News Network and Martha Hawes].]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Agro1.JPG|frame|''Agrobacterium'' ''tumefaciens'' cells attached to a plant cell. From [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/12_01/A_tumefaciens_genome.shtml Genome News Network and Martha Hawes].]]</div></td></tr>
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Tashiror
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Agrobacterium&diff=1678&oldid=prev
Tashiror at 14:08, 1 June 2006
2006-06-01T14:08:37Z
<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:08, 1 June 2006</td>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| height="69" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''NCBI:<br />[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=357 Taxonomy]<br />[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=genomeprj&cmd=Search&dopt=DocSum&term=txid357%5BOrganism:exp%5D Genomes]<br />'''''' '''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Agro1.JPG|frame|''Agrobacterium'' ''tumefaciens'' cells attached to a plant cell. From [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/12_01/A_tumefaciens_genome.shtml Genome News Network and Martha Hawes].]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Agro1.JPG|frame|''Agrobacterium'' ''tumefaciens'' cells attached to a plant cell. From [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/12_01/A_tumefaciens_genome.shtml Genome News Network and Martha Hawes].]]</div></td></tr>
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Tashiror
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Agrobacterium&diff=1542&oldid=prev
WikiAdmin at 13:14, 30 May 2006
2006-05-30T13:14:07Z
<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:14, 30 May 2006</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| width="800" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" align="center"</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| width="800" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" align="center"</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| width="802" height="874" bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top" |</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| width="802" height="874" bgcolor="#ffffff" valign="top" |</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del>Classification<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del></h2><br style="clear:both" /><h3>'''Higher order taxa:'''</h3> Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhizobiales; Rhizobiaceae; Rhizobium/Agrobacterium group <br /><h3>'''Species: '''</h3>''Agrobacterium agile, Agrobacterium albertimagni, Agrobacterium aurantiacum, Agrobacterium larrymoorei, Agrobacterium radiobacter, Agrobacterium rhizogenes, Agrobacterium rubi, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Agrobacterium vitis, Agrobacterium ''sp.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2>Classification</h2><br style="clear:both" /><h3>'''Higher order taxa:'''</h3> Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhizobiales; Rhizobiaceae; Rhizobium/Agrobacterium group <br /><h3>'''Species: '''</h3>''Agrobacterium agile, Agrobacterium albertimagni, Agrobacterium aurantiacum, Agrobacterium larrymoorei, Agrobacterium radiobacter, Agrobacterium rhizogenes, Agrobacterium rubi, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Agrobacterium vitis, Agrobacterium ''sp.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del>Description and Significance<br /></h2><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del>At the turn of the century ''Agrobacterium tumefaciens'' was identified as the causal agent in crown gall disease in dicotyledonous plants. Since then, thorough research has been done on this bacterium's mechanism of tumor induction; in addition, ''Argorbacterium'' is used in numerous research projects as a means with which to introduce new genes into the genomes of a number of plants.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2>Description and Significance<br /></h2>At the turn of the century ''Agrobacterium tumefaciens'' was identified as the causal agent in crown gall disease in dicotyledonous plants. Since then, thorough research has been done on this bacterium's mechanism of tumor induction; in addition, ''Argorbacterium'' is used in numerous research projects as a means with which to introduce new genes into the genomes of a number of plants.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del>Genome Structure<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del></h2><br />''Agrobacterium'' ''tumefaciens str. C58 '' has an unusual chromosomal organization - it has a 2 Mb linear and a 2.8 Mb circular chromosome as well as a 206.479 kbp Ti (tumor-inducing) plasmid. The genes that cause gall formation in plants are located for the most part on the the Ti plasmid. Interestingly, if ''Agrobacterium'' is grown near its maximum temperature of about 30<sup>o</sup>C, then the plasmid is lost as well as the pathogenicity of the bacterium. The bacterium itself is still functional and can thrive in culture (Deacon).</font></font> The genome of ''Agrobacterium vitis'' is currnetly being sequenced. It causes gall disease in grapes.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2>Genome Structure</h2><br />''Agrobacterium'' ''tumefaciens str. C58 '' has an unusual chromosomal organization - it has a 2 Mb linear and a 2.8 Mb circular chromosome as well as a 206.479 kbp Ti (tumor-inducing) plasmid. The genes that cause gall formation in plants are located for the most part on the the Ti plasmid. Interestingly, if ''Agrobacterium'' is grown near its maximum temperature of about 30<sup>o</sup>C, then the plasmid is lost as well as the pathogenicity of the bacterium. The bacterium itself is still functional and can thrive in culture (Deacon).</font></font> The genome of ''Agrobacterium vitis'' is currnetly being sequenced. It causes gall disease in grapes.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del>Cell Structure and Metabolism<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del></h2></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2>Cell Structure and Metabolism</h2></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| width="802"</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| width="802"</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Agrobacterium'' ''tumefaciens'' is a Gram-negative, non-sporeforming, rod-shaped bacterium. ''Agrobacterium'' strains use different carbohydrates and are classified into three main biovars. The differences among biovars are mainly determined by the genes on the circular chromosome. ''A. tumefaciens ''is known for calling the formation of galls on plants that it infects. When a wound opens on the plant tissue, the motile cells of ''A. tumefaciens'' move into the tissue by chemotaxis as a response to the release of sugars and other components normally in the roots. While ''A''. ''tumefaciens'' cells without Ti plasmids recognize and move towards plant wounds, the strains containing the Ti plasmids respond even more strongly because they recognize phenolic compounds such as acetosyringone that come out of the wound (Deacon).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Agrobacterium'' ''tumefaciens'' is a Gram-negative, non-sporeforming, rod-shaped bacterium. ''Agrobacterium'' strains use different carbohydrates and are classified into three main biovars. The differences among biovars are mainly determined by the genes on the circular chromosome. ''A. tumefaciens ''is known for calling the formation of galls on plants that it infects. When a wound opens on the plant tissue, the motile cells of ''A. tumefaciens'' move into the tissue by chemotaxis as a response to the release of sugars and other components normally in the roots. While ''A''. ''tumefaciens'' cells without Ti plasmids recognize and move towards plant wounds, the strains containing the Ti plasmids respond even more strongly because they recognize phenolic compounds such as acetosyringone that come out of the wound (Deacon).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del>Ecology<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del></h2></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2>Ecology</h2></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Agrobacterium'' ''tumefaciens'' can generally be found on and around root surfaces known as the rhizosphere. There it seems to use nutrients that leak from the root tissue. It will infect the tissue at wound sites formed from transplanting seedlings, burrowing animals or bugs, etc (Deacon). ''Agrobacterium'' ''radiobacter'' grows on various explosives such as nitroglycerine - they use this as their sole source of nitrogen. It removes two nitro groups from nitroglycerine by an NADH-dependent oxidoreductase, but can not use the carbon in nitroglycerine for growth because it cannot remove the third nitro group to release glycerol (White).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Agrobacterium'' ''tumefaciens'' can generally be found on and around root surfaces known as the rhizosphere. There it seems to use nutrients that leak from the root tissue. It will infect the tissue at wound sites formed from transplanting seedlings, burrowing animals or bugs, etc (Deacon). ''Agrobacterium'' ''radiobacter'' grows on various explosives such as nitroglycerine - they use this as their sole source of nitrogen. It removes two nitro groups from nitroglycerine by an NADH-dependent oxidoreductase, but can not use the carbon in nitroglycerine for growth because it cannot remove the third nitro group to release glycerol (White).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del><h2>Crown Gall Disease</h2><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2>Crown Gall Disease</h2></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Agrobacterium'' ''tumefaciens'' is most widely known for causing crown gall disease that affects many dicotyledonous (broad-leaved) plants; another strain called biovar 3 causes crown gall disease in grapvines. The disease causes the formation of tumor-like swellings called galls that can generally be found on the crown of the plant just above the soil. Crown gall disease does not usually seriously harm older plants; however, it may reduce the value of a plant in a nursery.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Agrobacterium'' ''tumefaciens'' is most widely known for causing crown gall disease that affects many dicotyledonous (broad-leaved) plants; another strain called biovar 3 causes crown gall disease in grapvines. The disease causes the formation of tumor-like swellings called galls that can generally be found on the crown of the plant just above the soil. Crown gall disease does not usually seriously harm older plants; however, it may reduce the value of a plant in a nursery.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l31">Line 31:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del><h2>Banana Vaccines </h2><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2>Banana Vaccines </h2></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| width="792"</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| width="792"</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l44">Line 44:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 44:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This has already been shown to work using potatoes and a modified'' E. coli'' protein that is known to cause severe diarrhea. When mice ate the raw engineered potatoes, they developed the antibodies to the ''E. coli ''toxin. Clinical tests on humans eating genetically engineered potatoes also showed that they started producing antibodies against Norwalk virus, which causes acute bouts of diarrhea (Redig 2003). For now, all clinical trials involve genetically modified potatoes or tomatoes, both of which can easily be freeze-dried, transported, and reconstituted. These can be more easily dosage regulated and quality controlled, unlike a banana tree growing in the middle of a village, for example. But the ideal of fresh banana vaccines is still being developed and perfected.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This has already been shown to work using potatoes and a modified'' E. coli'' protein that is known to cause severe diarrhea. When mice ate the raw engineered potatoes, they developed the antibodies to the ''E. coli ''toxin. Clinical tests on humans eating genetically engineered potatoes also showed that they started producing antibodies against Norwalk virus, which causes acute bouts of diarrhea (Redig 2003). For now, all clinical trials involve genetically modified potatoes or tomatoes, both of which can easily be freeze-dried, transported, and reconstituted. These can be more easily dosage regulated and quality controlled, unlike a banana tree growing in the middle of a village, for example. But the ideal of fresh banana vaccines is still being developed and perfected.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del>References Updated July 28, 2005<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del></h2></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><h2>References Updated July 28, 2005</h2></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.wegmans.com/kitchen/ingredients/produce/fruit/bananas.asp Brown, Kathryn. 1996. "Vaccine Cuisine." Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 104, no. 3. ]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.wegmans.com/kitchen/ingredients/produce/fruit/bananas.asp Brown, Kathryn. 1996. "Vaccine Cuisine." Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 104, no. 3. ]</div></td></tr>
</table>
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