Aliivibrio fischeri: Difference between revisions

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==References==
==References==
[Futra, D., Heng, L. Y., Surif, S., Ahmad, A., & Ling, T. L. (2014). Microencapsulated Aliivibrio fischeri in alginate microspheres for monitoring heavy metal toxicity in environmental waters. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 14(12), 23248–23268. https://doi.org/10.3390/s141223248]
[Futra, D., Heng, L. Y., Surif, S., Ahmad, A., & Ling, T. L. (2014). Microencapsulated Aliivibrio fischeri in alginate microspheres for monitoring heavy metal toxicity in environmental waters. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 14(12), 23248–23268. https://doi.org/10.3390/s141223248
[Koropatnick, T. (2006). The Squid-Vibrio Symbiosis. Microbial Life. https://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/marinesymbiosis/squid-vibrio/index.html]
 
[Ruby, E. G., Urbanowski, M., Campbell, J., Dunn, A., Faini, M., Gunsalus, R., Lostroh, P., Lupp, C., McCann, J., Millikan, D., Schaefer, A., Stabb, E., Stevens, A., Visick, K., Whistler, C., & Greenberg, E. P. (2005). Complete genome sequence of Vibrio fischeri: a symbiotic bacterium with pathogenic congeners. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(8), 3004–3009. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0409900102]
Koropatnick, T. (2006). The Squid-Vibrio Symbiosis. Microbial Life. https://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/marinesymbiosis/squid-vibrio/index.html
 
Ruby, E. G., Urbanowski, M., Campbell, J., Dunn, A., Faini, M., Gunsalus, R., Lostroh, P., Lupp, C., McCann, J., Millikan, D., Schaefer, A., Stabb, E., Stevens, A., Visick, K., Whistler, C., & Greenberg, E. P. (2005). Complete genome sequence of Vibrio fischeri: a symbiotic bacterium with pathogenic congeners. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(8), 3004–3009. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0409900102]


==Author==
==Author==

Revision as of 05:03, 29 April 2020

This student page has not been curated.

Classification

Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; Vibrionales; Vibrionaceae

Species

NCBI:txid668 Taxonomy

Aliivibrio fischeri

Description and Significance

Originally named "Einheimischer Leuchtbacillus" by Bernard Fischer in 1888, Aliivibrio fischeri is a rod-shaped, bio-luminescent bacteria that can be found in marine environments. While free-floating, A. fischeri appears as a flagellate; however, once in symbiosis with other organisms, the flagella is lost.

A. fischeri plays a vital role in the development of the Hawaiian Bobtail squid in a mutualistic symbiosis in which the squid gains bioluminescence and protection from colonization of harmful organisms and A. fischeri gains a host and resources. Interestingly enough,the relationship between A. fischeri and the Bobtail squid is so exclusive that if A. fischeri is not present at birth, no other bacteria can colonize the light organ of the squid.

Additionally, A. fischeri has been used as a potential biosensor for heavy metal detection, in which A. fischeri has levels of detection as low as 6.4 μg/L (Futra 2014).

Genome Structure

A. fischeri represents one of the first members of Vibrio to have its genome sequenced after the few pathogenic species within the genus. Like its counterparts, A. fischeri has two circular chromosomes and a a 45.8-kbp plasmid. Chromosome I is significantly larger than Chromosome II (2.9 Mbp and 1.3 Mbp, respectively) and contains 11 of 12 rRNA operons.

A notable feature of the a A. fischeri genome is that it has the lowest G+C content of all species within Vibrionaceae at 38.3% and a nearly "4-fold greater percentage of unique genes on Chr II of" A. fischeri (Ruby et al. 2005). Additionally, A. fischeri's genome contains homologs of genes known to have toxic activity in pathogenic species of Vibrionaceae such as a CTX, ace, RTX, and zot, although the role of these genes and their influence on the bacterias' symbioses is unknown (Ruby et al, 2005)

Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle

Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.


Ecology and Pathogenesis

Habitat; symbiosis; biogeochemical significance; contributions to environment.
A. fischeri can be found within temperate and subtropical marine environments as free-living saprophytic bacteria or within a host as a symbiont (Koropatnick, 2006).

While symbioses can occur with various species of marine fish and squids, A. fischeri is most notable for its relationship with the Hawaiian Bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes in which the bacteria's bioluminescent properties can be observed. Once the population of A. fischeri has successfully colonized the light organ, the bacteria "flavin reductase enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of reduced [NAD(P)H] to NAD(P)," which causes the reduction of FMN (Futra et al, 2014). Subsequently, luciferase aids in the oxidation of the reduced FMN, producing a light quantum. This symbiosis also lead to the discovery of quorum sensing, a process by which fluctuations in population size regulate gene expression.

A. fischeri , while related to few pathogenic species, is not known to be pathogenic in any case.

References

[Futra, D., Heng, L. Y., Surif, S., Ahmad, A., & Ling, T. L. (2014). Microencapsulated Aliivibrio fischeri in alginate microspheres for monitoring heavy metal toxicity in environmental waters. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 14(12), 23248–23268. https://doi.org/10.3390/s141223248

Koropatnick, T. (2006). The Squid-Vibrio Symbiosis. Microbial Life. https://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/marinesymbiosis/squid-vibrio/index.html

Ruby, E. G., Urbanowski, M., Campbell, J., Dunn, A., Faini, M., Gunsalus, R., Lostroh, P., Lupp, C., McCann, J., Millikan, D., Schaefer, A., Stabb, E., Stevens, A., Visick, K., Whistler, C., & Greenberg, E. P. (2005). Complete genome sequence of Vibrio fischeri: a symbiotic bacterium with pathogenic congeners. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(8), 3004–3009. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0409900102]

Author

Page authored by Alexandria Reyes, student of Prof. Jay Lennon at IndianaUniversity.