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Anaplasma phagocytophilum - Revision history
2024-03-28T17:12:29Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
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BarichD at 15:26, 2 June 2011
2011-06-02T15:26:08Z
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BarichD
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BarichD at 19:24, 18 August 2010
2010-08-18T19:24:07Z
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BarichD
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Anaplasma_phagocytophilum&diff=19352&oldid=prev
Gillenk: edited KMG 7/6/07
2007-07-06T14:43:10Z
<p>edited KMG 7/6/07</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and significance==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and significance==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an intracellular obligate pathogen. It is widely distributed and can be found in North America, Europe, and Asia. Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes the disease <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Human </del>granulocytic ehrlichiosis(HGE) and is most often spread through tick bites and is thus widely studied. The bacterium infects and colonizes neutrophils in host organisms, often leading to immunodeficiency diseases(1).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>is an intracellular obligate pathogen. It is widely distributed and can be found in North America, Europe, and Asia. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>causes the disease <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">human </ins>granulocytic ehrlichiosis(HGE) and is most often spread through tick bites and is thus widely studied. The bacterium infects and colonizes neutrophils in host organisms, often leading to immunodeficiency diseases(1).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Human </del>granulocytic ehrlichiosis pathogen was first described in 1994 in patients in Wisconsin and Minnesota(14). Ticks collected from the area of infection were also discovered to be carriers of the HGE pathogen(14). The infectious agent, first classified as Ehrlichia phagocytophila has recently been reclassified as Anaplasma phagocytophilum(14).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">human </ins>granulocytic ehrlichiosis pathogen was first described in 1994 in patients in Wisconsin and Minnesota(14). Ticks collected from the area of infection were also discovered to be carriers of the HGE pathogen(14). The infectious agent, first classified as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Ehrlichia phagocytophila<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>has recently been reclassified as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>(14).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image:APpic.png|thumb|Anaplasma phagocytophilum morula in Neutrophil.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Source: Cliggot Publishing, Division of SCV Communications</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Anaplasma phagocytophilum has one circular genome composed of 1471282 base pairs, composing 1264 protein genes (4). Anaplasma phagocytophilum contains no known plasmids (8).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>has one circular genome composed of 1471282 base pairs, composing 1264 protein genes (4). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>contains no known plasmids (8).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a small gram negative bacterium of 0.2-2 micrometer diameter(5). It is a obligate intracellular pathogen and replicates within a host cell vacuole to form a morula microcolony(5). On the membrane surface of Anaplasma phagocytophilum can be found its major antigenic membrane proteins p44 and msp2 both of which are approximately 44-kDa in size(13). These two membrane proteins play a vital role in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>Anaplasma phagocytophilum virulence. The bacterium has a Type-IV secretion apparatus by which it is able to transfer materials between itself and the host(12). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is a small gram<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</ins>negative bacterium of 0.2-2 micrometer diameter(5). It is a obligate intracellular pathogen and replicates within a host cell vacuole to form a morula microcolony(5). On the membrane surface of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>can be found its major antigenic membrane proteins<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>p44 and msp2<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>both of which are approximately 44-kDa in size(13). These two membrane proteins play a vital role in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>virulence. The bacterium has a Type-IV secretion apparatus by which it is able to transfer materials between itself and the host(12). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Unlike many gram negative <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bacterium</del>, Anaplasma phagocytophilum lacks a peptidoglycan layer on <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">their </del>outer membrane(7). In addition, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">they lack </del>the genes necessary for the biosynthesis of lipid A and peptidoglycan, resulting in very fragile cells that are highly susceptible to stress(7).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Unlike many gram<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</ins>negative <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bacteria</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>lacks a peptidoglycan layer on <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">its </ins>outer membrane(7). In addition, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it lacks </ins>the genes necessary for the biosynthesis of lipid A and peptidoglycan, resulting in very fragile cells that are highly susceptible to stress(7).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a disease causing intracellular bacterium in dogs, humans, horses and ruminants(3). It lacks lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic machinery(12). The <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bacterium resides </del>in host endosomes whereby <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </del>obtain the nutrients sufficient to carry out binary fission(12). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is a disease causing intracellular bacterium in dogs, humans, horses and ruminants(3). It lacks lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic machinery(12). The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bacteria reside </ins>in host endosomes whereby <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">they </ins>obtain the nutrients sufficient to carry out binary fission(12). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Due to the lack of the ability to synthesize peptidoglycan, Anaplasma phagocytophilum <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rely </del>on membrane cholesterol to maintain physical integrity(7). Anaplasma phagocytophilum also <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lack of </del>genes related to the biosynthesis or modification of cholesterol or related sterols(7). All cholesterols are therefore are directly taken from exogenous sources without extensive modification before incorporation into the membrane(7). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Due to the lack of the ability to synthesize peptidoglycan, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' relies </ins>on membrane cholesterol to maintain physical integrity(7). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>also <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lacks </ins>genes related to the biosynthesis or modification of cholesterol or related sterols(7). All cholesterols are therefore are directly taken from exogenous sources without extensive modification before incorporation into the membrane(7). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Anaplasma phagocytophilum is able to carry out major metabolic pathways including glycolysis, citric acid cycle<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>pentose phosphate pathway(16). It is able to metabolize saccharides such as pentose, fructose<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>and mannose into metabolic intermediates(16).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is able to carry out major metabolic pathways including glycolysis, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </ins>citric acid cycle <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and the </ins>pentose phosphate pathway(16). It is able to metabolize saccharides such as pentose, fructose and mannose into metabolic intermediates(16).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Anaplasma phagocytophilum is distributed widely throughout vast geographical regions. In North America, it is most common in the north-east, upper Midwest and northern California in the United States(5). It is also discovered in several European and Asian countries(1). It is prevalent in regions with tropical to sub-trophical climate (10). Anaplasma phagocytophilum can be successfully cultured at 37 degrees Celcius(Park). The primary host of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in North America is the white-footed mouse with human beings as merely accidental hosts(9). A wide range of mammals such as horses, cows, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sheeps </del>can serve as host for the bacterium(5).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is distributed widely throughout vast geographical regions. In North America, it is most common in the north-east, upper Midwest and northern California in the United States(5). It is also discovered in several European and Asian countries(1). It is prevalent in regions with tropical to sub-trophical climate (10). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>can be successfully cultured at 37 degrees Celcius(Park). The primary host of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>in North America is the white-footed mouse with human beings as merely accidental hosts(9). A wide range of mammals such as horses, cows, and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sheep </ins>can serve as host for the bacterium(5).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Anaplasma phagocytophilum is the cause of Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. This is a prevalent human tickborne zoonosis of the neutrophils (1). The pathogen persists within the polymorphonuclear leucocytes(1). The disease was first identified in 1990 in a patient in Wisconsin (1). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is the cause of Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. This is a prevalent human tickborne zoonosis of the neutrophils (1). The pathogen persists within the polymorphonuclear leucocytes(1). The disease was first identified in 1990 in a patient in Wisconsin (1). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in humans <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">delay </del>the onset of apoptosis in neutrophils, allowing for more effective infections of the neutrophils(5). Anaplasma phagocytophilum also causes an increase in IL-8, a neutrophil chemoattractant that increases the phagocytosis of neutrophils. Studies suggest that this is to increase bacterium dissemination into neutrophils(5). These permutations to the neutrophils can lead to immunological changes, making the host more susceptible to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">oppurtunistic </del>infections(1).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>infection in humans <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">delays </ins>the onset of apoptosis in neutrophils, allowing for more effective infections of the neutrophils(5). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>also causes an increase in IL-8, a neutrophil chemoattractant that increases the phagocytosis of neutrophils. Studies suggest that this is to increase bacterium dissemination into neutrophils(5). These permutations to the neutrophils can lead to immunological changes, making the host more susceptible to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">opportunistic </ins>infections(1).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Human granulocytic anaplasmosis is characterized by, but not limited to, symptoms of malaise, fever, myalgia, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">meadache</del>, gastrointestinal tract involvement (nausea, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vomitting</del>, diarrhea) and involvement of the respiratory tract (cough, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pumonary </del>infiltrates) (1). Other injuries to the body sometimes include skin rash, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and damage to the liver(1).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Human granulocytic anaplasmosis is characterized by, but not limited to, symptoms of malaise, fever, myalgia, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">headache</ins>, gastrointestinal tract involvement (nausea, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vomiting</ins>, diarrhea) and involvement of the respiratory tract (cough, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pulmonary </ins>infiltrates) (1). Other injuries to the body sometimes include skin rash, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and damage to the liver(1).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Anaplasma phagocytophilum also causes ehrlichiosis in other species including domesticated animals such as horses, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sheeps</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cattles </del>(10). Similar to human granulocytic anaplasmosis, these forms of anaplasmosis are caused by the bacterium transmitted via tick bites (10).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>also causes ehrlichiosis in other species including domesticated animals such as horses, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sheep</ins>, and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cattle </ins>(10). Similar to human granulocytic anaplasmosis, these forms of anaplasmosis are caused by the bacterium transmitted via tick bites (10).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Application to Biotechnology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Application to Biotechnology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Due to its obligate intracellular pathogenic nature, Anaplasma phagocytophilum is not an ideal target for mutagenesis techniques(8). A widespread method for genetic transformation of Anaplasma phagocytophilum is currently <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">unavaliable </del>due to various factors. Factors that contribute to this include difficulties in returning transformed bacteria populations into host cells, selection via antibiotics, and obtaining high efficiency of homologous recombination(8). Because of this difficulty, Anaplasma phagocytophilum is not widely used for the production of enzymes and compounds.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Due to its obligate intracellular pathogenic nature, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is not an ideal target for mutagenesis techniques(8). A widespread method for genetic transformation of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is currently <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">unavailable </ins>due to various factors. Factors that contribute to this include difficulties in returning transformed bacteria populations into host cells, selection via antibiotics, and obtaining high efficiency of homologous recombination(8). Because of this difficulty, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>is not widely used for the production of enzymes and compounds.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Currently research is being conducted with regards to the AnkA gene in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>Anaplasma phagocytophilum. AnkA is a 153-160kDa protein with 11 N-terminal ankyrin repeats and a C-terminus with several tandem repeats(17). Currently, AnkA is the only protein that is known to be secreted by Anaplasma phagocytophilum and is believed to be instrumental in the infection of neutrophils. It is hypothesized that AnkA leaves the bacterium via its type IV secretion apparatus and binds to the nuclear proteins of neutrophils(17). AnkA varies among different strains of Anaplasma phagocytophilum although different populations maintain regions of conservation(17). Currently, the effect of geological variation of AnkA on its function is unknown </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Currently research is being conducted with regards to the AnkA gene in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>. AnkA is a 153-160kDa protein with 11 N-terminal ankyrin repeats and a C-terminus with several tandem repeats(17). Currently, AnkA is the only protein that is known to be secreted by <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>and is believed to be instrumental in the infection of neutrophils. It is hypothesized that AnkA leaves the bacterium via its type IV secretion apparatus and binds to the nuclear proteins of neutrophils(17). AnkA varies among different strains of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>although different populations maintain regions of conservation(17). Currently, the effect of geological variation of AnkA on its function is unknown </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Research is also conducted into the methods with which Anaplasma phagocytophilum resists the immune system. The primary method with which neutrophils attack pathogens is via the superoxide anion, produced by the NADPH oxidase complex(15). However, once within the host cell, Anaplasma phagocytophilum rapidly <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">detoxify </del>the superoxide via a still unknown method and resides within a protective vacuole that segregates it from superoxide anions(15). The mechanism of superoxide anion resistance remains to be discovered.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Research is also conducted into the methods with which <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>resists the immune system. The primary method with which neutrophils attack pathogens is via the superoxide anion, produced by the NADPH oxidase complex(15). However, once within the host cell, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>rapidly <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">detoxifies </ins>the superoxide via a still unknown method and resides within a protective vacuole that segregates it from superoxide anions(15). The mechanism of superoxide anion resistance remains to be discovered.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Research is also conducted in the area of serological interaction between Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma marginale. It is noted that in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cattles </del>and horses exposed to Anaplasma marginale<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</del>, antibodies to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Anaplasma </del>phagocytophilum were also produced(10). Conversely, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cattles </del>and horses exposed to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Anaplasma </del>phagocytophilum also produce antibodies to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Anaplasma </del>marginale(10). Thus, currently serological testing methods are presently under evaluation as they lack specificity.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Research is also conducted in the area of serological interaction between <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma marginale<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>. It is noted that in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cattle </ins>and horses exposed to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Anaplasma marginale<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>, antibodies to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''A. </ins>phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>were also produced(10). Conversely, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cattle </ins>and horses exposed to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''A. </ins>phagocytophilum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>also produce antibodies to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''A. </ins>marginale<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>(10). Thus, currently serological testing methods are presently under evaluation as they lack specificity.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
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Gillenk
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Anaplasma_phagocytophilum&diff=16662&oldid=prev
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2007-06-05T07:11:59Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>14. Holman, Mary S. 2004. “Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia microti, and Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes scapularis, Southern Coastal Maine”. Emerging Infectious Diseases. Vol. 10, No. 4 April 2004</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>14. Holman, Mary S. 2004. “Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia microti, and Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes scapularis, Southern Coastal Maine”. Emerging Infectious Diseases. Vol. 10, No. 4 April 2004</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>15. Carlyon, Jason A. 2006. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">phagocytophilum </del>adhesins that facilitate attachment to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">neutrophils</del>. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics. University of Kentucky. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http://www.mc.uky.edu/microbiology/carlyon.asp</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>15. Carlyon, Jason A. 2006. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“phagocytophilum </ins>adhesins that facilitate attachment to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">neutrophils”</ins>. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics. University of Kentucky. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">May 2006</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>
Jzyu
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Anaplasma_phagocytophilum&diff=16659&oldid=prev
Jzyu: /* References */
2007-06-05T07:11:29Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 07:11, 5 June 2007</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>10. U. M. Dreher. 2005. “Serologic Cross-Reactivity between Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum”. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2005 October; 12(10): 1177–1183.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>10. U. M. Dreher. 2005. “Serologic Cross-Reactivity between Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum”. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2005 October; 12(10): 1177–1183.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>11. Pathogenesis of A. phagocytophilum Infections. 2005. Medscape<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/518524_3</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>11. Pathogenesis of A. phagocytophilum Infections. 2005<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Emerg Infect Dis</ins>. Medscape</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>12. Bakken, Johan S. 2005. “Human granulocytic anaplasmosis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum”. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2005/12/1</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>12. Bakken, Johan S. 2005. “Human granulocytic anaplasmosis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum”. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2005/12/1</div></td></tr>
</table>
Jzyu
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Anaplasma_phagocytophilum&diff=16589&oldid=prev
Jzyu: /* References */
2007-06-05T07:02:40Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>15. Carlyon, Jason A. 2006. phagocytophilum adhesins that facilitate attachment to neutrophils. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics. University of Kentucky. http://www.mc.uky.edu/microbiology/carlyon.asp</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>15. Carlyon, Jason A. 2006. phagocytophilum adhesins that facilitate attachment to neutrophils. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics. University of Kentucky. http://www.mc.uky.edu/microbiology/carlyon.asp</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">16. Kegg Orthology- Anaplasma phagocytophilum. 2007. http://www.kegg.jp/dbget-bin/get_htext?aph00001.keg+-p+/kegg/brite/aph+-f+F+D</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">17. Pathogenesis of A. phagocytophilum Infections. 2005. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
</table>
Jzyu
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Anaplasma_phagocytophilum&diff=16315&oldid=prev
Jzyu: /* Description and significance */
2007-06-05T06:33:22Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Description and significance</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis pathogen was first described in 1994 in patients in Wisconsin and Minnesota(14). Ticks collected from the area of infection were also discovered to be carriers of the HGE pathogen(14). The infectious agent, first classified as Ehrlichia phagocytophila has recently been reclassified as Anaplasma phagocytophilum(14).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis pathogen was first described in 1994 in patients in Wisconsin and Minnesota(14). Ticks collected from the area of infection were also discovered to be carriers of the HGE pathogen(14). The infectious agent, first classified as Ehrlichia phagocytophila has recently been reclassified as Anaplasma phagocytophilum(14).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:APpic.png|thumb|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Description</del>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:APpic.png|thumb|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Anaplasma phagocytophilum morula in Neutrophil.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Source: Cliggot Publishing, Division of SCV Communications</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td></tr>
</table>
Jzyu
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Anaplasma_phagocytophilum&diff=16311&oldid=prev
Jzyu: /* Description and significance */
2007-06-05T06:32:52Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Description and significance</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an intracellular obligate pathogen. It is widely distributed and can be found in North America, Europe, and Asia. Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes the disease Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis(HGE) and is most often spread through tick bites and is thus widely studied. The bacterium infects and colonizes neutrophils in host organisms, often leading to immunodeficiency diseases(1).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an intracellular obligate pathogen. It is widely distributed and can be found in North America, Europe, and Asia. Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes the disease Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis(HGE) and is most often spread through tick bites and is thus widely studied. The bacterium infects and colonizes neutrophils in host organisms, often leading to immunodeficiency diseases(1).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis pathogen was first described in 1994 in patients in Wisconsin and Minnesota(14). Ticks collected from the area of infection were also discovered to be carriers of the HGE pathogen(14). The infectious agent, first classified as Ehrlichia phagocytophila has recently been reclassified as Anaplasma phagocytophilum(14).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis pathogen was first described in 1994 in patients in Wisconsin and Minnesota(14). Ticks collected from the area of infection were also discovered to be carriers of the HGE pathogen(14). The infectious agent, first classified as Ehrlichia phagocytophila has recently been reclassified as Anaplasma phagocytophilum(14).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image:APpic.png|thumb|Description]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td></tr>
</table>
Jzyu
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Anaplasma_phagocytophilum&diff=16194&oldid=prev
Jzyu: /* References */
2007-06-05T06:18:09Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[Sample reference] [http://ijs</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sgmjournals</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney"</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''International Journal of Systematic </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Evolutionary Microbiology''</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">J</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Stephen Dumler; Kyoung-Seong Choi</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2005</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Anaplasma phagocytophilum”</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Medscape 2005 December 27</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2. Anaplasma phagocytophilum HZ Genome Page; http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/GenomePage.cgi?org=gaph</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3. J. S. Dumler, K. M. Asanovich, and J. S. Bakken. 2003.”Analysis of Genetic Identity of North American Anaplasma phagocytophilum Strains by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis”. J Clin Microbiol. 2003 July; 41(7): 3392–3394.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4. Anaplasma phagocytophilum Genome map browser. http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_genomemap_top?org_id=aph</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5. Thomas V, Fikrig E. 2007 “Anaplasma phagocytophilum specifically induces tyrosine phosphorylation of ROCK1 during infection”. Cell Microbiol 2007 March 8</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6..Jason A. Carlyon and Erol Fikrig. 2003. “Invasion and survival strategies of Anaplasma phagocytophilum”. Cellular Microbiology. Volume 5 Issue 11 Page 743 - November 2003</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">7. Mingqun Lin and Yasuko Rikihisa. 2003. “Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum Lack Genes for Lipid A Biosynthesis and Incorporate Cholesterol for Their Survival”. Infection and Immunity, September 2003, p. 5324-5331, Vol. 71, No. 9</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">8. Felsheim. Roderick F. 2006. “Transformation of Anaplasma phagocytophilum”. BMC Biotechnology 2006, 6:42 doi:10.1186/1472-6750-6-42</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9. Jinho Park. 2003. “Major Surface Protein 2 of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Facilitates Adherence to Granulocytes”. Infect Immun. 2003 July; 71(7): 4018–4025.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10. U. M. Dreher. 2005. “Serologic Cross-Reactivity between Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum”. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2005 October; 12(10): 1177–1183.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">11. Pathogenesis of A. phagocytophilum Infections. 2005. Medscape. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/518524_3</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">12. Bakken, Johan S. 2005. “Human granulocytic anaplasmosis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum”. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2005/12/1</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">13. Quan Lin. 2006. “Analysis of Involvement of the RecF Pathway in p44 Recombination in Anaplasma phagocytophilum and in Escherichia coli by Using a Plasmid Carrying the p44 Expression and p44 Donor Loci”. Infection and Immunity, April 2006, p. 2052-2062, Vol. 74, No. 4</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">14. Holman, Mary S. 2004. “Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia microti, and Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes scapularis, Southern Coastal Maine”. Emerging Infectious Diseases. Vol. 10, No. 4 April 2004</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">15. Carlyon, Jason A. 2006. phagocytophilum adhesins that facilitate attachment to neutrophils. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics. University of Kentucky. http://www.mc.uky.edu/microbiology/carlyon.asp</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">16. Kegg Orthology- Anaplasma phagocytophilum. 2007. http://www.kegg.jp/dbget-bin/get_htext?aph00001.keg+-p+/kegg/brite/aph+-f+F+D</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">17. Pathogenesis of A. phagocytophilum Infections. 2005. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div></td></tr>
</table>
Jzyu
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Anaplasma_phagocytophilum&diff=16189&oldid=prev
Jzyu: /* Current Research */
2007-06-05T06:17:26Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Current Research</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 06:17, 5 June 2007</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Enter summaries of </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">most recent research here</del>--<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">at least three required</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Currently research is being conducted with regards to </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">AnkA gene in Anaplasma phagocytophilum. AnkA is a 153-160kDa protein with 11 N</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">terminal ankyrin repeats and a C</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">terminus with several tandem repeats(17). Currently, AnkA is the only protein that is known to be secreted by Anaplasma phagocytophilum and is believed to be instrumental in the infection of neutrophils. It is hypothesized that AnkA leaves the bacterium via its type IV secretion apparatus and binds to the nuclear proteins of neutrophils(17). AnkA varies among different strains of Anaplasma phagocytophilum although different populations maintain regions of conservation(17). Currently, the effect of geological variation of AnkA on its function is unknown </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Research is also conducted into the methods with which Anaplasma phagocytophilum resists the immune system. The primary method with which neutrophils attack pathogens is via the superoxide anion, produced by the NADPH oxidase complex(15). However, once within the host cell, Anaplasma phagocytophilum rapidly detoxify the superoxide via a still unknown method and resides within a protective vacuole that segregates it from superoxide anions(15). The mechanism of superoxide anion resistance remains to be discovered.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Research is also conducted in the area of serological interaction between Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma marginale. It is noted that in cattles and horses exposed to Anaplasma marginale., antibodies to Anaplasma phagocytophilum were also produced(10). Conversely, cattles and horses exposed to Anaplasma phagocytophilum also produce antibodies to Anaplasma marginale(10). Thus, currently serological testing methods are presently under evaluation as they lack specificity.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
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