Apple mosaic virus

From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource
Revision as of 02:35, 17 December 2008 by U ABryant (talk | contribs)

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Apple mosaic virus

Classification

Higher order taxa

Virus; ssRNA viruses; ssRNA positive-strand virus; no DNA stage; Bromoviridae; Ilarvirus; Ilarvirus subgroup 3

NCBI: Taxonomy

Species

Apple Mosaic Virus RNA1, Apple Mosaic Virus RNA 2, Apple Mosaic RNA 3, Apple Mosaic RNA 4

NCBI: Taxonomy Genome

Description and significance

The apple mosaic virus is the cause of apple mosaic disease. The apple mosaic virus is the most widespread apple virus. An apple tree infected with the ApMV will display symptoms of pale to bright cream spots on the leaves. The infected leaves may be depicted throughout the whole tree or only on a single tree limb. The ApMV mostly infects U.S apple tree malus domestica. The apple being the mostly widely grown fruit crops, an understanding of the pathogen is economically important to commercial apple cultivars. An infected apple tree may have a crop yield reduction of up to 60%. (Menzel, Jelkmann, & Maiss, 2002)

Genome structure

The apple mosaic virus is a single molecule of linear, positive-sense, single stranded RNA. The complete sequence genome for apple mosaic virus RNA1, RNA 2, RNA 3, and RNA 4 has been sequenced. The characterized ApMV RNA 1 is 3,476 nucleotides long and ApMV RNA 2 is about 2,979 nucleotides long. Both ApMV RNA 1 and ApMV RNA2 encode a single large open reading frame. (Bereger & Shiel, 2000)The apple mosaic virus RNA 3 complete sequence is about 2,056 nucleotides long. (NCBI: Taxonomy Genome) The ApMV RNA 4 sequence is 891 nucleotides long. (Sanchez-Navarro & Pallas, 1994) A viral genome encodes structural and non-structural proteins. The ApMV 1 and ApMV 2 encodes 1 structural protein, while ApMV RNA 3 encodes 2 structural proteins. There are no lipids present in the apple mosaic virus. (ICTVdB)

Cell structure and metabolism

The apple mosaic virions consist of an non-enveloped capsid. The capsid is round and pleomorphic shaped and exhibits icosahedral symmetry. The isometric capsid has a diameter of 25 and 29nm. The capsomer arrangement is not obvious. (ICTVdB)

Viral Ecology

The apple mosaic virus is a plant virus that mostly commonly infects Malus domestica and Malus ssp. in the United States of America. (ICTVdB) The ApMV is a pathogen with a diverse natural host-range besides apples. The ApMV naturally infects rose, hazelnut, filbert, horse chestnut, raspberry, birch, and hops. The amino acid squences encoded by RNA 1 and 2 are similar to other ilarviruses, but they are closely related to alfalfa mosaic virus. The ApMV RNA 4 is closely related to alfalfa mosaic virus and tobacco streak virus. (Sanchez-Navarro & Pallas, 1994). The ApMV is serologically related to Prunus necrotic ringspot virus. The virus does not show relationship to Tulare mosaic virus, prune dwarf virus, citrus variegation, citrus leaf rugose, Asparaguse 2, and elm mottle virus. (ICTVdB)

Pathology

The virus is spread through through root grafting and mechanical inoculation.

Current Research

Firstly, the research performed by multiplex RT-PCR assays for detection of four apple virus. The apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, apple stem pitting virus, apple mosaic virus, and apple stem grooving virus were all studied by RT-PCR assays. The RT-PCR assay of two identical multiplex used designed virus specific primers to be exchanged. The specific coamplification of plant mRNA as an internal control to ensure reliability of results. The most commonly used techniques for the four distinct disease were ELISA tests and woody indicators. The ELISA tests often fail because of low virus titer; while the woody indicators are time consuming and expensive. The use of RT-PCR assay for detection of the four common apple virus is a fast, reliable, and inexpensive technique. This technique may replace the commonly used ELISA or woody indictor technique used for the four common apple pathogens. (Menzel, Jelkmann, & Maiss, 2002)

The second research was the characterization of the complete nucleotide sequence of apple mosaic virus RNA 1 and RNA 2. Since the isolation of ApMV has been difficult, the goal of the research was to sequence ApMV entire genome. The ApMV was isolated from infected apple trees, Malus domestica. The virus was propagated, purified, and centrifuged for RNA purification. The ApMV purified RNA was used as a template for synthesize cDNA. Through a series of procedures the nucleotide sequence of ApMV RNA 1 and ApMV RNA 2was determined. The characterization of the ApMV RNA 1 and ApMV RNA 2 resulted in a relationship to alfalfa mosaic virus. The sequencing of the entire genome will allow for detection and further studies of the pathogen. (Alrefai, Shiel, Domier, D'Arcy, Berger, & Korban, 1994)

The third research was the complete nucleotide sequence of Apple Mosaic Virus RNA 4. The nucleotide sequencing of ApMV RNA 4 was obtained by cloning cDNA’s and direct sequencing of the 5’ terminus RNA. The ApMV was sequenced directly by reverse transcriptase. The analysis of the obtained ApMV RNA 4 sequence revealed similarities to the RNA 4 of alfalfa mosaic virus and tobacco streak mosaic virus. The features of the ApMV RNA 4 observed are characteristics of the ilarviruses and developed on the idea of the ‘ genome activation’ is dependent of secondary and tertiary structures. (Sanchez-Navarro & Pallas, 1994)

References

Alrefai, R. H., Shiel, P. J., Domier, L. L., D'Arcy, C. J., Berger, P. H., & Korban, S. S. (1994). The nucleotide sequence of apple mosaic virus coat protein gene has no similarity with other Bromoviridae coat . Journal of Virology , 75, 2847-2850.

Ansel-Mckinney, P., Scott, S., Swanson, M., Ge, X., & Gehrke, L. (1996). A plant viral coat protein RNA binding consensus sequence contains a crucial arginine. The Embo Journal , 15 (18), 5077-5084.

Bereger, P., & Shiel, P. (2000). The complete nucleotide sequence of apple mosaic virus (ApMV) RNA 1 and RNA 2: ApMV is more closely related to alfalfa mosaic virus than to other ilarviruses . Journal of General Virology (81), 273-278.

Clark, M., & Adams, A. (1977). Characteristics of the Microplate Method of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Dection of Plant Viruses. J.gen.Virol , 34, 475-483.

Halk, E. L., Hsu, H., Aebig, J., & Franke, J. (1984). Production of Monocional Antibodies Against Three Ilarviruses and Alfalfa Mosaic Virus and Their Use in Sterotyping . The Americal Pytopathological Society , 74 (3), 367-372 .

ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/

Menzel, W., Jelkmann, W., & Maiss, E. (2002). Detection of four apple viruses by multiplex RT-PCR assays with coamplification of plant mRNA as internal control . Journal of Virological Methods , 99, 81-92.

Postman, J., & Cameron, H. (1987). Apple Mosaic Virus in U.S. Filbert Germ Plasm . Plant Disease , 71 (10), 944-945.

Sanchez-Navarro, J., & Pallas, V. (1994). Nucleotide sequence of apple mosaic ilarvirus RNA 4. Journal of General Virology , 75, 1441-1445.


Edited by student of Emily Lilly at University of Massachusetts Dartmouth