https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Application_of_Wolbachia_in_Invertebrate_Vector_Control&feed=atom&action=historyApplication of Wolbachia in Invertebrate Vector Control - Revision history2024-03-28T12:19:10ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Application_of_Wolbachia_in_Invertebrate_Vector_Control&diff=54659&oldid=prevBarichD at 20:11, 10 August 20102010-08-10T20:11:18Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:11, 10 August 2010</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{Curated}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By: Chinagozi Ugwu</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By: Chinagozi Ugwu</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Application_of_Wolbachia_in_Invertebrate_Vector_Control&diff=52202&oldid=prevBarichD at 21:01, 23 April 20102010-04-23T21:01:50Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:01, 23 April 2010</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l140">Line 140:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 140:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by student of [mailto:slonczewski@kenyon.edu Joan Slonczewski] for [http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol238/biol238syl09.html BIOL 238 Microbiology], 2009, [http://www.kenyon.edu/index.xml Kenyon College].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by student of [mailto:slonczewski@kenyon.edu Joan Slonczewski] for [http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol238/biol238syl09.html BIOL 238 Microbiology], 2009, [http://www.kenyon.edu/index.xml Kenyon College].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><!--Do not edit or remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Joan Slonczewski at Kenyon College]]</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Application_of_Wolbachia_in_Invertebrate_Vector_Control&diff=44455&oldid=prevUgwuc at 21:22, 1 May 20092009-05-01T21:22:46Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:22, 1 May 2009</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l55">Line 55:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 55:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>The only instance in which there exists an obligate relationship between <i>Wolbachia</i> and a host, is in the case of filarial nematode.In this case the removal of the <i> Wolbachia</i> strain present, with antibiotics, in pathogenic nematodes is disastrous for the nematode. Without the intracellular bacteria, the filarial nematode loses most of its reproductive and pathogenic function amongst other things. Filarial nematodes are parasites that are responsible for many diseases. <i>Wolbachia</i> has been discovered in filarial namatodes of Onchocercidae family. This family of filarial nematodes includes human pathogens such as elephantiasis and lymphatic filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, river blindness (fig.5) caused by Onchocerca volvulus and heart worms in dogs. These nematodes depend upon <i>Wolbachia</i> for development and fertility. They have established such long and stable relationship with <i>Wolbachia</i> through vertical transmission. Treatment of filarial caused diseases with antibacterial drugs removes <i>Wolbachia</i> [http://www.nematodes.org/downloads_area/publications/2007/Fenn_2007_Wolbachia.pdf]. Filarial nematode treated with tetracycline successfully kills the bacteria and also affects the nematode parasite. Antibiotics are effective treatments for filarial diseases because the removal of <i>Wolbachia</i> also negatively affects the nematode parasites. Abnormalities occur in growth of nematodes treated with tetracycline, decreased fecundity, shortened life-span and moulting are some of the abnormalities. [[Image:43049159_riverblindness203.jpg|right|thumb|300 x 117 - 27k px| Fig. 5 River blindness is caused by nematodes. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/43049000/jpg/_43049159_riverblindness203.jpg]] Treatment of non-<i>Wolbachia</i> infected nematodes with tetracycline does not show similar results, therefore strengthening the hypothesis of mutual interaction between pathogenic nematodes and <i>Wolbachia</i>. The relationship between <i>Wolbachia</i> and other organisms that may be pathogenic to humans are not obligate. Arthropods such as many vector- mosquitoes do not have <i>Wolbachia</i>. When these mosquitoes interact with <i>Wolbachia</i> the results are not favorable for the arthropod.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>The only instance in which there exists an obligate relationship between <i>Wolbachia</i> and a host, is in the case of filarial nematode.In this case the removal of the <i> Wolbachia</i> strain present, with antibiotics, in pathogenic nematodes is disastrous for the nematode. Without the intracellular bacteria, the filarial nematode loses most of its reproductive and pathogenic function amongst other things. Filarial nematodes are parasites that are responsible for many diseases. <i>Wolbachia</i> has been discovered in filarial namatodes of Onchocercidae family. This family of filarial nematodes includes human pathogens such as elephantiasis and lymphatic filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, river blindness (fig.5) caused by Onchocerca volvulus and heart worms in dogs. These nematodes depend upon <i>Wolbachia</i> for development and fertility. They have established such long and stable relationship with <i>Wolbachia</i> through vertical transmission. Treatment of filarial caused diseases with antibacterial drugs removes <i>Wolbachia</i> [http://www.nematodes.org/downloads_area/publications/2007/Fenn_2007_Wolbachia.pdf]. Filarial nematode treated with tetracycline successfully kills the bacteria and also affects the nematode parasite. Antibiotics are effective treatments for filarial diseases because the removal of <i>Wolbachia</i> also negatively affects the nematode parasites. Abnormalities occur in growth of nematodes treated with tetracycline, decreased fecundity, shortened life-span and moulting are some of the abnormalities. [[Image:43049159_riverblindness203.jpg|right|thumb|300 x 117 - 27k px| Fig. 5 River blindness is caused by nematodes. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/43049000/jpg/_43049159_riverblindness203.jpg]] Treatment of non-<i>Wolbachia</i> infected nematodes with tetracycline does not show similar results, therefore strengthening the hypothesis of mutual interaction between pathogenic nematodes and <i>Wolbachia</i>. The relationship between <i>Wolbachia</i> and other organisms that may be pathogenic to humans are not obligate. Arthropods such as many vector- mosquitoes do not have <i>Wolbachia</i>. When these mosquitoes interact with <i>Wolbachia</i> the results are not favorable for the arthropod.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>Mosquitoes are flying insects in the Culicidae family, with more than 2000 different species. The males and females mosquitoes both feed on nectar but the females of some species of mosquito are capable of sucking blood from humans and animals. The hematophagic activity of female mosquitoes is essential for production of eggs and has made them one of the deadliest known disease vectors that claim millions of lives each year. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>Mosquitoes are flying insects in the Culicidae family, with more than 2000 different species <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://www.mosquito.org/default.aspx]</ins>. The males and females mosquitoes both feed on nectar but the females of some species of mosquito are capable of sucking blood from humans and animals. The hematophagic activity of female mosquitoes is essential for production of eggs and has made them one of the deadliest known disease vectors that claim millions of lives each year. Mosquitoes act as vectors for a variety of parasites and pathogens. Many mosquito-borne diseases such as West Nile Virus, Dengue Fever, Malaria, Yellow fever are transmitted by different species of mosquitoes. Yellow Fever, West Nile Virus and Dengue Fever are all caused by a family of viruses called Flaviviridae. Culex pipiens mosquitoes act as the primary vectors for the West Nile Virus in America while female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are the disease vectors that transmit Dengue Fever and Yellow Fever. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1560299] </ins>The vector-borne infectious disease, malaria can be caused by one of four types of Plasmodium parasites that can infect humans, with Plasmodium falciparum causing the most dangerous infection to humans. Malaria is transmitted by infected female <i>Anopheles</i> mosquito. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br> </del>Mosquitoes act as vectors for a variety of parasites and pathogens. Many mosquito-borne diseases such as West Nile Virus, Dengue Fever, Malaria, Yellow fever are transmitted by different species of mosquitoes. Yellow Fever, West Nile Virus and Dengue Fever are all caused by a family of viruses called Flaviviridae. Culex pipiens mosquitoes act as the primary vectors for the West Nile Virus in America while female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are the disease vectors that transmit Dengue Fever and Yellow Fever. The vector-borne infectious disease, malaria can be caused by one of four types of Plasmodium parasites that can infect humans, with Plasmodium falciparum causing the most dangerous infection to humans. Malaria is transmitted by infected female <i>Anopheles</i> mosquito. </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>Many mosquito species have naturally occurring <i>Wolbachia</i> bacterial infections which can induce strong CI. Major disease vector mosquitoes like the <i>Anopheles</i> and <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> mosquitoes, however, do not have naturally occurring <i>Wolbachia</i> bacterial infections. Since <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> mosquitoes do not have <i>Wolbachia</i> the <i>wAlbB</i> strain was transferred from <i>Ae</i>. <i>Albopictus</i> to <i>Ae</i>. <i>Aegypti</i>. The successful transinfection of <i>Ae</i>. <i>Aegypti</i>. with blastoderm stage embryo method demonstrates that <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> is a stable <i>Wolbachia</i> host. Adult <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> mosquitoes were also successfully double infected with <i>wAlbA</i> and <i>wAlbB/i> from <i>Ae</i>. <i>Albopictus</i> using the adult microinjection technique. The embryonic microinjection technique was most recently used to successfully transfer into the <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> mosquito is <i>wMelpop</i>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>Many mosquito species have naturally occurring <i>Wolbachia</i> bacterial infections which can induce strong CI. Major disease vector mosquitoes like the <i>Anopheles</i> and <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> mosquitoes, however, do not have naturally occurring <i>Wolbachia</i> bacterial infections. Since <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> mosquitoes do not have <i>Wolbachia</i> the <i>wAlbB</i> strain was transferred from <i>Ae</i>. <i>Albopictus</i> to <i>Ae</i>. <i>Aegypti</i>. The successful transinfection of <i>Ae</i>. <i>Aegypti</i>. with blastoderm stage embryo method demonstrates that <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> is a stable <i>Wolbachia</i> host. Adult <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> mosquitoes were also successfully double infected with <i>wAlbA</i> and <i>wAlbB/i> from <i>Ae</i>. <i>Albopictus</i> using the adult microinjection technique. The embryonic microinjection technique was most recently used to successfully transfer into the <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> mosquito is <i>wMelpop</i>. </div></td></tr>
</table>Ugwuchttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Application_of_Wolbachia_in_Invertebrate_Vector_Control&diff=44454&oldid=prevUgwuc: /* Pathogen Exclusion in Vector Mosquitoes with Wolbachia */2009-05-01T21:19:12Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Pathogen Exclusion in Vector Mosquitoes with Wolbachia</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:19, 1 May 2009</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l53">Line 53:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 53:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>The endosymbiont <i>Wolbachia</i> is capable of forming many types of relationships with invertebrates. In some instances this intracellular α-proteobacterium interacts as an obligatory mutualist and still with other invertebrates and at other instances it acts as a facultative parasite. The relationship between filarial nematodes is that of obligatory mutualism. Infection of mosquitoes, especially transinfection of vector-mosquitoes results in a parasitic interaction between <i>Wolbachia</i> and the arthropod. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>The endosymbiont <i>Wolbachia</i> is capable of forming many types of relationships with invertebrates. In some instances this intracellular α-proteobacterium interacts as an obligatory mutualist and still with other invertebrates and at other instances it acts as a facultative parasite. The relationship between filarial nematodes is that of obligatory mutualism. Infection of mosquitoes, especially transinfection of vector-mosquitoes results in a parasitic interaction between <i>Wolbachia</i> and the arthropod. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>The only instance in which there exists an obligate relationship between <i>Wolbachia</i> and a host, is in the case of filarial nematode.In this case the removal of the <i> Wolbachia</i> strain present, with antibiotics, in pathogenic nematodes is disastrous for the nematode. Without the intracellular bacteria, the filarial nematode loses most of its reproductive and pathogenic function amongst other things. Filarial nematodes are parasites that are responsible for many diseases. <i>Wolbachia</i> has been discovered in filarial namatodes of Onchocercidae family. This family of filarial nematodes includes human pathogens such as elephantiasis and lymphatic filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, river blindness caused by Onchocerca volvulus and heart worms in dogs. These nematodes depend upon <i>Wolbachia</i> for development and fertility. They have established such long and stable relationship with <i>Wolbachia</i> through vertical transmission. Treatment of filarial caused diseases with antibacterial drugs removes <i>Wolbachia</i> [http://www.nematodes.org/downloads_area/publications/2007/Fenn_2007_Wolbachia.pdf]. Filarial nematode treated with tetracycline successfully kills the bacteria and also affects the nematode parasite. Antibiotics are effective treatments for filarial diseases because the removal of <i>Wolbachia</i> also negatively affects the nematode parasites. Abnormalities occur in growth of nematodes treated with tetracycline, decreased fecundity, shortened life-span and moulting are some of the abnormalities. [[Image:43049159_riverblindness203.jpg|right|thumb|300 x 117 - 27k px| Fig. 5 River blindness is caused by nematodes. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/43049000/jpg/_43049159_riverblindness203.jpg]] Treatment of non-<i>Wolbachia</i> infected nematodes with tetracycline does not show similar results, therefore strengthening the hypothesis of mutual interaction between pathogenic nematodes and <i>Wolbachia</i>. The relationship between <i>Wolbachia</i> and other organisms that may be pathogenic to humans are not obligate. Arthropods such as many vector- mosquitoes do not have <i>Wolbachia</i>. When these mosquitoes interact with <i>Wolbachia</i> the results are not favorable for the arthropod.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>The only instance in which there exists an obligate relationship between <i>Wolbachia</i> and a host, is in the case of filarial nematode.In this case the removal of the <i> Wolbachia</i> strain present, with antibiotics, in pathogenic nematodes is disastrous for the nematode. Without the intracellular bacteria, the filarial nematode loses most of its reproductive and pathogenic function amongst other things. Filarial nematodes are parasites that are responsible for many diseases. <i>Wolbachia</i> has been discovered in filarial namatodes of Onchocercidae family. This family of filarial nematodes includes human pathogens such as elephantiasis and lymphatic filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, river blindness <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(fig.5) </ins>caused by Onchocerca volvulus and heart worms in dogs. These nematodes depend upon <i>Wolbachia</i> for development and fertility. They have established such long and stable relationship with <i>Wolbachia</i> through vertical transmission. Treatment of filarial caused diseases with antibacterial drugs removes <i>Wolbachia</i> [http://www.nematodes.org/downloads_area/publications/2007/Fenn_2007_Wolbachia.pdf]. Filarial nematode treated with tetracycline successfully kills the bacteria and also affects the nematode parasite. Antibiotics are effective treatments for filarial diseases because the removal of <i>Wolbachia</i> also negatively affects the nematode parasites. Abnormalities occur in growth of nematodes treated with tetracycline, decreased fecundity, shortened life-span and moulting are some of the abnormalities. [[Image:43049159_riverblindness203.jpg|right|thumb|300 x 117 - 27k px| Fig. 5 River blindness is caused by nematodes. http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/43049000/jpg/_43049159_riverblindness203.jpg]] Treatment of non-<i>Wolbachia</i> infected nematodes with tetracycline does not show similar results, therefore strengthening the hypothesis of mutual interaction between pathogenic nematodes and <i>Wolbachia</i>. The relationship between <i>Wolbachia</i> and other organisms that may be pathogenic to humans are not obligate. Arthropods such as many vector- mosquitoes do not have <i>Wolbachia</i>. When these mosquitoes interact with <i>Wolbachia</i> the results are not favorable for the arthropod.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>Mosquitoes are flying insects in the Culicidae family, with more than 2000 different species. The males and females mosquitoes both feed on nectar but the females of some species of mosquito are capable of sucking blood from humans and animals. The hematophagic activity of female mosquitoes is essential for production of eggs and has made them one of the deadliest known disease vectors that claim millions of lives each year. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>Mosquitoes are flying insects in the Culicidae family, with more than 2000 different species. The males and females mosquitoes both feed on nectar but the females of some species of mosquito are capable of sucking blood from humans and animals. The hematophagic activity of female mosquitoes is essential for production of eggs and has made them one of the deadliest known disease vectors that claim millions of lives each year. </div></td></tr>
</table>Ugwuchttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Application_of_Wolbachia_in_Invertebrate_Vector_Control&diff=44453&oldid=prevUgwuc: /* Pathogen Exclusion in Vector Mosquitoes with Wolbachia */2009-05-01T21:18:08Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Pathogen Exclusion in Vector Mosquitoes with Wolbachia</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:18, 1 May 2009</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l61">Line 61:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 61:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>Many mosquito species have naturally occurring <i>Wolbachia</i> bacterial infections which can induce strong CI. Major disease vector mosquitoes like the <i>Anopheles</i> and <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> mosquitoes, however, do not have naturally occurring <i>Wolbachia</i> bacterial infections. Since <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> mosquitoes do not have <i>Wolbachia</i> the <i>wAlbB</i> strain was transferred from <i>Ae</i>. <i>Albopictus</i> to <i>Ae</i>. <i>Aegypti</i>. The successful transinfection of <i>Ae</i>. <i>Aegypti</i>. with blastoderm stage embryo method demonstrates that <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> is a stable <i>Wolbachia</i> host. Adult <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> mosquitoes were also successfully double infected with <i>wAlbA</i> and <i>wAlbB/i> from <i>Ae</i>. <i>Albopictus</i> using the adult microinjection technique. The embryonic microinjection technique was most recently used to successfully transfer into the <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> mosquito is <i>wMelpop</i>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>Many mosquito species have naturally occurring <i>Wolbachia</i> bacterial infections which can induce strong CI. Major disease vector mosquitoes like the <i>Anopheles</i> and <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> mosquitoes, however, do not have naturally occurring <i>Wolbachia</i> bacterial infections. Since <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> mosquitoes do not have <i>Wolbachia</i> the <i>wAlbB</i> strain was transferred from <i>Ae</i>. <i>Albopictus</i> to <i>Ae</i>. <i>Aegypti</i>. The successful transinfection of <i>Ae</i>. <i>Aegypti</i>. with blastoderm stage embryo method demonstrates that <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> is a stable <i>Wolbachia</i> host. Adult <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> mosquitoes were also successfully double infected with <i>wAlbA</i> and <i>wAlbB/i> from <i>Ae</i>. <i>Albopictus</i> using the adult microinjection technique. The embryonic microinjection technique was most recently used to successfully transfer into the <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> mosquito is <i>wMelpop</i>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>Recent collaborative research demonstrated that infection of <i>Aedes aegypti</i> mosquitoes, the vector for Dengue Fever and Yellow Fever, with a maternally inherited <i>Wolbachia</i> bacteria strain, <i>wMelpop</i>, shortened the life span of adult mosquitoes under laboratory conditions. The <i>Flaviviridae</i> viruses like most other pathogens, need a long time to develop in their vector-mosquitoes. <i>Wolbachia</i> induces cytoplasmic incompatibility which combined by the high frequency of <i>Wolbachia’s</i> inheritance, will allow suppression and eventually replacement of the natural population, thus reducing or eliminating Dengue and Yellow Fever. In order to stabilize the <i>wMelpop</i> strain within <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti’s</i> intracellular environment, an in vitro infection in RML-12 was established prior to <i>wMelpop</i> transfer into <i>Ae</i>. <i>Aegypti</i>. Temperature was also an important factor in determining the effect of <i>Wolbachia</i> as <i>wMelpop</i> virulence depended on temperature. Virulence increased dramatically at higher temperatures. Virulence fluctuations due to temperature that were observed are similar to the range of temperatures that might be experienced by <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i>. The effect of <i>wMelpop</i> on <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> life-span is more pronounced during summer months when temperatures increase. Consequently the infection of <i>wMelpop</i> on <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> populations, decreases during cooler months.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>Recent collaborative research demonstrated that infection of <i>Aedes aegypti</i> mosquitoes, the vector for Dengue Fever and Yellow Fever, with a maternally inherited <i>Wolbachia</i> bacteria strain, <i>wMelpop</i>, shortened the life span of adult mosquitoes under laboratory conditions. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/74/22/6963?hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&FIRSTINDEX=1020&maxtoshow=&HITS=10&fulltext=bacteria&searchid=1&resourcetype=HWFIG]</ins>The <i>Flaviviridae</i> viruses like most other pathogens, need a long time to develop in their vector-mosquitoes. <i>Wolbachia</i> induces cytoplasmic incompatibility which combined by the high frequency of <i>Wolbachia’s</i> inheritance, will allow suppression and eventually replacement of the natural population, thus reducing or eliminating Dengue and Yellow Fever. In order to stabilize the <i>wMelpop</i> strain within <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti’s</i> intracellular environment, an in vitro infection in RML-12 was established prior to <i>wMelpop</i> transfer into <i>Ae</i>. <i>Aegypti</i>. Temperature was also an important factor in determining the effect of <i>Wolbachia</i> as <i>wMelpop</i> virulence depended on temperature. Virulence increased dramatically at higher temperatures. Virulence fluctuations due to temperature that were observed are similar to the range of temperatures that might be experienced by <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i>. The effect of <i>wMelpop</i> on <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> life-span is more pronounced during summer months when temperatures increase. Consequently the infection of <i>wMelpop</i> on <i>Ae</i>. <i>aegypti</i> populations, decreases during cooler months.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Possible Environmental Consequences of <i>Wolbachia</i> in Vector-Mosquitoes==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Possible Environmental Consequences of <i>Wolbachia</i> in Vector-Mosquitoes==</div></td></tr>
</table>Ugwuchttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Application_of_Wolbachia_in_Invertebrate_Vector_Control&diff=44452&oldid=prevUgwuc: /* Introduction */2009-05-01T21:15:20Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Introduction</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:15, 1 May 2009</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l7">Line 7:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 7:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> Many invertebrates are infected by <i>Wolbachia</i>, and the bacteria’s success may be credited to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. The phenotypes range from mutualism to reductive parasitism.[http://www.pnas.org/content/103/33/12534.full]Invertebrates such as nematodes form mutualistic relationships with <i> Wolbachia</i> whereas, fruit flies and mosquitoes are involved in reductive parasitic relationships[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1560299].While the first relationship is necessary for nematodes[http://icmr.nic.in/ijmr/2005/september/0901.pdf ],the parasitic relationships with the arthropods may result in early death or exclusion of some male and older members of a population by <i>Wolbachia</i>.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12693838?dopt] Inheritance of this bacterial infection mainly occurs by maternal transmission through the cytoplasm of eggs, therefore male arthropods are not necessary for the successful transmission of <i>Wolbachia</i>. The need for females and not males results in <i>Wolbachia</i> having many physiological and reproductive effects, which may reduce male presence of the host species. This bacteria can feminize infected males so that they can produce more eggs with bacterial cells. [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/8/55] </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> Many invertebrates are infected by <i>Wolbachia</i>, and the bacteria’s success may be credited to the diverse phenotypes that result from infection. The phenotypes range from mutualism to reductive parasitism.[http://www.pnas.org/content/103/33/12534.full]Invertebrates such as nematodes form mutualistic relationships with <i> Wolbachia</i> whereas, fruit flies and mosquitoes are involved in reductive parasitic relationships[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1560299].While the first relationship is necessary for nematodes[http://icmr.nic.in/ijmr/2005/september/0901.pdf ],the parasitic relationships with the arthropods may result in early death or exclusion of some male and older members of a population by <i>Wolbachia</i>.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12693838?dopt] Inheritance of this bacterial infection mainly occurs by maternal transmission through the cytoplasm of eggs, therefore male arthropods are not necessary for the successful transmission of <i>Wolbachia</i>. The need for females and not males results in <i>Wolbachia</i> having many physiological and reproductive effects, which may reduce male presence of the host species. This bacteria can feminize infected males so that they can produce more eggs with bacterial cells. [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/8/55] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> The facultative endosymbiont relationship between <i>Wolbachia</i> <i> pipientis</i> and host invertebrate organisms allows for increased bacterial propagation and persistence in host populations, but <i>Wolbachia</i> is hardly ever found to be beneficial to these host organisms. In arthropods and many other invertebrates, <i>Wolbachia</i> infection can modify host reproduction for a variety of species in such ways as; reproductive incompatibility, thelytokous parthenogenesis, male-killing, and feminization.[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=33453] </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> The facultative endosymbiont relationship between <i>Wolbachia</i> <i> pipientis</i> and host invertebrate organisms allows for increased bacterial propagation and persistence in host populations, but <i>Wolbachia</i> is hardly ever found to be beneficial to these host organisms. In arthropods and many other invertebrates, <i>Wolbachia</i> infection can modify host reproduction for a variety of species in such ways as; reproductive incompatibility, thelytokous parthenogenesis <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">or asexual reproduction</ins>, male-killing, and feminization.[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=33453] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> Recently, <i>Wolbachia</i>, was found to be medically important for biologically combating vector-borne infections.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7804326.stm] These bacteria could be used for population replacement and suppression of vector organisms such Aedes aegypti mosquito which spreads dengue and yellow fever, Culex pipiens mosquito which spreads West Nile Virus, and anopheles mosquito that act as the vector organism for malaria. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12693838?dopt] </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> Recently, <i>Wolbachia</i>, was found to be medically important for biologically combating vector-borne infections.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7804326.stm] These bacteria could be used for population replacement and suppression of vector organisms such Aedes aegypti mosquito which spreads dengue and yellow fever, Culex pipiens mosquito which spreads West Nile Virus, and anopheles mosquito that act as the vector organism for malaria. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12693838?dopt] </div></td></tr>
</table>Ugwuchttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Application_of_Wolbachia_in_Invertebrate_Vector_Control&diff=44451&oldid=prevUgwuc: /* Wolbachia Transmission Methods */2009-05-01T21:13:55Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Wolbachia Transmission Methods</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:13, 1 May 2009</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l45">Line 45:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 45:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The chromosome 3R region coding for <i>Wolbachia</i> type proteins was identified. The salivary gland transcriptome data suggest that ancestral <i>Anopheles</i> were infected with <i>Wolbachia</i> via horizontal transmission of the bacteria. However, because horizontal transmission is not as stable as vertical transmission, <i>Wolbachia</i> infection could not persist in <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes. The researchers hypothesized that the current resistance of <i>Anopheles</i> against <i>Wolbachia</i> could be accredited to the <i>Wolbachia</i>-like transcripts. The transfer of the highly pathogenic <i>Wolbachia</i> strain, <i>wMelpop</i>, from its natural host, <i>D.</i> <i>melanogaster</i>, into <i>A.</i> <i>aegypti</i> was done by bacterial adaptation. This was possible by implementing serial passage into <i>A.</i> <i>aegypti</i> cell culture for 3 years. The culturing of <i>Wolbachia</i> in <i>A.</i> <i>aegypti</i> caused a genetic adaptation, so that virulence decreased when the strain was transferred back to Drosophila. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The chromosome 3R region coding for <i>Wolbachia</i> type proteins was identified. The salivary gland transcriptome data suggest that ancestral <i>Anopheles</i> were infected with <i>Wolbachia</i> via horizontal transmission of the bacteria. However, because horizontal transmission is not as stable as vertical transmission, <i>Wolbachia</i> infection could not persist in <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes. The researchers hypothesized that the current resistance of <i>Anopheles</i> against <i>Wolbachia</i> could be accredited to the <i>Wolbachia</i>-like transcripts. The transfer of the highly pathogenic <i>Wolbachia</i> strain, <i>wMelpop</i>, from its natural host, <i>D.</i> <i>melanogaster</i>, into <i>A.</i> <i>aegypti</i> was done by bacterial adaptation. This was possible by implementing serial passage into <i>A.</i> <i>aegypti</i> cell culture for 3 years. The culturing of <i>Wolbachia</i> in <i>A.</i> <i>aegypti</i> caused a genetic adaptation, so that virulence decreased when the strain was transferred back to Drosophila. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>Several different methods are employed for transinfection of <i>Wolbachia</i> into different organisms. A variety of techniques are used even for studying the effects of different <i>Wolbachia</i> strains on vector mosquitoes. <i>Wolbachia</i> strain, <i>wAlbB</i> from <i>Aedes</i> <i>albopictus</i> mosquito was successfully infected into <i>An.</i> <i>gambiae</i> using the modified shell-vial technique. Other in vivo methods for <i>Anopheles</i> infection with <i>Wolbachia</i> include embryonic micro injection in <i>Drosphila</i>, to obtain that organisms strain of <i>Wolbachia</i>. The embryonic microinjection protocols may also be used to infect <i>Anopheles</i> with bacteria from <i>Aedes</i> <i>aldopictus</i> and <i>Aedes</i> <i>aegypti</i>. Transfer protocols for transfer of <i>Wolbachia</i> by directly injecting into adult <i>Aedes</i> mosquito and <i>Drosphila</i> has also been developed. The transfer of <i>Wolbachia</i> into the malaria causing mosquito, <i>Aedes</i> <i>gambiae</i> is being done with both the embryonic and adult injection protocols. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>Several different methods are employed for transinfection of <i>Wolbachia</i> into different organisms <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://www.pnas.org/content/101/42/15042.full]</ins>. A variety of techniques are used even for studying the effects of different <i>Wolbachia</i> strains on vector mosquitoes. <i>Wolbachia</i> strain, <i>wAlbB</i> from <i>Aedes</i> <i>albopictus</i> mosquito was successfully infected into <i>An.</i> <i>gambiae</i> using the modified shell-vial technique.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=126719] </ins>Other in vivo methods for <i>Anopheles</i> infection with <i>Wolbachia</i> include embryonic micro injection in <i>Drosphila</i>, to obtain that organisms strain of <i>Wolbachia</i>. The embryonic microinjection protocols may also be used to infect <i>Anopheles</i> with bacteria from <i>Aedes</i> <i>aldopictus</i> and <i>Aedes</i> <i>aegypti</i>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1560299] </ins>Transfer protocols for transfer of <i>Wolbachia</i> by directly injecting into adult <i>Aedes</i> mosquito and <i>Drosphila</i> has also been developed. The transfer of <i>Wolbachia</i> into the malaria causing mosquito, <i>Aedes</i> <i>gambiae</i> is being done with both the embryonic and adult injection protocols. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Therefore, <i>Wolbachia’s</i> successes and persistence depends on the fitness of its host.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Therefore, <i>Wolbachia’s</i> successes and persistence depends on the fitness of its host.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br><i>Wolbachia</i> further insures its own success by tremendously increasing the number of offspring infected females produces, compared to the number of offspring that uninfected females produce. Female mosquitoes with <i>Wolbachia</i> bacterial infection can mate with both infected and uninfected males successfully, however, the reverse of this is unsuccessful. That is, when an uninfected female mosquitoes attempt to mate with <i>Wolbachia</i>-infected males, some or all of the uninfected female’s fertilized eggs die. This <i>Wolbachia</i> induced reproductive behavior will undoubtedly increase the population of mosquitoes with <i>Wolbachia</i> infection, which in turn, maintains life-shortening <i>Wolbachia</i> in the populations of such vector- mosquitoes as those that transmit dengue fever.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br><i>Wolbachia</i> further insures its own success by tremendously increasing the number of offspring infected females produces, compared to the number of offspring that uninfected females produce . Female mosquitoes with <i>Wolbachia</i> bacterial infection can mate with both infected and uninfected males successfully, however, the reverse of this is unsuccessful. That is, when an uninfected female mosquitoes attempt to mate with <i>Wolbachia</i>-infected males, some or all of the uninfected female’s fertilized eggs die. This <i>Wolbachia</i> induced reproductive behavior will undoubtedly increase the population of mosquitoes with <i>Wolbachia</i> infection, which in turn, maintains life-shortening <i>Wolbachia</i> in the populations of such vector- mosquitoes as those that transmit dengue fever.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathogen Exclusion in Vector Mosquitoes with <i>Wolbachia</i> ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathogen Exclusion in Vector Mosquitoes with <i>Wolbachia</i> ==</div></td></tr>
</table>Ugwuchttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Application_of_Wolbachia_in_Invertebrate_Vector_Control&diff=44450&oldid=prevUgwuc: /* Wolbachia Transmission Methods */2009-05-01T21:09:02Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Wolbachia Transmission Methods</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:09, 1 May 2009</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l41">Line 41:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 41:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> The phyologeny of the <i>Wolbachia</i> is very diverse as demonstrated by figure 4. The phylogeny demonstrates six clads with some unresolved branches. There is however evidence that many species formerly infected by <i>Wolbachia</i> no longer have a natural infection pathway. The <i>Anopheles</i> mosquito species were assayed and, in over 30 species examined, <i>Wolbachia</i> was absent in all. Chromosomal testing was done on <i>Anopheles</i> <i>gambie</i> to determine whether <i>Wolbachia</i> had once upon a time been present in this species of <i>Anopheles </i> mosquitoes. Researchers found results that are indicative of <i>Wolbachia's</i> presence in this species of vector mosquito. [http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:u_ji9c5MEBAJ:jason.rasgon.googlepages.com/RasgonInsectSymbiosis2008.pdf+Insect+Symbiosis:+Wolbachia+and+Anopheles+mosquitoes&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-a]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> The phyologeny of the <i>Wolbachia</i> is very diverse as demonstrated by figure 4 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/151/12/4015]</ins>. The phylogeny demonstrates six clads with some unresolved branches. There is however evidence that many species formerly infected by <i>Wolbachia</i> no longer have a natural infection pathway. The <i>Anopheles</i> mosquito species were assayed and, in over 30 species examined, <i>Wolbachia</i> was absent in all. Chromosomal testing was done on <i>Anopheles</i> <i>gambie</i> to determine whether <i>Wolbachia</i> had once upon a time been present in this species of <i>Anopheles </i> mosquitoes. Researchers found results that are indicative of <i>Wolbachia's</i> presence in this species of vector mosquito. [http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:u_ji9c5MEBAJ:jason.rasgon.googlepages.com/RasgonInsectSymbiosis2008.pdf+Insect+Symbiosis:+Wolbachia+and+Anopheles+mosquitoes&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-a]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg|left|thumb|490 x 317px|Fig 4. Phylogeny of <i>Wolbachia</i> <i>pipientis</i>. http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/vol151/issue12/images/large/4015fig2.jpeg?ck=nck]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg|left|thumb|490 x 317px|Fig 4. Phylogeny of <i>Wolbachia</i> <i>pipientis</i>. http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/vol151/issue12/images/large/4015fig2.jpeg?ck=nck]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The chromosome 3R region coding for <i>Wolbachia</i> type proteins was identified. The salivary gland transcriptome data suggest that ancestral <i>Anopheles</i> were infected with <i>Wolbachia</i> via horizontal transmission of the bacteria. However, because horizontal transmission is not as stable as vertical transmission, <i>Wolbachia</i> infection could not persist in <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes. The researchers hypothesized that the current resistance of <i>Anopheles</i> against <i>Wolbachia</i> could be accredited to the <i>Wolbachia</i>-like transcripts. The transfer of the highly pathogenic <i>Wolbachia</i> strain, <i>wMelpop</i>, from its natural host, <i>D.</i> <i>melanogaster</i>, into <i>A.</i> <i>aegypti</i> was done by bacterial adaptation. This was possible by implementing serial passage into <i>A.</i> <i>aegypti</i> cell culture for 3 years. The culturing of <i>Wolbachia</i> in <i>A.</i> <i>aegypti</i> caused a genetic adaptation, so that virulence decreased when the strain was transferred back to Drosophila. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The chromosome 3R region coding for <i>Wolbachia</i> type proteins was identified. The salivary gland transcriptome data suggest that ancestral <i>Anopheles</i> were infected with <i>Wolbachia</i> via horizontal transmission of the bacteria. However, because horizontal transmission is not as stable as vertical transmission, <i>Wolbachia</i> infection could not persist in <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes. The researchers hypothesized that the current resistance of <i>Anopheles</i> against <i>Wolbachia</i> could be accredited to the <i>Wolbachia</i>-like transcripts. The transfer of the highly pathogenic <i>Wolbachia</i> strain, <i>wMelpop</i>, from its natural host, <i>D.</i> <i>melanogaster</i>, into <i>A.</i> <i>aegypti</i> was done by bacterial adaptation. This was possible by implementing serial passage into <i>A.</i> <i>aegypti</i> cell culture for 3 years. The culturing of <i>Wolbachia</i> in <i>A.</i> <i>aegypti</i> caused a genetic adaptation, so that virulence decreased when the strain was transferred back to Drosophila. </div></td></tr>
</table>Ugwuchttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Application_of_Wolbachia_in_Invertebrate_Vector_Control&diff=44449&oldid=prevUgwuc: /* Wolbachia Transmission Methods */2009-05-01T21:07:44Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Wolbachia Transmission Methods</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:07, 1 May 2009</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l41">Line 41:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 41:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>The <i>Anopheles</i> mosquito species were assayed and, in over 30 species examined, <i>Wolbachia</i> was absent in all. Chromosomal testing was done on <i>Anopheles</i> <i>gambie</i> to determine whether <i>Wolbachia</i> had once upon a time been present in this species of <i>Anopheles </i> mosquitoes. Researchers found results that are indicative of <i>Wolbachia's</i> presence in this species of vector mosquito. [http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:u_ji9c5MEBAJ:jason.rasgon.googlepages.com/RasgonInsectSymbiosis2008.pdf+Insect+Symbiosis:+Wolbachia+and+Anopheles+mosquitoes&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-a]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The phyologeny of the <i>Wolbachia</i> is very diverse as demonstrated by figure 4. The phylogeny demonstrates six clads with some unresolved branches. There is however evidence that many species formerly infected by <i>Wolbachia</i> no longer have a natural infection pathway. </ins>The <i>Anopheles</i> mosquito species were assayed and, in over 30 species examined, <i>Wolbachia</i> was absent in all. Chromosomal testing was done on <i>Anopheles</i> <i>gambie</i> to determine whether <i>Wolbachia</i> had once upon a time been present in this species of <i>Anopheles </i> mosquitoes. Researchers found results that are indicative of <i>Wolbachia's</i> presence in this species of vector mosquito. [http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:u_ji9c5MEBAJ:jason.rasgon.googlepages.com/RasgonInsectSymbiosis2008.pdf+Insect+Symbiosis:+Wolbachia+and+Anopheles+mosquitoes&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-a]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg|left|thumb|490 x 317px|Fig 4. Phylogeny of <i>Wolbachia</i> <i>pipientis</i>. http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/vol151/issue12/images/large/4015fig2.jpeg?ck=nck]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg|left|thumb|490 x 317px|Fig 4. Phylogeny of <i>Wolbachia</i> <i>pipientis</i>. http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/vol151/issue12/images/large/4015fig2.jpeg?ck=nck]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The chromosome 3R region coding for <i>Wolbachia</i> type proteins was identified. The salivary gland transcriptome data suggest that ancestral <i>Anopheles</i> were infected with <i>Wolbachia</i> via horizontal transmission of the bacteria. However, because horizontal transmission is not as stable as vertical transmission, <i>Wolbachia</i> infection could not persist in <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes. The researchers hypothesized that the current resistance of <i>Anopheles</i> against <i>Wolbachia</i> could be accredited to the <i>Wolbachia</i>-like transcripts. The transfer of the highly pathogenic <i>Wolbachia</i> strain, <i>wMelpop</i>, from its natural host, <i>D.</i> <i>melanogaster</i>, into <i>A.</i> <i>aegypti</i> was done by bacterial adaptation. This was possible by implementing serial passage into <i>A.</i> <i>aegypti</i> cell culture for 3 years. The culturing of <i>Wolbachia</i> in <i>A.</i> <i>aegypti</i> caused a genetic adaptation, so that virulence decreased when the strain was transferred back to Drosophila. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The chromosome 3R region coding for <i>Wolbachia</i> type proteins was identified. The salivary gland transcriptome data suggest that ancestral <i>Anopheles</i> were infected with <i>Wolbachia</i> via horizontal transmission of the bacteria. However, because horizontal transmission is not as stable as vertical transmission, <i>Wolbachia</i> infection could not persist in <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes. The researchers hypothesized that the current resistance of <i>Anopheles</i> against <i>Wolbachia</i> could be accredited to the <i>Wolbachia</i>-like transcripts. The transfer of the highly pathogenic <i>Wolbachia</i> strain, <i>wMelpop</i>, from its natural host, <i>D.</i> <i>melanogaster</i>, into <i>A.</i> <i>aegypti</i> was done by bacterial adaptation. This was possible by implementing serial passage into <i>A.</i> <i>aegypti</i> cell culture for 3 years. The culturing of <i>Wolbachia</i> in <i>A.</i> <i>aegypti</i> caused a genetic adaptation, so that virulence decreased when the strain was transferred back to Drosophila. </div></td></tr>
</table>Ugwuchttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Application_of_Wolbachia_in_Invertebrate_Vector_Control&diff=44448&oldid=prevUgwuc: /* Wolbachia Transmission Methods */2009-05-01T20:58:45Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Wolbachia Transmission Methods</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:58, 1 May 2009</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l41">Line 41:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 41:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>The <i>Anopheles</i> mosquito species were assayed and, in over 30 species examined, <i>Wolbachia</i> was absent in all. Chromosomal testing was done on <i>Anopheles</i> <i>gambie</i> to determine whether <i>Wolbachia</i> had once upon a time been present in this species of <i>Anopheles </i> mosquitoes. Researchers found results that are indicative of <i>Wolbachia's</i> presence in this species of vector mosquito. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>The <i>Anopheles</i> mosquito species were assayed and, in over 30 species examined, <i>Wolbachia</i> was absent in all. Chromosomal testing was done on <i>Anopheles</i> <i>gambie</i> to determine whether <i>Wolbachia</i> had once upon a time been present in this species of <i>Anopheles </i> mosquitoes. Researchers found results that are indicative of <i>Wolbachia's</i> presence in this species of vector mosquito. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:u_ji9c5MEBAJ:jason.rasgon.googlepages.com/RasgonInsectSymbiosis2008.pdf+Insect+Symbiosis:+Wolbachia+and+Anopheles+mosquitoes&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-a]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg|left|thumb|490 x 317px|Fig 4. Phylogeny of <i>Wolbachia</i> <i>pipientis</i>. http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/vol151/issue12/images/large/4015fig2.jpeg?ck=nck]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Wolbachia pipientis.jpg|left|thumb|490 x 317px|Fig 4. Phylogeny of <i>Wolbachia</i> <i>pipientis</i>. http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/vol151/issue12/images/large/4015fig2.jpeg?ck=nck]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The chromosome 3R region coding for <i>Wolbachia</i> type proteins was identified. The salivary gland transcriptome data suggest that ancestral <i>Anopheles</i> were infected with <i>Wolbachia</i> via horizontal transmission of the bacteria. However, because horizontal transmission is not as stable as vertical transmission, <i>Wolbachia</i> infection could not persist in <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes. The researchers hypothesized that the current resistance of <i>Anopheles</i> against <i>Wolbachia</i> could be accredited to the <i>Wolbachia</i>-like transcripts. The transfer of the highly pathogenic <i>Wolbachia</i> strain, <i>wMelpop</i>, from its natural host, <i>D.</i> <i>melanogaster</i>, into <i>A.</i> <i>aegypti</i> was done by bacterial adaptation. This was possible by implementing serial passage into <i>A.</i> <i>aegypti</i> cell culture for 3 years. The culturing of <i>Wolbachia</i> in <i>A.</i> <i>aegypti</i> caused a genetic adaptation, so that virulence decreased when the strain was transferred back to Drosophila. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The chromosome 3R region coding for <i>Wolbachia</i> type proteins was identified. The salivary gland transcriptome data suggest that ancestral <i>Anopheles</i> were infected with <i>Wolbachia</i> via horizontal transmission of the bacteria. However, because horizontal transmission is not as stable as vertical transmission, <i>Wolbachia</i> infection could not persist in <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes. The researchers hypothesized that the current resistance of <i>Anopheles</i> against <i>Wolbachia</i> could be accredited to the <i>Wolbachia</i>-like transcripts. The transfer of the highly pathogenic <i>Wolbachia</i> strain, <i>wMelpop</i>, from its natural host, <i>D.</i> <i>melanogaster</i>, into <i>A.</i> <i>aegypti</i> was done by bacterial adaptation. This was possible by implementing serial passage into <i>A.</i> <i>aegypti</i> cell culture for 3 years. The culturing of <i>Wolbachia</i> in <i>A.</i> <i>aegypti</i> caused a genetic adaptation, so that virulence decreased when the strain was transferred back to Drosophila. </div></td></tr>
</table>Ugwuc