Arctic Soils: Difference between revisions

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==Detailed Environmental Description==
==Detailed Environmental Description==
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost%20map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]
[[Image:permafrost_map.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the [https://ipa.arcticportal.org/images/stories/permafrost%20map.jpg International Permafrost Association].]]
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref name=Tedrow>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref>  Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils.  Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>.  Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref name=IPA>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service.  A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref name=SoilTax>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded.  Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change.  When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients.  They release CO<sub>2</sub><ref name=Waelbroeck>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name=Nordin>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref>  This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.
In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.<ref name=Tedrow>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40506785 Tedrow and Cantlon: Concepts of Soil Formation and Classification in Arctic Regions. Arctic 1953 11:03.]</ref>  Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils.  Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of <b>permafrost</b>.  Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.<ref name=IPA>[https://ipa.arcticportal.org/publications/occasional-publications/what-is-permafrost International Permafrost Association: What is Permafrost? 2015.]</ref> Today, arctic soils are classified as <b>gelisols</b> within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service.  A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”<ref name=SoilTax>[https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/ Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Agriculture Handbook 1999 436.]</ref> Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded.  Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change.  When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients.  They release CO<sub>2</sub><ref name=Waelbroeck>[https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00071 Waelbroeck et al.: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters 1997 24:03.]</ref> and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name=Nordin>[https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/03-0084 Nordin et al.: Nitrogen Uptake by Arctic Soil Microbes and Plants in Relation to Soil Nitrogen Supply. Ecology 2004 85:04.]</ref>  This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.


==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==
==Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known==
[[Image:arcticsoildiversity.png|thumb|600px|left|Alpha diversity of bacterial phyla, bacterial classes, archaeal phyla, and fungal phyla. From a meta-analysis from [https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce, 2018].]]
[[Image:arcticsoildiversity.png|thumb|450px|left|Alpha diversity of bacterial phyla, bacterial classes, archaeal phyla, and fungal phyla. From a meta-analysis from [https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce, 2018].]]
Arctic soils are dominated by Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria.  The next most common phyla are Bacteriodetes and Actinobacteria, but the proportion of these two varies by study site.<ref name=Malard>[https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce: Microbial diversity and biogeography in Arctic soils. Environmental Microbiology Reports 2018 10:06.]</ref>  The proportion of cyanobacteria is very low compared to other nutrient-rich soils like molisols due to the much thinner active layer of Arctic soils.   
Arctic soils are dominated by Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria.  The next most common phyla are Bacteriodetes and Actinobacteria, but the proportion of these two varies by study site.<ref name=Malard>[https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-2229.12680 Malard and Pearce: Microbial diversity and biogeography in Arctic soils. Environmental Microbiology Reports 2018 10:06.]</ref>  The proportion of cyanobacteria is very low compared to other nutrient-rich soils like molisols due to the much thinner active layer of Arctic soils.   
<br> The archaeal phyla are much less consistent, though there are consistently very few members from the Parvarchaeota phylum.  Fungal phyla are dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. <ref name=Malard/>
<br> The archaeal phyla are much less consistent, though there are consistently very few members from the Parvarchaeota phylum.  Fungal phyla are dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. <ref name=Malard/>

Revision as of 23:18, 3 June 2020

Arctic Soils

Overview

Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.


By Tia Chung-Swanson

At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki.

The insertion code consists of:


Double brackets: [[ Filename: PHIL_1181_lores.jpg Thumbnail status: |thumb| Pixel size: |300px| Placement on page: |right| Legend/credit: Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC. Every image requires a link to the source. Closed double brackets: ]]


Other examples: Bold Italic Subscript: H2O Superscript: Fe3+


Introduce environment. Give key information relevant to the microbial ecology of the environment.

[1]
[1]


Detailed Environmental Description

Global distribution of soils based on thickness of permafrost layer. Dark purple is continuous permafrost. From the International Permafrost Association.

In the first soil classification system, created in the 1890s, there were five natural soil zones: tundra, podzol, chernozem, desert, and laterite.[2] Arctic soils were classified in this system as tundra soils. Even with the limited knowledge from the 19th century, it was clear that cold-climate zones were unique because of the much more relevant layer of permafrost. Permafrost is soil that remains permanently frozen for the entire year, which is topped by an active layer that thaws each summer and then freezes again for the winter.[3] Today, arctic soils are classified as gelisols within the soil taxonomy created by the Natural Resources Conservation Service. A gelisol is defined as a soil that has either “permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface,” or “gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.”[4] Since permafrost is frozen year-round, it stores a large amount of organic matter that does not get degraded. Arctic soils are particularly interesting at the moment due to anthropogenic climate change. When permafrost melts from the rising temperatures, the microbes stored in that soil activate and they can use all the newly accessible nutrients. They release CO2[5] and possibly other greenhouse gases, like CH4, and N2O.[6] This permanently increases the thickness of the active layer, which has implications for the biogeochemical cycling that the Arctic and other gelisols are capable of.

Overview of Microbial Ecology as it is known

Alpha diversity of bacterial phyla, bacterial classes, archaeal phyla, and fungal phyla. From a meta-analysis from Malard and Pearce, 2018.

Arctic soils are dominated by Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. The next most common phyla are Bacteriodetes and Actinobacteria, but the proportion of these two varies by study site.[7] The proportion of cyanobacteria is very low compared to other nutrient-rich soils like molisols due to the much thinner active layer of Arctic soils.
The archaeal phyla are much less consistent, though there are consistently very few members from the Parvarchaeota phylum. Fungal phyla are dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. [7]

Expansion topic 1-3

How you expand upon the basics will depend on your environment. Pick a couple or three of interesting subtopics and describe them in detail. Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.


Key Microbial Players

In all of your systems there will be at least a couple of key microbial players. Describe these in detail. Where do they fall on the tree of life? Are they cultured? What do they do in general and as it relates to your target environment?


Conclusion

References



Authored for Earth 373 Microbial Ecology, taught by Magdalena Osburn, 2020, NU Earth Page.