Arthrobacter oxydans: Difference between revisions

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==Genome Structure==
==Genome Structure==
Describe the size and content of the genome.  How many chromosomes?  Circular or linear?  Other interesting features?  What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.
The genome of Arthrobacter sp. Rue61a consists of a single circular chromosome of 4,736,495 bp. The genome of strain Rue61a contains numerous genes associated with osmoprotection, and a high number of genes coding for transporters. It encodes a broad spectrum of enzymes for the uptake and utilization of various sugars and organic nitrogen compounds. Rue61a reflects the saprophytic lifestyle and nutritional versatility of the organism and a strong adaptive potential to environmental stress.
The genome of Arthrobacter sp. Rue61a consists of a single circular chromosome of 4,736,495 bp. The genome of strain Rue61a contains numerous genes associated with osmoprotection, and a high number of genes coding for transporters. It encodes a broad spectrum of enzymes for the uptake and utilization of various sugars and organic nitrogen compounds. Rue61a reflects the saprophytic lifestyle and nutritional versatility of the organism and a strong adaptive potential to environmental stress.



Revision as of 19:52, 4 December 2015

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Classification

Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinobacteria
Class: Actinobacteria
Order: Actinomycetales
Family: Micrococcaceae
Genus: Arthrobacter
Species: oxydans

Species

NCBI: Taxonomy

Arthrobacter oxydans

Habitat Information

The location where I grabbed my soil sample was in Round Rock, Texas, on the edge of a residential area and a parking lot. It was September 02, 2015 around noon and the temperature was 90ºF with humidity of 45% and air pressure of 30 inches. There was no rainfall on that day or the past seven. I grabbed the surface soil which was very rocky and then an hour later I was able to do soil dilutions. The precise GPS location of my soil sample location was 30º29'56.9" N and 97º36'05.1" W.

Description and Significance

When cultured on an LB agar, Arthrobacter oxydans is a milky white, opaque, round, convex and small, almost punctiform shape.

Master patch plate with Arthrobacter oxydans circled

When it comes to Arthrobacter, it's a special cellular shape. Depending on what point you stain the bacteria, you can get either rods, or cocci. In the younger phase, when plated on to fresh media, Arthrobacter tends to be a rod shaped and upon aging tends to morph into it's cocci stage, in which was the stage we were able to observe it under a microscope. It was also gram-positive (but can appear gram-negative in younger stages) and our endospore stain showed that it was a non spore producing bacterium without a capsule.
Arthrobacter is also non-motile and completely susceptible to E. coli and S. aureus, with our plates being overgrown with each bacteria.

Arthrobacter oxydans susceptibility to S. aureus
Arthrobacter oxydans susceptibility to E. coli

Genome Structure

The genome of Arthrobacter sp. Rue61a consists of a single circular chromosome of 4,736,495 bp. The genome of strain Rue61a contains numerous genes associated with osmoprotection, and a high number of genes coding for transporters. It encodes a broad spectrum of enzymes for the uptake and utilization of various sugars and organic nitrogen compounds. Rue61a reflects the saprophytic lifestyle and nutritional versatility of the organism and a strong adaptive potential to environmental stress.

Our 16S ribosomal sequence we obtained from PCR and sequencing is:
FORWARD:
ATGCAGCGACGCCGCGTGAGGGATGACGGCCTTC GGGTTGTAAACCTCTTTCAGTAGGGAAGAAGCGAAAGTGACGGTACCTGCA GAAGAAGCGCCGGCTAACTACGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACGTAGGGCG CAAGCGTTATCCGGAATTATTGGGCGTAAAGAGCTCGTAGGCGGTTTGTCG CGTCTGCCGTGAAAGTCCGGGGCTCAACTCCGGATCTGCGGTGGGTACGG GCAGACTAGAGTGATGTAGGGGAGACTGGAATTCCTGGTGTAGCGGTGAA ATGCGCAGATATCAGGAGGAACACCGATGGCGAAGGCAGGTCTCTGGGCA TTAACTGACGCTGAGGAGCGAAAGCATGGGGAGCGAACAGGATTAGATAC CCTGGTAGTCCATGCCGTAAACGTTGGGCACTAGGTGTGGGGGACATTCC ACGTTTTCCGCGCCGTAGCTAACGCATTAAGTGCCCCGCCTGGGGAGTAC GGCCGCAAGGCTAAAACTCAAAGGAATTGACGGGGGCCCGCACAAGCGG CGGAGCATGCGGATTAATTCGATGCAACGCGAAGAACCTTACCAAGGCTT GACATGAACCGGAAATACCTGGAGACAGGTGCCCCGCTTGCGGTCGGTT TACAGGTGGTGCATGGTTGTCGTCAGCTCGTGCCGTGAG

REVERSE: CCGACCGCAAGCGGGGCACCTGTCTCCAGGTATTTCCGGTTCATG TCAAGCCTTGGTAAGGTTCTTCGCGTTGCATCGAATTAATCCGCATGCTCCGCCGCTTGTGCGGGCCCCCGTCAATTCCT TTGAGTTTTAGCCTTGCGGCCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGGGCACTTAATGCGTTAGCTACGGCGCGGAAAACGTGGAATGTCC CCCACACCTAGTGCCCAACGTTTACGGCATGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTTCGCTCCCCATGCTTTCGCTCCTCA GCGTCAGTTAATGCCCAGAGACCTGCCTTCGCCATCGGTGTTCCTCCTGATATCTGCGCATTTCACCGCTACACCAGGAA TTCCAGTCTCCCCTACATCACTCTAGTCTGCCCGTACCCACCGCAGATCCGGAGTTGAGCCCCGGACTTTCACGGCAGAC GCGACAAACCGCCTACGAGCTCTTTACGCCCAATAATTCCGGATAACGCTTGCGCCCTACGTATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGC ACGTAGTTAGCCGGCGCTTCTTCTGCAGGTACCGTCACTTTCGCTTCTTCCCTACTGAAAGAGGTTTACAACCCGAAGGC CGTCATCCCTCACGCGGCGTCGCTGCATCAGGCTTGCGCCCATTGTGCAATATTCCCCACTGCTGCCTCCCGTAGGAGTA CTG

Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle

Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.

The genus Arthrobacterincludes catalase-positive coryneform bacteria with an oxidative metabolism, the cell wall of which contains L-lysine as the diamino acid and cellular fatty acids of the branched type.

Physiology and Pathogenesis

Biochemical characteristics, enzymes made, other characteristics that may be used to identify the organism; contributions to environment (if any).
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.

BIOCHEMICAL TEST RESULTS

Methyl Red Test for Arthrobacter oxydans
  • Phenol Red Broth Tests: Glucose: negative; Lactose: negative; Sucrose: positive
  • Starch Hydrolysis Test: positive
  • Casein Hydrolysis Test: positive
    Citrate Test for Arthrobacter oxydans
  • Gelatin Hydrolysis Test: negative
    SIM Test for Arthrobacter oxydans
  • DNA Hydrolysis Test: negative
    Nitrate Test for Arthrobacter oxydans
  • Lipid Hydrolysis Test: positive
    Urea Hydrolysis Test for Arthrobacter oxydans
  • Methyl Red Test: negative
    Triple Sugar Iron Test for Arthrobacter oxydans
  • Voges Proskauer Test: negative
  • Citrate Test: negative
  • SIM Tests: negative for all three
  • Nitrate Reduction: negative
  • Urea Hydrolysis: negative
  • Triple Sugar Iron Agar: negative
  • Oxidase Test: negative
  • Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMB) Test: negative
  • Hektoen Enteric Agar (HE) Test: negative
  • MacConkey Agar Test: negative
  • Decarboxylation Tests: Arginine: negative; Lysine: negative; Orinithine: negative
  • Phenylalanine Deaminase Test: negative
  • Catalase Test: positive
  • Blood Agar Test: negative
  • Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) Test: negative
  • Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar (PEA) Test: negative
  • Bacitracin/Optochin Susceptibility Test: Bacitracin: susceptible; Optochin: resistant
  • Antimicrobial Sensitivity (Kirby-Bauer Method) Test: Vancomyocin: susceptible; Sufisoxazole: susceptible; Linezolid: susceptible Bacitracin: susceptible; Oxacillin: resistant; Cefoxifin: susceptible
  • Disinfectant Sensitivity Test: Cinnamon: susceptible; Tea Tree Oil: susceptible; 70% Isopropyl Alcohol: susceptible 10% Lysol: susceptible; 10% Bleach: resistant; Orange Oil: susceptible


The pathological significance has yet to be assessed. Several studies have shown that this bacteria has been isolated from superficial body sites and blood after surgery but their role in disease is still unknown. They were not considered to be environmental contaminants since, except in blood cultures, numerous colonies were present at primary isolation. This bacteria is susceptible to many antibiotics.

Bacitracin (A)/Optochin (P) Susceptibility Test for Arthrobacter oxydans
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test for Arthrobacter oxydans. Only oxacillin had growth.
Disinfectants Test for Arthrobacter oxydans. Only bleach had growth.

References

[Sample reference] Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "Palaeococcus ferrophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.


Funke G., von Graevenitz A., Clarridge III J. E., Bernard K. A. (1997) Clinical microbiology of coryneform bacteria. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 10:125–159.

Morphology and physiology of coryneform bacteria. (1974). Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek: Journal of Microbiology, 40(3), 361-376. Retrieved November 30, 2015

Niewerth et al.: Complete genome sequence and metabolic potential of the quinaldine-degrading bacterium Arthrobacter sp. Rue61a. BMC Genomics 2012 13:534.

Author

Page authored by Nadia Didehbani and Kendra Dubec, students of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.