https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Atmospheric_microbes&feed=atom&action=historyAtmospheric microbes - Revision history2024-03-29T08:57:48ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Atmospheric_microbes&diff=148801&oldid=prevUnknown user at 18:46, 16 July 20212021-07-16T18:46:49Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:46, 16 July 2021</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{Uncurated}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Pages edited by students of Maggie Osburn at Northwestern University]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By Robert Gallo (June 12, 2020)</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By Robert Gallo (June 12, 2020)</div></td></tr>
</table>Unknown userhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Atmospheric_microbes&diff=143317&oldid=prevRobertgallo2021: /* Introduction */2020-06-13T01:21:16Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Introduction</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:21, 13 June 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By Robert Gallo</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By Robert Gallo <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(June 12, 2020)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: atmlayers.png |thumb|300px|right| Diagram showing the layers of the atmosphere and the conditions present at each height, as well as sources of atmospheric cells. Figure from [https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/microbial-ecology-in-the-atmosphere-the-last-extreme-environment/ Aguilera et al.]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: atmlayers.png |thumb|300px|right| Diagram showing the layers of the atmosphere and the conditions present at each height, as well as sources of atmospheric cells. Figure from [https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/microbial-ecology-in-the-atmosphere-the-last-extreme-environment/ Aguilera et al.]]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Robertgallo2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Atmospheric_microbes&diff=143316&oldid=prevRobertgallo2021: /* A Model for Extraterrestrial Life? */2020-06-13T01:20:55Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">A Model for Extraterrestrial Life?</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:20, 13 June 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l25">Line 25:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 25:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==A Model for Extraterrestrial Life?==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==A Model for Extraterrestrial Life?==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At least two studies have proposed examining eukaryotic microbes in the atmosphere as models for extraterrestrial life. By exposing extremophilic yeasts to high altitudes, the low pressure, high UV, and low temperatures, researchers can match the conditions found on Mars. Researchers doing this found that the strains N. Friedmannii and Exophelia were good models for life on Mars.<ref name = Pulschen/> [[Image: extremeyeast.jpeg |thumb|300px|right| Chart showing the survival of different organisms based on exposure to altitude and atmospheric conditions from [https://aem.asm.org/content/84/23/e01942-18/ Pulschen et al.'s study on extreomphilic yeast surival.] The N. Friedmanii yeast survived quite well.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At least two studies have proposed examining eukaryotic microbes in the atmosphere as models for extraterrestrial life. By exposing extremophilic yeasts to high altitudes, the low pressure, high UV, and low temperatures, researchers can match the conditions found on Mars. Researchers doing this found that the strains N. Friedmannii and Exophelia were good models for life on Mars.<ref name = Pulschen/> [[Image: extremeyeast.jpeg |thumb|300px|right| Chart showing the survival of different organisms based on exposure to altitude and atmospheric conditions from [https://aem.asm.org/content/84/23/e01942-18/ Pulschen et al.'s study on extreomphilic yeast surival.] The N. Friedmanii yeast survived quite well.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another study of other extremophilic yeasts also highlights the potential of these yeasts as models for extraterrestrial life, by first isolating yeasts in the Atacama desert at altitude that were the first yeast discovered in that desert, and found them to have high survivability at high and low temperature, as well as high UV levels.<ref name = Pulschen2>[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mbo3.262]</ref> These yeasts demonstrate that eukaryotes can survive in the atmosphere and in extreme environments, and signal that further research into these airborne eukaryotes is needed.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another study of other extremophilic yeasts also highlights the potential of these yeasts as models for extraterrestrial life, by first isolating yeasts in the Atacama desert at altitude that were the first yeast discovered in that desert, and found them to have high survivability at high and low temperature, as well as high UV levels.<ref name = Pulschen2>[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mbo3.262 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pulschen et al. "UV ‐resistant yeasts isolated from a high‐altitude volcanic area on the Atacama Desert as eukaryotic models for astrobiology." Microbiology Open 4, no. 4 (2015): 574-578.</ins>]</ref> These yeasts demonstrate that eukaryotes can survive in the atmosphere and in extreme environments, and signal that further research into these airborne eukaryotes is needed.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Key Microbes of the Atmosphere==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Key Microbes of the Atmosphere==</div></td></tr>
</table>Robertgallo2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Atmospheric_microbes&diff=143314&oldid=prevRobertgallo2021: /* Microbes and Cloud Formation */2020-06-13T01:17:40Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Microbes and Cloud Formation</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:17, 13 June 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l20">Line 20:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 20:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Microbes and Cloud Formation==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Microbes and Cloud Formation==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Microbes in the atmosphere appear to act as condensation nuclei.<ref name = Behzad/> This occurs as certain species of bacteria act as catalysts for the formation of ice, which then follow the normal process for cloud formation. All bacteria that can form ice use the same protein called the Ice+ protein, which is active at temperatures of 2 degrees celsius or less generally.<ref name = Lindow>[https://www.fasebj.org/doi/pdf/10.1096/fasebj.7.14.8224607 Gurian-Sherman, Douglas and Lindlow, Steven. "Bacterial Ice Nucleation: Significance and Molecular Basis" FASBE Journal 7, no. 14 (1993): 1338-43.]</ref> Proteobacteria especially have a role in cloud formation, and bacteria in general make up a higher fraction of particles in the upper atmosphere, indicating that their role in cloud formation may be much more significant than previously believed.<ref name = Deleon>[https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/110/7/2575.full.pdf]</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Microbes in the atmosphere appear to act as condensation nuclei.<ref name = Behzad/> This occurs as certain species of bacteria act as catalysts for the formation of ice, which then follow the normal process for cloud formation. All bacteria that can form ice use the same protein called the Ice+ protein, which is active at temperatures of 2 degrees celsius or less generally.<ref name = Lindow>[https://www.fasebj.org/doi/pdf/10.1096/fasebj.7.14.8224607 Gurian-Sherman, Douglas and Lindlow, Steven. "Bacterial Ice Nucleation: Significance and Molecular Basis" FASBE Journal 7, no. 14 (1993): 1338-43.]</ref> Proteobacteria especially have a role in cloud formation, and bacteria in general make up a higher fraction of particles in the upper atmosphere, indicating that their role in cloud formation may be much more significant than previously believed.<ref name = Deleon>[https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/110/7/2575.full.pdf <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Deleon Rodriguez et al. "Microbiome of the upper troposphere: Species composition and prevalence, effects of tropical storms, and atmospheric implications." PNAS 110, no. 7 (2013): 2575-2580.</ins>]</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: icenucleus.png |thumb|300px|left| Chart showing the number of ice nuclei formed on a plant when uncolonized and colonized with ice-forming bacteria. Figure from [https://www.fasebj.org/doi/pdf/10.1096/fasebj.7.14.8224607/ Gurian-Sherman and Lindlow]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: icenucleus.png |thumb|300px|left| Chart showing the number of ice nuclei formed on a plant when uncolonized and colonized with ice-forming bacteria. Figure from [https://www.fasebj.org/doi/pdf/10.1096/fasebj.7.14.8224607/ Gurian-Sherman and Lindlow]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>Robertgallo2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Atmospheric_microbes&diff=143310&oldid=prevRobertgallo2021: /* Microbes and Cloud Formation */2020-06-13T01:15:28Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Microbes and Cloud Formation</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:15, 13 June 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l20">Line 20:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 20:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Microbes and Cloud Formation==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Microbes and Cloud Formation==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Microbes in the atmosphere appear to act as condensation nuclei.<ref name = Behzad/> This occurs as certain species of bacteria act as catalysts for the formation of ice, which then follow the normal process for cloud formation. All bacteria that can form ice use the same protein called the Ice+ protein, which is active at temperatures of 2 degrees celsius or less generally.<ref name = Lindow>[https://www.fasebj.org/doi/pdf/10.1096/fasebj.7.14.8224607]</ref> Proteobacteria especially have a role in cloud formation, and bacteria in general make up a higher fraction of particles in the upper atmosphere, indicating that their role in cloud formation may be much more significant than previously believed.<ref name = Deleon>[https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/110/7/2575.full.pdf]</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Microbes in the atmosphere appear to act as condensation nuclei.<ref name = Behzad/> This occurs as certain species of bacteria act as catalysts for the formation of ice, which then follow the normal process for cloud formation. All bacteria that can form ice use the same protein called the Ice+ protein, which is active at temperatures of 2 degrees celsius or less generally.<ref name = Lindow>[https://www.fasebj.org/doi/pdf/10.1096/fasebj.7.14.8224607 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Gurian-Sherman, Douglas and Lindlow, Steven. "Bacterial Ice Nucleation: Significance and Molecular Basis" FASBE Journal 7, no. 14 (1993): 1338-43.</ins>]</ref> Proteobacteria especially have a role in cloud formation, and bacteria in general make up a higher fraction of particles in the upper atmosphere, indicating that their role in cloud formation may be much more significant than previously believed.<ref name = Deleon>[https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/110/7/2575.full.pdf]</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: icenucleus.png |thumb|300px|left| Chart showing the number of ice nuclei formed on a plant when uncolonized and colonized with ice-forming bacteria. Figure from [https://www.fasebj.org/doi/pdf/10.1096/fasebj.7.14.8224607/ Gurian-Sherman and Lindlow]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: icenucleus.png |thumb|300px|left| Chart showing the number of ice nuclei formed on a plant when uncolonized and colonized with ice-forming bacteria. Figure from [https://www.fasebj.org/doi/pdf/10.1096/fasebj.7.14.8224607/ Gurian-Sherman and Lindlow]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>Robertgallo2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Atmospheric_microbes&diff=143307&oldid=prevRobertgallo2021: /* Microbial Ecology of the Atmosphere */2020-06-13T01:08:21Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Microbial Ecology of the Atmosphere</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:08, 13 June 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l16">Line 16:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 16:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Microbial Ecology of the Atmosphere==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Microbial Ecology of the Atmosphere==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The atmosphere, despite having a volume larger than any other habitat, contains very few microbes. The troposphere, the layer of the atmosphere closest to the surface, has fewer than a billionth of the number of cells in terrestrial habitats.<ref name = Aguilera/> Simulations project the distribution of airborne microbes across the world based on wind patterns, and show that the density varies greatly. Because of the low density and the difficulty in culturing airborne microbes, the diversity of these organisms is difficult to grasp. There is a clear variation in species by altitude. [[Image: atmdustsize.jpeg |thumb|300px|right| Chart showing the microbes isolated at different altitudes. The shaded portion indicates the altitude in which they have been cultured, while the white shows the altitude they were found at in dust. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2982008/ From Womack et al.]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The atmosphere, despite having a volume larger than any other habitat, contains very few microbes. The troposphere, the layer of the atmosphere closest to the surface, has fewer than a billionth of the number of cells in terrestrial habitats.<ref name = Aguilera/> Simulations project the distribution of airborne microbes across the world based on wind patterns, and show that the density varies greatly. Because of the low density and the difficulty in culturing airborne microbes, the diversity of these organisms is difficult to grasp. There is a clear variation in species by altitude. [[Image: atmdustsize.jpeg |thumb|300px|right| Chart showing the microbes isolated at different altitudes. The shaded portion indicates the altitude in which they have been cultured, while the white shows the altitude they were found at in dust. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2982008/ From Womack et al.]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Additionally, airborne microbe transport is a major component in spreading diversity of microbes, but the microbes carried each dust storm varies in such an immense manner that there are no clear trends in diversity in a particular storm, but the overall diversity is quite high in a dust storm compared to the ambient composition. <ref name = Kellogg>[https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0169534706002138?token=9CDA186CA76AE9A6DF92203A26C0DA59D3099C6B5B792DC9024E2FC64F95E00993123AC57B463BC3270307965E265006]</ref> While the factors behind the diversity of microbes in the air, they are thought to include the land-use patterns of the source area and wind speeds, with higher wind creating more diversity.<ref name = Dueker>[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02868/full]</ref> Most of the organisms in the atmosphere are of the domains bacteria, with some eukaryotes (mainly fungal spores and yeast) and an unknown amount of archaea.<ref name = Aguilera/> The fungal spores include Aspergillus, Nigrospora, Arthrinium, and Curvularia, while the bacteria Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteriodetes. Other Bacteria release spores into the atmosphere, such as Bacillus and Streptococcus.<ref name = Aguilera/></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Additionally, airborne microbe transport is a major component in spreading diversity of microbes, but the microbes carried each dust storm varies in such an immense manner that there are no clear trends in diversity in a particular storm, but the overall diversity is quite high in a dust storm compared to the ambient composition. <ref name = Kellogg>[https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0169534706002138?token=9CDA186CA76AE9A6DF92203A26C0DA59D3099C6B5B792DC9024E2FC64F95E00993123AC57B463BC3270307965E265006 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Christina, Kellogg and Griffin, Dale. "Aerobiology and the Global Transport of Desert Dust." Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21, no. 11 (2006): 638-644.</ins>]</ref> While the factors behind the diversity of microbes in the air, they are thought to include the land-use patterns of the source area and wind speeds, with higher wind creating more diversity.<ref name = Dueker>[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02868/full <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dueker et al. "Comparison of Bacterial Diversity in Air and Water of a Major Urban Center." Frontiers in Microbiology 29 (2018).</ins>]</ref> Most of the organisms in the atmosphere are of the domains bacteria, with some eukaryotes (mainly fungal spores and yeast) and an unknown amount of archaea.<ref name = Aguilera/> The fungal spores include Aspergillus, Nigrospora, Arthrinium, and Curvularia, while the bacteria Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteriodetes. Other Bacteria release spores into the atmosphere, such as Bacillus and Streptococcus.<ref name = Aguilera/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Microbes and Cloud Formation==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Microbes and Cloud Formation==</div></td></tr>
</table>Robertgallo2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Atmospheric_microbes&diff=143305&oldid=prevRobertgallo2021: /* A Model for Extraterrestrial Life? */2020-06-13T01:02:35Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">A Model for Extraterrestrial Life?</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:02, 13 June 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l25">Line 25:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 25:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==A Model for Extraterrestrial Life?==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==A Model for Extraterrestrial Life?==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At least two studies have proposed examining eukaryotic microbes in the atmosphere as models for extraterrestrial life. By exposing extremophilic yeasts to high altitudes, the low pressure, high UV, and low temperatures, researchers can match the conditions found on Mars. Researchers doing this found that the strains N. Friedmannii and Exophelia were good models for life on Mars.<ref name = Pulschen/> [[Image: extremeyeast.jpeg |thumb|300px|right| Chart showing the survival of different organisms based on exposure to altitude and atmospheric conditions from [https://aem.asm.org/content/84/23/e01942-18/ Pulschen et al.'s study on extreomphilic yeast surival.] The N. Friedmanii yeast survived quite well.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At least two studies have proposed examining eukaryotic microbes in the atmosphere as models for extraterrestrial life. By exposing extremophilic yeasts to high altitudes, the low pressure, high UV, and low temperatures, researchers can match the conditions found on Mars. Researchers doing this found that the strains N. Friedmannii and Exophelia were good models for life on Mars.<ref name = Pulschen/> [[Image: extremeyeast.jpeg |thumb|300px|right| Chart showing the survival of different organisms based on exposure to altitude and atmospheric conditions from [https://aem.asm.org/content/84/23/e01942-18/ Pulschen et al.'s study on extreomphilic yeast surival.] The N. Friedmanii yeast survived quite well.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another study of other extremophilic yeasts also highlights the potential of these yeasts as models for extraterrestrial life, by first isolating yeasts in the Atacama desert at altitude that were the first yeast discovered in that desert, and found them to have high survivability at high and low temperature, as well as high UV levels.<ref name = <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pulschen</del>>[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mbo3.262]</ref> These yeasts demonstrate that eukaryotes can survive in the atmosphere and in extreme environments, and signal that further research into these airborne eukaryotes is needed.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another study of other extremophilic yeasts also highlights the potential of these yeasts as models for extraterrestrial life, by first isolating yeasts in the Atacama desert at altitude that were the first yeast discovered in that desert, and found them to have high survivability at high and low temperature, as well as high UV levels.<ref name = <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pulschen2</ins>>[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mbo3.262]</ref> These yeasts demonstrate that eukaryotes can survive in the atmosphere and in extreme environments, and signal that further research into these airborne eukaryotes is needed.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Key Microbes of the Atmosphere==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Key Microbes of the Atmosphere==</div></td></tr>
</table>Robertgallo2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Atmospheric_microbes&diff=143304&oldid=prevRobertgallo2021: /* The Environment of the Atmosphere */2020-06-13T01:01:20Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">The Environment of the Atmosphere</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:01, 13 June 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l10">Line 10:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 10:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: atmsizedistro.jpeg |thumb|300px|left| Chart showing distribution of bacteria-bearing particles by size on the left and a comparison between the size of a single bacteria and the size of bacteria-bearing particles on the right.[https://academic.oup.com/femsec/article/23/4/263/539429 from Lighthart.]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: atmsizedistro.jpeg |thumb|300px|left| Chart showing distribution of bacteria-bearing particles by size on the left and a comparison between the size of a single bacteria and the size of bacteria-bearing particles on the right.[https://academic.oup.com/femsec/article/23/4/263/539429 from Lighthart.]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Unlike other habitats, the atmosphere is not the sole abode of any organism, with all of the microbes in the atmosphere also existing in a terrestrial or oceanic environment. Either natural forces such as wind or human pollution can send these microorganisms into the atmosphere.<ref name = Lighthart>[https://academic.oup.com/femsec/article/23/4/263/539429 Lighthart, Bruce. The Ecology of Bacteria in the Alfresco Atmosphere." FEMS Microbial Ecology 23, no. 4 (1997): 263-274.]</ref> The atmosphere itself is vast, with several physical layers that extend up to space that present extremes in temperature, pressure, and UV radiation.<ref>[https://aem.asm.org/content/84/23/e01942-18 Pulschen et. al. "Survival of Extremophilic Yeasts in the Stratospheric Environment during Balloon Flights and in Laboratory Simulations." Environmental Microbiology 84, no. 23 (2018).]</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Unlike other habitats, the atmosphere is not the sole abode of any organism, with all of the microbes in the atmosphere also existing in a terrestrial or oceanic environment. Either natural forces such as wind or human pollution can send these microorganisms into the atmosphere.<ref name = Lighthart>[https://academic.oup.com/femsec/article/23/4/263/539429 Lighthart, Bruce. The Ecology of Bacteria in the Alfresco Atmosphere." FEMS Microbial Ecology 23, no. 4 (1997): 263-274.]</ref> The atmosphere itself is vast, with several physical layers that extend up to space that present extremes in temperature, pressure, and UV radiation.<ref <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">name = Pulschen</ins>>[https://aem.asm.org/content/84/23/e01942-18 Pulschen et. al. "Survival of Extremophilic Yeasts in the Stratospheric Environment during Balloon Flights and in Laboratory Simulations." Environmental Microbiology 84, no. 23 (2018).]</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bacteria generally arrive in the atmosphere on relatively large particles, since they cling better to these larger particles that form roundish shapes that evaporate easier.<ref name = Lighthart/></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bacteria generally arrive in the atmosphere on relatively large particles, since they cling better to these larger particles that form roundish shapes that evaporate easier.<ref name = Lighthart/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This is a rapidly emerging field of research, with much still to be learned. In the past, researchers assumed that the only microbial life in the atmosphere consisted of dormant spores. As studies demonstrate that they can metabolize the organic matter that is trapped in evaporated water droplet ,<ref name = Behzad/> the need for research into these effects grows.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This is a rapidly emerging field of research, with much still to be learned. In the past, researchers assumed that the only microbial life in the atmosphere consisted of dormant spores. As studies demonstrate that they can metabolize the organic matter that is trapped in evaporated water droplet ,<ref name = Behzad/> the need for research into these effects grows.</div></td></tr>
</table>Robertgallo2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Atmospheric_microbes&diff=143303&oldid=prevRobertgallo2021: /* A Model for Extraterrestrial Life? */2020-06-13T01:00:44Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">A Model for Extraterrestrial Life?</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:00, 13 June 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l24">Line 24:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 24:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==A Model for Extraterrestrial Life?==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==A Model for Extraterrestrial Life?==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At least two studies have proposed examining eukaryotic microbes in the atmosphere as models for extraterrestrial life. By exposing extremophilic yeasts to high altitudes, the low pressure, high UV, and low temperatures, researchers can match the conditions found on Mars. Researchers doing this found that the strains N. Friedmannii and Exophelia were good models for life on Mars.<ref<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">>[https:</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">/aem.asm.org/content/84/23/e01942-18#sec-2]</ref</del>> [[Image: extremeyeast.jpeg |thumb|300px|right| Chart showing the survival of different organisms based on exposure to altitude and atmospheric conditions from [https://aem.asm.org/content/84/23/e01942-18/ Pulschen et al.'s study on extreomphilic yeast surival.] The N. Friedmanii yeast survived quite well.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At least two studies have proposed examining eukaryotic microbes in the atmosphere as models for extraterrestrial life. By exposing extremophilic yeasts to high altitudes, the low pressure, high UV, and low temperatures, researchers can match the conditions found on Mars. Researchers doing this found that the strains N. Friedmannii and Exophelia were good models for life on Mars.<ref <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">name = Pulschen</ins>/> [[Image: extremeyeast.jpeg |thumb|300px|right| Chart showing the survival of different organisms based on exposure to altitude and atmospheric conditions from [https://aem.asm.org/content/84/23/e01942-18/ Pulschen et al.'s study on extreomphilic yeast surival.] The N. Friedmanii yeast survived quite well.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another study of other extremophilic yeasts also highlights the potential of these yeasts as models for extraterrestrial life, by first isolating yeasts in the Atacama desert at altitude that were the first yeast discovered in that desert, and found them to have high survivability at high and low temperature, as well as high UV levels.<ref name = Pulschen>[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mbo3.262]</ref> These yeasts demonstrate that eukaryotes can survive in the atmosphere and in extreme environments, and signal that further research into these airborne eukaryotes is needed.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another study of other extremophilic yeasts also highlights the potential of these yeasts as models for extraterrestrial life, by first isolating yeasts in the Atacama desert at altitude that were the first yeast discovered in that desert, and found them to have high survivability at high and low temperature, as well as high UV levels.<ref name = Pulschen>[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mbo3.262]</ref> These yeasts demonstrate that eukaryotes can survive in the atmosphere and in extreme environments, and signal that further research into these airborne eukaryotes is needed.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>Robertgallo2021https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Atmospheric_microbes&diff=143302&oldid=prevRobertgallo2021: /* The Environment of the Atmosphere */2020-06-13T00:59:02Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">The Environment of the Atmosphere</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:59, 13 June 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l10">Line 10:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 10:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: atmsizedistro.jpeg |thumb|300px|left| Chart showing distribution of bacteria-bearing particles by size on the left and a comparison between the size of a single bacteria and the size of bacteria-bearing particles on the right.[https://academic.oup.com/femsec/article/23/4/263/539429 from Lighthart.]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: atmsizedistro.jpeg |thumb|300px|left| Chart showing distribution of bacteria-bearing particles by size on the left and a comparison between the size of a single bacteria and the size of bacteria-bearing particles on the right.[https://academic.oup.com/femsec/article/23/4/263/539429 from Lighthart.]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Unlike other habitats, the atmosphere is not the sole abode of any organism, with all of the microbes in the atmosphere also existing in a terrestrial or oceanic environment. Either natural forces such as wind or human pollution can send these microorganisms into the atmosphere.<ref name = Lighthart>[https://academic.oup.com/femsec/article/23/4/263/539429 Lighthart, Bruce. The Ecology of Bacteria in the Alfresco Atmosphere." FEMS Microbial Ecology 23, no. 4 (1997): 263-274.]</ref> The atmosphere itself is vast, with several physical layers that extend up to space that present extremes in temperature, pressure, and UV radiation.<ref>[https://aem.asm.org/content/84/23/e01942-18]</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Unlike other habitats, the atmosphere is not the sole abode of any organism, with all of the microbes in the atmosphere also existing in a terrestrial or oceanic environment. Either natural forces such as wind or human pollution can send these microorganisms into the atmosphere.<ref name = Lighthart>[https://academic.oup.com/femsec/article/23/4/263/539429 Lighthart, Bruce. The Ecology of Bacteria in the Alfresco Atmosphere." FEMS Microbial Ecology 23, no. 4 (1997): 263-274.]</ref> The atmosphere itself is vast, with several physical layers that extend up to space that present extremes in temperature, pressure, and UV radiation.<ref>[https://aem.asm.org/content/84/23/e01942-18 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pulschen et. al. "Survival of Extremophilic Yeasts in the Stratospheric Environment during Balloon Flights and in Laboratory Simulations." Environmental Microbiology 84, no. 23 (2018).</ins>]</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bacteria generally arrive in the atmosphere on relatively large particles, since they cling better to these larger particles that form roundish shapes that evaporate easier.<ref name = Lighthart/></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bacteria generally arrive in the atmosphere on relatively large particles, since they cling better to these larger particles that form roundish shapes that evaporate easier.<ref name = Lighthart/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This is a rapidly emerging field of research, with much still to be learned. In the past, researchers assumed that the only microbial life in the atmosphere consisted of dormant spores. As studies demonstrate that they can metabolize the organic matter that is trapped in evaporated water droplet ,<ref name = Behzad/> the need for research into these effects grows.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This is a rapidly emerging field of research, with much still to be learned. In the past, researchers assumed that the only microbial life in the atmosphere consisted of dormant spores. As studies demonstrate that they can metabolize the organic matter that is trapped in evaporated water droplet ,<ref name = Behzad/> the need for research into these effects grows.</div></td></tr>
</table>Robertgallo2021