Avian Malaria in Hawaiian Birds: Difference between revisions

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==Section==
==Plasmodium==
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While malaria is most commonly thought of in terms of the few species that infect humans, there are several hundreds of haemosporidian parasites that infect a variety of vertebrate hosts (Martinsen and Perkins 2013). These parasites are commonly split into five genera: Plasmodium, Hepatocystis, Haemoproteus, Parahaemoproteus, and Leucocoytozoon (Martinsen and Perkins 2013).  Of these genera, species within the Leucocytozoon, Parahaemorptoeus, and Plasmodium genera have been found to infect avian species (Martinsen and Perkins 2013).  Of these, Plasmodium relictum has been devastating the native birds on the island of Hawaii (LaPointe et al 2012). 
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[[Image:malariasym.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Common symptoms in birds with malaria: A: Low hematocrit count, B: Lesions in liver, C: Parasitized red blood cells. By LaPointe, et al.  <ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22320256 LaPointe et al.: Ecology and conservation biology of avian malaria. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2012. 1249:211-226] </ref>]]
[[Image:malariasym.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Common symptoms in birds with malaria: A: Low hematocrit count, B: Lesions in liver, C: Parasitized red blood cells. By LaPointe, et al.  <ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22320256 LaPointe et al.: Ecology and conservation biology of avian malaria. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2012. 1249:211-226] </ref>]]
<br>By Jess Kotnour<br>
<br>By Jess Kotnour<br>

Revision as of 19:01, 24 April 2018

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Plasmodium


While malaria is most commonly thought of in terms of the few species that infect humans, there are several hundreds of haemosporidian parasites that infect a variety of vertebrate hosts (Martinsen and Perkins 2013). These parasites are commonly split into five genera: Plasmodium, Hepatocystis, Haemoproteus, Parahaemoproteus, and Leucocoytozoon (Martinsen and Perkins 2013). Of these genera, species within the Leucocytozoon, Parahaemorptoeus, and Plasmodium genera have been found to infect avian species (Martinsen and Perkins 2013). Of these, Plasmodium relictum has been devastating the native birds on the island of Hawaii (LaPointe et al 2012).

Common symptoms in birds with malaria: A: Low hematocrit count, B: Lesions in liver, C: Parasitized red blood cells. By LaPointe, et al. [1]


By Jess Kotnour

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The native population of Hawaiian birds has recently been devastated by avian malaria. Avian malaria is caused by Plasmodium relictum, a protozoan that is in the same genus as those that infect humans. P. relictum reproduces in the red blood cells of birds, leading to anemia and death. Like the human form of malaria, avian malaria is spread through mosquitos. Unlike other ecosystems, mosquitos were not introduced to Hawaii until 1826, putting the birds at a high risk for mosquito borne diseases such as malaria. Research is currently being done to understand this form of malaria and how native bird populations can be saved from extinction.
Sample citations: [2] [3]

A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.

Section 1

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.

Life cycle of avian malaria in penguin. By Grilo, et al. [4]


Every point of information REQUIRES CITATION using the citation tool shown above.

Section 2

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.

Mortality in Amakihi infected with avian malaria. By Atkinson, et al. [5]


Section 3

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.

Section 4

Conclusion

References



Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski, 2018, Kenyon College.