Balneola vulgaris: Difference between revisions

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==Classification==
==Classification==


===Higher order taxa===
===Higher Order Taxa===


The taxa classification of Prevotellla amnii is the following in the order of Bacteria; Phylum; Class; Order; Family; Genus:
Kingdom; Phylum; Class; Order; Family; Genus:


Bacteroidete; Bacterodia; Bateroidates; Prevotellaceae; Prevotella; Prevotella amnii.
Bacteria; Bacteriodetes; Sphingobacteria; Sphingobacteriales; Crenotrichaceae; Balneola


===Species===
===Species===


Genus species:
Balneola vulgaris


Prevotella amnii
==Description and significance==
 
Balneola vulgaris is an aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, named type strain 13IX/A01/164T. It was isolated from surface waters in the north-western Mediterranean Sea off the coast of France in the Bay of Baynuls-sur-Mer . Cells are motile, straight rods, 2.5 mm long and 0.2 mm wide. Balneola vulgaris forms orange colonies on marine agar medium.
 
Balneola vulgaris 13IX/A01/164T is an interesting addition to the family, Crenotrichaceae, because it does not exhibit the extremophilic qualities of other members. To date, most bacterium in the family Crenotrichaceae have been thermophilic or halophilic, favoring environments that high in heat or high in salt, respectively.
 
==Phylogenetic Affiliation==
The 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced and the sequence was compared to those available in GenBank. Alignments and similarities showed that strain 13IX/A01/164T is phylogentically affiliated to the family Crenotrichaceae within the phylum Bacteroidetes. It is most  closely related to Rhodothermus marinus NR-32T (16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 87 %). Strain 13IX/A01/164T is also closely related to strains of Salinibacter ruber, Thermonema rossianum and Thermonema lapsum.


==Description and significance==
In addition to the strain's affinity for more moderate environmental conditions (in contrast to other members of Crenotrichaceae), the DNA G+C content of strain 13IX/A01/164T was also significantly lower (by 5–24 mol%) than those of related species. Based on these phenotypic and genotypic differences, it was it is proposed that strain 13IX/A01/164T be designated as a representative of a novel species in a new genus belonging to the Crenotrichaceae.
 
==Cell Metabolism==
13IX/A01/164T is an aerobic bacterium, requiring oxygen to oxidize substrates and generate energy. Metabolic test showed that Balneola vulgaris are able to use the following as carbon sources for energy: N-acetylgalactosamine, adonitol, arabinose, arabitol, erythritol, fructose, fucose, glucose, lactulose, maltose, methyl glucoside, sorbitol, acetate, hydroxyphenylacetate and propionate.
 
==Enzyme Activity==
Positive reactions were obtained for tests for the following enzymes: alkaline phosphatase, leucine arylaminidase, valine arylaminidase, trypsin, chymotrypsin and acid phosphatase.


The isolate of this species were found to live in human amniotic fluid. This specie is a rod shaped gram negative bacteria. It is anaerobic, non-spore forming, and non-motile. These cells are about 0.8- 3.0 by 0.5-1.5 µm in size and can be about 1 mm in diameter. These cells appear as white, smooth, and glistening.  
==Ecology==
Balneola vulgaris 13IX/A01/164T grows 10– 40 degrees C (optimum 30 degrees C), pH 5.0–10.0 (optimum pH 8.0), and a salinity range of 0–50 g l-1 (optimum 20 g l -1). These "normal" characteristics are unique; as indicated earlier, most members of the family Crenotrichaceae favor extreme environments.  


==Cell metabolism==
Samples were collected in September 2001 in the bay of Banyuls-sur-Mer (42u 299 N 3u 089 E) by submerging a sterile bottle 0.5m deep and opening it to collect sea water. Balneola vulgaris 13IX/A01/164T was isolated from these water samples.
After conducting some tests and the results show that some of the major end products of glucose metabolism were acetic acid, succinic acid, and small quantities of isovaleric acid, isocuproic acid, and lactic acid. There were also some quantities of fatty acids found like: C13 : 1 (0.4 %), C14 : 0 (0.9 %), iso-C14 : 0 (5.6 %), C15 : 0 (0.3 %), iso-C15 : 0 (16.4 %), anteiso-C15 : 0 (32.3 %), iso-3-OH-C15 : 0 (0.9 %), C16 : 0 (6.4 %), iso-C16 : 0 (9.7 %), 3OH-C16 : 0 (2.0 %), iso-C17 : 0 (3.4 %), anteiso-C17 : 0 (2.9 %), iso-3-OH-C17 : 0 (10.3 %), 2-OH-C17 : 0 (1.1 %), C18 : 0 (1.8 %) and C18 : 1v9c (2.9 %).


==Phylogenetic Affinities==
Banyuls-sur-Mer is a popular tourist location, and is also a location of extensive oceanological research. The bay has no tides and therefore shelters a number of representative species of the Mediterranean. The Arago Laboratory at the Banyls-sur-Mer hosts countless global researchers and students each year to perform research in the areas of biological oceanology and the biology of organisms (micro-organisms, invertebrates and vertebrates).
There were many species from the genus Prevotella analyized compared to Prevotella amnii to see the phylogenetic affinities. Prevotella amnii was determined to be closely related to the species Prevotella bivia, a species found to live in the endometrium and is commonly recovered from patients with pelvic inflammatory diseases. To determine the phylogenetic affinities, the 16S rRNA gene sequence was used and amplified by PCR.  


==Biochemical characteristics==
Prevotella amnii can be distinguished from Prevotella bivia by its ability to produce phosphor-6-β-galactosidase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-galactosides into monosaccharides. and its incapability to produce α-fucosidase and glutamyl-glutamic acid arylamidase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the Glu dipeptide.
==Current Research==
==Current Research==
To identify this species, amniotic fluid was collected from a 29 year old female in 1999 and tested. The fluid was defined as turbid and foul smelling. In another study, amniotic fluid was also collected from a 26 year old female in 2006 and the samples was cultured on Columbia agar enhanced with 5% defibrinated horse blood at 37 ºC. Fermentation tests were performed on the samples.
Balneola vulgaris 13IX/A01/164T and other similar microbes are being studied to examine the biodiversity of microorganisms in Mediterranean sea waters. Scientists are interested in the microorganisms' origin, their role in maintaining the health of ecosystems, and their response to global environmental changes.
After identifying the species, some tests were done and samples were collected from healthy women and from women with pelvic disease. The results show that the organism is found to live in healthy women, but in some unique case, it can be found in some disease processes and should be considered as an emerging “opportunistic pathogen”. It’s also likely that some isolates formally associated with pelvic diseases were identified as Prevotella bivia, when in fact there were strains of Prevotella amnii. Now that can be corrected by looking at the biochemical characteristics of the two species


==References==
==References==
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]
1. Laurent Urios, Helene Agogue ́,Francoise Lesongeur, Erko Stackebrandt, and Philippe Lebaron."Balneola vulgaris gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes from the north-western Mediterranean Sea." ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2006. vol. 56 no. 8 1883-1887. doi:  10.1099/ijs.0.64285-0. file:///Users/ninaschwabe/Documents/20132014/Microbiology%20Lab/Balneola%20vulgaris_web.webarchive


Edited by (Nasra Ali!), student of Rachel Larsen at the University of Southern Maine
2. UPBC Sorbonne Universities. "Banyuls-sur-mer oceanological observatory." Retrieved March 11, 2013 from http://www.upmc.fr/en/university/marine_stations/oceanology_observatory_of_banyuls_sur_mer.html


<!--Do not edit or remove this line.-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Rachel Larsen]]


"Beta-galactosidase." Princeton University. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Mar. 2014.http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Beta-galactosidase.html
Edited by Nina Schwabe, student of Rachel Larsen at the University of Southern Maine


"Glutamylglutamic Arylamidase | Online References | Cyclopaedia.net." Glutamylglutamic Arylamidase | Online References | Cyclopaedia.net. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Mar. 2014. http://en.cyclopaedia.net/wiki/Glutamylglutamic-arylamidase
<!--Do not edit or remove this line.-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Rachel Larsen]]
 
Lawson, Paul A. "International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology."Prevotella Amnii Sp. Nov., Isolated from Human Amniotic Fluid. IJSEM, Jan. 2008. Web. 07 Mar. 2014. http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/content/58/1/89.full
 
"Prevotella Amnii CRIS 21A-A — Classifications." Encyclopedia of Life. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Mar. 2014.http://eol.org/pages/11781948/names

Latest revision as of 23:24, 12 March 2014

This student page has not been curated.

Classification

Higher Order Taxa

Kingdom; Phylum; Class; Order; Family; Genus:

Bacteria; Bacteriodetes; Sphingobacteria; Sphingobacteriales; Crenotrichaceae; Balneola

Species

Balneola vulgaris

Description and significance

Balneola vulgaris is an aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, named type strain 13IX/A01/164T. It was isolated from surface waters in the north-western Mediterranean Sea off the coast of France in the Bay of Baynuls-sur-Mer . Cells are motile, straight rods, 2.5 mm long and 0.2 mm wide. Balneola vulgaris forms orange colonies on marine agar medium.

Balneola vulgaris 13IX/A01/164T is an interesting addition to the family, Crenotrichaceae, because it does not exhibit the extremophilic qualities of other members. To date, most bacterium in the family Crenotrichaceae have been thermophilic or halophilic, favoring environments that high in heat or high in salt, respectively.

Phylogenetic Affiliation

The 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced and the sequence was compared to those available in GenBank. Alignments and similarities showed that strain 13IX/A01/164T is phylogentically affiliated to the family Crenotrichaceae within the phylum Bacteroidetes. It is most closely related to Rhodothermus marinus NR-32T (16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 87 %). Strain 13IX/A01/164T is also closely related to strains of Salinibacter ruber, Thermonema rossianum and Thermonema lapsum.

In addition to the strain's affinity for more moderate environmental conditions (in contrast to other members of Crenotrichaceae), the DNA G+C content of strain 13IX/A01/164T was also significantly lower (by 5–24 mol%) than those of related species. Based on these phenotypic and genotypic differences, it was it is proposed that strain 13IX/A01/164T be designated as a representative of a novel species in a new genus belonging to the Crenotrichaceae.

Cell Metabolism

13IX/A01/164T is an aerobic bacterium, requiring oxygen to oxidize substrates and generate energy. Metabolic test showed that Balneola vulgaris are able to use the following as carbon sources for energy: N-acetylgalactosamine, adonitol, arabinose, arabitol, erythritol, fructose, fucose, glucose, lactulose, maltose, methyl glucoside, sorbitol, acetate, hydroxyphenylacetate and propionate.

Enzyme Activity

Positive reactions were obtained for tests for the following enzymes: alkaline phosphatase, leucine arylaminidase, valine arylaminidase, trypsin, chymotrypsin and acid phosphatase.

Ecology

Balneola vulgaris 13IX/A01/164T grows 10– 40 degrees C (optimum 30 degrees C), pH 5.0–10.0 (optimum pH 8.0), and a salinity range of 0–50 g l-1 (optimum 20 g l -1). These "normal" characteristics are unique; as indicated earlier, most members of the family Crenotrichaceae favor extreme environments.

Samples were collected in September 2001 in the bay of Banyuls-sur-Mer (42u 299 N 3u 089 E) by submerging a sterile bottle 0.5m deep and opening it to collect sea water. Balneola vulgaris 13IX/A01/164T was isolated from these water samples.

Banyuls-sur-Mer is a popular tourist location, and is also a location of extensive oceanological research. The bay has no tides and therefore shelters a number of representative species of the Mediterranean. The Arago Laboratory at the Banyls-sur-Mer hosts countless global researchers and students each year to perform research in the areas of biological oceanology and the biology of organisms (micro-organisms, invertebrates and vertebrates).

Current Research

Balneola vulgaris 13IX/A01/164T and other similar microbes are being studied to examine the biodiversity of microorganisms in Mediterranean sea waters. Scientists are interested in the microorganisms' origin, their role in maintaining the health of ecosystems, and their response to global environmental changes.

References

1. Laurent Urios, Helene Agogue ́,Francoise Lesongeur, Erko Stackebrandt, and Philippe Lebaron."Balneola vulgaris gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes from the north-western Mediterranean Sea." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2006. vol. 56 no. 8 1883-1887. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.64285-0. file:///Users/ninaschwabe/Documents/20132014/Microbiology%20Lab/Balneola%20vulgaris_web.webarchive

2. UPBC Sorbonne Universities. "Banyuls-sur-mer oceanological observatory." Retrieved March 11, 2013 from http://www.upmc.fr/en/university/marine_stations/oceanology_observatory_of_banyuls_sur_mer.html


Edited by Nina Schwabe, student of Rachel Larsen at the University of Southern Maine

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