https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Batrachochytrium_dendrobatidis&feed=atom&action=history
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis - Revision history
2024-03-28T15:15:00Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
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BarichD at 13:29, 13 August 2013
2013-08-13T13:29:49Z
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{Uncurated}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:claire6.jpeg|thumb|120px|right|<b>Figure 1</b>. Chytrid fungus, <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i>.<sup>4</sup>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:claire6.jpeg|thumb|120px|right|<b>Figure 1</b>. Chytrid fungus, <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i>.<sup>4</sup>]]</div></td></tr>
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BarichD
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Batrachochytrium_dendrobatidis&diff=85596&oldid=prev
Cforster1546: /* Morphology */
2013-04-29T05:19:09Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Morphology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===<b>Morphology</b>===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===<b>Morphology</b>===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>B. dendrobatidis</i> is identified by its intracellular flask-shaped [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporangium sporangia] (spore containing bodies) and septate [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalli thalli]. The fungus produces smooth-walled [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoospore zoosporangia] (zoospore containing bodies), which are generally spherical in shape. Each zoosporangium (5.2 ± 0.72 μm<sup>6</sup>) produces a single discharge tube, which penetrates the skin and releases mature zoospores. The zoospores (3-5 μm in diameter) are oval shaped and have a single posterior flagellum (19–20 μm in length), which allows it to move in water. There is little morphological difference in <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> strains.<sup>4</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>7</sup></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>B. dendrobatidis</i> is identified by its intracellular flask-shaped [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporangium sporangia] (spore containing bodies) and septate [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalli thalli]. The fungus produces smooth-walled [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoospore zoosporangia] (zoospore containing bodies), which are generally spherical in shape. Each zoosporangium (5.2 ± 0.72 μm<sup>6</sup>) produces a single discharge tube, which penetrates the skin and releases mature zoospores. The zoospores (3-5 μm in diameter) are oval shaped and have a single posterior flagellum (19–20 μm in length), which allows it to move in water. There is little morphological difference in <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> strains<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, and all strains are pathogenic</ins>.<sup>4</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>7</sup></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===<b>Life Cycle</b>===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===<b>Life Cycle</b>===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:claire7.jpeg|thumb|200px|right|<b>Figure 2</b>. Life Cycle of Chytrid Fungus, <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i>.<sup>14</sup>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:claire7.jpeg|thumb|200px|right|<b>Figure 2</b>. Life Cycle of Chytrid Fungus, <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i>.<sup>14</sup>]]</div></td></tr>
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Cforster1546
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Batrachochytrium_dendrobatidis&diff=85595&oldid=prev
Cforster1546: /* Physiology */
2013-04-29T05:18:20Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Physiology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The survival, growth and reproduction of <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> is highly temperature dependent. Temperature has an effect on mortality rates associated with <i>B. dendrobatidis</i>. <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> can grow in 4-25<sup>o</sup>C, but grows optimally in 17-25<sup>o</sup>C. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen Nitrogen] has a strong effect on the growth of <i>B. dendrobatidis</i>. It is possible that <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> grow in keratinized epidermal cells because they are dead and easier to invade.<sup>5</sup></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The survival, growth and reproduction of <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> is highly temperature dependent. Temperature has an effect on mortality rates associated with <i>B. dendrobatidis</i>. <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> can grow in 4-25<sup>o</sup>C, but grows optimally in 17-25<sup>o</sup>C. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen Nitrogen] has a strong effect on the growth of <i>B. dendrobatidis</i>. It is possible that <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> grow in keratinized epidermal cells because they are dead and easier to invade.<sup>5</sup></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>More than 95% of zoospores stopped moving within 24 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">h </del>and swim less than 2 cm before [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_cyst encysting].<sup>5</sup> <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> cultures grow on autoclaved snakeskin, as well as 1% keratin agar. Cultures grow optimally in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptone tryptone] or [http://www.sheffieldbioscience.com/peptonized_milk/ peptonized milk]. No additional sugars were required when grown in tryptone. <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> produces extracellular [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease proteases] that degraded [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casein casein] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatin gelatin]. The proteases were active against [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/azocasein azocasein] at temperatures between 6–37 <sup>o</sup>C and in a pH range of 6–8. The highest level of activity occurred at temperatures of 23–30 <sup>o</sup>C and at pH 8.<sup>5</sup></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>More than 95% of zoospores stopped moving within 24 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hours </ins>and swim less than 2 cm before [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_cyst encysting].<sup>5</sup> <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> cultures grow on autoclaved snakeskin, as well as 1% keratin agar. Cultures grow optimally in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptone tryptone] or [http://www.sheffieldbioscience.com/peptonized_milk/ peptonized milk]. No additional sugars were required when grown in tryptone. <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> produces extracellular [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease proteases] that degraded [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casein casein] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatin gelatin]. The proteases were active against [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/azocasein azocasein] at temperatures between 6–37 <sup>o</sup>C and in a pH range of 6–8. The highest level of activity occurred at temperatures of 23–30 <sup>o</sup>C and at pH 8.<sup>5</sup></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===<b>Morphology</b>===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===<b>Morphology</b>===</div></td></tr>
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Cforster1546
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Batrachochytrium_dendrobatidis&diff=85591&oldid=prev
Cforster1546: /* Chytridiomycota */
2013-04-29T05:15:32Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Chytridiomycota</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i>==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i>==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===<br><b>Chytridiomycota</b>===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===<br><b>Chytridiomycota</b>===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Chytridiomycota make up a monophyletic group of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoospore zoosporic] fungi phylogenetically related to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus true fungi], in contrast to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudofungi pseudofungi].<sup>16</sup> There is a single class, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chytridiomycetes Chytridiomycetes], and five orders: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chytridiales Chytridiales], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spizellomycetales Spizellomycetales], [https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocladiales Blastocladiales], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoblepharidomycetes Monoblepharidales], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocallimastigomycota Neocallimastigales].<sup>17</sup> <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> is the only member of this phylum to cause disease in a vertebrate.<sup>8</sup> Collectively, the Chytridiomycota are often referred to as chytrids. Chytrid fossils are known from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynie_chert Devonian Rhynie Chert], which is a 480 milllion year old sedimentary deposit.<sup>18</sup> Chytrid fungi are found primarily in soil and water. They are [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Saprobes saprobes], which use substrates like [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detritus detritus] and keratin. Some members of the chytrid family are [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facultative_anaerobic_organism facultative] or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligate_anaerobe obligate anaerobes]. Many are parasites of other fungi, algae, vascular plants, nematodes, or insects. Many also live in freshwater as aquatic saprobes. Chytrids have mitochondria with flattened [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crista cristae], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall cell walls] composed of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucan glucan] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin chitin]. <sup>24</sup> It is the only <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mem- ber </del>of this phylum to cause disease in a vertebrate.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Chytridiomycota make up a monophyletic group of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoospore zoosporic] fungi phylogenetically related to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus true fungi], in contrast to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudofungi pseudofungi].<sup>16</sup> There is a single class, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chytridiomycetes Chytridiomycetes], and five orders: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chytridiales Chytridiales], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spizellomycetales Spizellomycetales], [https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocladiales Blastocladiales], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoblepharidomycetes Monoblepharidales], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocallimastigomycota Neocallimastigales].<sup>17</sup> <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> is the only member of this phylum to cause disease in a vertebrate.<sup>8</sup> Collectively, the Chytridiomycota are often referred to as chytrids. Chytrid fossils are known from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynie_chert Devonian Rhynie Chert], which is a 480 milllion year old sedimentary deposit.<sup>18</sup> Chytrid fungi are found primarily in soil and water. They are [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Saprobes saprobes], which use substrates like [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detritus detritus] and keratin. Some members of the chytrid family are [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facultative_anaerobic_organism facultative] or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligate_anaerobe obligate anaerobes]. Many are parasites of other fungi, algae, vascular plants, nematodes, or insects. Many also live in freshwater as aquatic saprobes. Chytrids have mitochondria with flattened [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crista cristae], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall cell walls] composed of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucan glucan] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin chitin]. <sup>24</sup> It is the only <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">member </ins>of this phylum to cause disease in a vertebrate.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===<b>Physiology</b>===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===<b>Physiology</b>===</div></td></tr>
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Cforster1546
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Batrachochytrium_dendrobatidis&diff=85521&oldid=prev
Cforster1546: /* References */
2013-04-29T03:27:39Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:27, 29 April 2013</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/10/12/03-0804_article.htm 6. Weldon, C., du Preez, L. H., Hyatt, A. D., Muller, R., and Speare, R. "Origin of the amphibian chytrid fungus." Emerging infectious diseases 10.12 (2004): 2100.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/10/12/03-0804_article.htm 6. Weldon, C., du Preez, L. H., Hyatt, A. D., Muller, R., and Speare, R. "Origin of the amphibian chytrid fungus." Emerging infectious diseases 10.12 (2004): 2100.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.jstor.org/stable/3761366 7. Longcore, J. E., Pessier A. P., and Nichols, D. K. "Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis gen. et sp. nov., a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians." Mycologia (1999): 219-227.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.jstor.org/stable/3761366 7. Longcore, J. E., Pessier A. P., and Nichols, D. K. "<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>gen. et sp. nov., a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians." Mycologia (1999): 219-227.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/dao/v68/n1/p51-63/ 8. Berger, L., Hyatt, A. D., Speare, R., and Longcore, J. E. "Life cycle stages of the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis." Diseases of aquatic organisms 68 (2005): 51-63]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/dao/v68/n1/p51-63/ 8. Berger, L., Hyatt, A. D., Speare, R., and Longcore, J. E. "Life cycle stages of the amphibian chytrid <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i></ins>." Diseases of aquatic organisms 68 (2005): 51-63]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5952/582.short 9. Voyles, J., Young, S., Berger, L., Campbell, C., Voyles, W. F., Dinudom, A., Cook, D., Webb, R., Alford, R. A., Skerratt, L. F., and Speare, R. "Pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis, a cause of catastrophic amphibian declines." Science 326.5952 (2009): 582-585.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5952/582.short 9. Voyles, J., Young, S., Berger, L., Campbell, C., Voyles, W. F., Dinudom, A., Cook, D., Webb, R., Alford, R. A., Skerratt, L. F., and Speare, R. "Pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis, a cause of catastrophic amphibian declines." Science 326.5952 (2009): 582-585.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15584413 10. Rachowicz, L. J., and Vredenburg, V. T. "Transmission of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis within and between amphibian life stages." Diseases of aquatic organisms 61 (2004): 75-83.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15584413 10. Rachowicz, L. J., and Vredenburg, V. T. "Transmission of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>within and between amphibian life stages." Diseases of aquatic organisms 61 (2004): 75-83.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1686185/ 11. Garner, T. W., Perkins, M. W., Govindarajulu, P., Seglie, D., Walker, S., Cunningham, A. A., and Fisher, M. C. "The emerging amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis globally infects introduced populations of the North American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana." Biology Letters 2.3 (2006): 455-459.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1686185/ 11. Garner, T. W., Perkins, M. W., Govindarajulu, P., Seglie, D., Walker, S., Cunningham, A. A., and Fisher, M. C. "The emerging amphibian pathogen <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>globally infects introduced populations of the North American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana." Biology Letters 2.3 (2006): 455-459.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14960039 12. Johnson, M. L., Berger, L., Phillips, L., and Speare, R. "Fungicidal effects of chemical disinfectants, UV light, desiccation and heat on the amphibian chytrid, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis." Diseases of aquatic organisms 57 (2003): 255-260.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14960039 12. Johnson, M. L., Berger, L., Phillips, L., and Speare, R. "Fungicidal effects of chemical disinfectants, UV light, desiccation and heat on the amphibian chytrid, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i></ins>." Diseases of aquatic organisms 57 (2003): 255-260.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.flickr.com/photos/briangratwicke/5414255485/ 13. Photo by Brian Gratwicke]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.flickr.com/photos/briangratwicke/5414255485/ 13. Photo by Brian Gratwicke]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/chytrids.html 18. Speer, B. R. "Introduction to the Chytridiomycota." Introduction to the Chytridiomycota. University of California, Berkeley- University of California Museam of Paleontology, 26 Jan. 1998. Web. 17 Apr. 2013.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/chytrids.html 18. Speer, B. R. "Introduction to the Chytridiomycota." Introduction to the Chytridiomycota. University of California, Berkeley- University of California Museam of Paleontology, 26 Jan. 1998. Web. 17 Apr. 2013.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2004.tb11137.x/abstract 19. Berger, L. R., Speare, H. B., Hines, G., Marantelli, A. D., Hyatt, K. R., McDonald, L. F., Skerratt, V., Olsen, J. M., Clarke, G., Gillespie, M., Mahony, N., Sheppard, C., Williams, M. J., Tyler. Effect of season and temperature on mortality in amphibians due to chytridiomycosis Australian Veterinary Journal 82 (7)(2004): 434 - 439]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2004.tb11137.x/abstract 19. Berger, L. R., Speare, H. B., Hines, G., Marantelli, A. D., Hyatt, K. R., McDonald, L. F., Skerratt, V., Olsen, J. M., Clarke, G., Gillespie, M., Mahony, N., Sheppard, C., Williams, M. J., Tyler. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"</ins>Effect of season and temperature on mortality in amphibians due to chytridiomycosis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">" </ins>Australian Veterinary Journal 82 (7)(2004): 434 - 439]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020351 20. Retallick R. W. R., H. McCallum H, R. Speare. Endemic infection of the amphibian chytrid fungus in a frog community post-decline. PLoS Biology 2(11) (2004): 1965–1971]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020351 20. Retallick R. W. R., H. McCallum H, R. Speare. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"</ins>Endemic infection of the amphibian chytrid fungus in a frog community post-decline<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"</ins>. PLoS Biology 2(11) (2004): 1965–1971]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18815743 21. Retallick, R. W. R. and Miera, V. "Strain differences in the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and non-permanent, sub-lethal effects of infection". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 75 (2007): 201 – 207.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18815743 21. Retallick, R. W. R. and Miera, V. "Strain differences in the amphibian chytrid <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>and non-permanent, sub-lethal effects of infection". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 75 (2007): 201 – 207.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10393-005-8337-8 22. Simoncelli, F., A. Fagotti, R. Dall’’Olio, D. Vagnetti, R. Pascolini and I. Di Rosa. "Evidence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection in Water Frogs of the Rana esculenta Complex in Central Italy EcoHealth" 2 (2005): 307–312.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10393-005-8337-8 22. Simoncelli, F., A. Fagotti, R. Dall’’Olio, D. Vagnetti, R. Pascolini and I. Di Rosa. "Evidence of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>Infection in Water Frogs of the Rana esculenta Complex in Central Italy EcoHealth" 2 (2005): 307–312.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17140139 23. Garcia, T. S. J. M. Romansic, A. R. Blaustein. "Survival of three species of anuran metamorphs exposed to UV-B radiation and the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 72 (2006): 163–169.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17140139 23. Garcia, T. S. J. M. Romansic, A. R. Blaustein. "Survival of three species of anuran metamorphs exposed to UV-B radiation and the pathogenic fungus <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i></ins>". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 72 (2006): 163–169.]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.biologyreference.com/Fo-Gr/Fungi.html#ixzz2QnLEJCo9 24. Norvell, L. L. "Biology Reference." Fungi. Biology Reference, n.d. Web. 18 Apr. 2013.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.biologyreference.com/Fo-Gr/Fungi.html#ixzz2QnLEJCo9 24. Norvell, L. L. "Biology Reference." Fungi. Biology Reference, n.d. Web. 18 Apr. 2013.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00461.x/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false 25. Bosch, J., and Rincón, P. A. "Chytridiomycosis‐mediated expansion of Bufo bufo in a montane area of Central Spain: an indirect effect of the disease." Diversity and Distributions 14.4 (2008): 637-643]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00461.x/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false 25. Bosch, J., and Rincón, P. A. "Chytridiomycosis‐mediated expansion of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>Bufo bufo<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>in a montane area of Central Spain: an indirect effect of the disease." Diversity and Distributions 14.4 (2008): 637-643]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/313/5783/48 26. Mendelson, J.R., Lips, K.R., Gagliardo, R.W., Rabb, G.B., Collins, J.P., Diffendorfer, J.E., Daszak, P., Ibanez, R., Zippel, K.C., Lawson, D.P., Wright, K.M., Stuart, S.N., Gascon, C., da Silva, H.R., Burrowes, P.A., Joglar, R.L., La Marca, E., Lotters, S., du Preez, L.H., Weldon, C., Hyatt, A., Rodriguez-Mahecha, J.V., Hunt, S., Robertson, H., Lock, B., Raxworthy, C.J., Frost, D.R., Lacy, R.C., Alford, R.A., Campbell, J.A., Parra-Olea, G., Bolanos, F., Domingo, J.J.C., Halliday, T., Murphy, J.B., Wake, M.H., Coloma, L.A., Kuzmin, S.L., Price, M.S., Howell, K.M., Lau, M., Pethiyagoda, R., Boone, M., Lannoo, M.J., Blaustein, A.R., Dobson, A., Griffiths, R.A., Crump, M.L., Wake, D.B., Brodie, E.D Biodiversity-Confronting amphibian declines and extinctions." Science 313.5783 (2006): 48-48.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/313/5783/48 26. Mendelson, J.R., Lips, K.R., Gagliardo, R.W., Rabb, G.B., Collins, J.P., Diffendorfer, J.E., Daszak, P., Ibanez, R., Zippel, K.C., Lawson, D.P., Wright, K.M., Stuart, S.N., Gascon, C., da Silva, H.R., Burrowes, P.A., Joglar, R.L., La Marca, E., Lotters, S., du Preez, L.H., Weldon, C., Hyatt, A., Rodriguez-Mahecha, J.V., Hunt, S., Robertson, H., Lock, B., Raxworthy, C.J., Frost, D.R., Lacy, R.C., Alford, R.A., Campbell, J.A., Parra-Olea, G., Bolanos, F., Domingo, J.J.C., Halliday, T., Murphy, J.B., Wake, M.H., Coloma, L.A., Kuzmin, S.L., Price, M.S., Howell, K.M., Lau, M., Pethiyagoda, R., Boone, M., Lannoo, M.J., Blaustein, A.R., Dobson, A., Griffiths, R.A., Crump, M.L., Wake, D.B., Brodie, E.D <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"</ins>Biodiversity-Confronting amphibian declines and extinctions." Science 313.5783 (2006): 48-48.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19402457 27. Garner, T. W., G. Garcia, B. Carroll, and M. C. Fisher. "Using itraconazole to clear Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection, and subsequent depigmentation of Alytes muletensis tadpoles." Diseases of aquatic organisms 83.3 (2009): 257.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19402457 27. Garner, T. W., G. Garcia, B. Carroll, and M. C. Fisher. "Using itraconazole to clear <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>infection, and subsequent depigmentation of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>Alytes muletensis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>tadpoles." Diseases of aquatic organisms 83.3 (2009): 257.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-1090.2008.00043.x/full 28. Gagliardo, R., P. Crump, E. Griffith, J. Mendelson, H. Ross, and K. Zippel. "The principles of rapid response for amphibian conservation, using the programmes in Panama as an example." International Zoo Yearbook 42.1 (2008): 125-135.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-1090.2008.00043.x/full 28. Gagliardo, R., P. Crump, E. Griffith, J. Mendelson, H. Ross, and K. Zippel. "The principles of rapid response for amphibian conservation, using the programmes in Panama as an example." International Zoo Yearbook 42.1 (2008): 125-135.]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.pnas.org/content/107/21/9695.short 29. Briggs, C. J., Knapp, R. A., and Vredenburg, V. T. "Enzootic and epizootic dynamics of the chytrid fungal pathogen of amphibians." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107.21 (2010): 9695-9700.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.pnas.org/content/107/21/9695.short 29. Briggs, C. J., Knapp, R. A., and Vredenburg, V. T. "Enzootic and epizootic dynamics of the chytrid fungal pathogen of amphibians." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107.21 (2010): 9695-9700.]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.jwildlifedis.org/content/46/1/70.short 30. Stice, M. J., and Briggs, C. J. "Immunization is ineffective at preventing infection and mortality due to the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis." Journal of wildlife diseases 46.1 (2010): 70-77.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.jwildlifedis.org/content/46/1/70.short 30. Stice, M. J., and Briggs, C. J. "Immunization is ineffective at preventing infection and mortality due to the amphibian chytrid fungus <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i></ins>." Journal of wildlife diseases 46.1 (2010): 70-77.]</div></td></tr>
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</table>
Cforster1546
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Batrachochytrium_dendrobatidis&diff=85519&oldid=prev
Cforster1546: /* References */
2013-04-29T03:22:25Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:22, 29 April 2013</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15235903 2. Parris, M. J., and Beaudoin, J. G. "Chytridiomycosis impacts predator-prey interactions in larval amphibian communities." Oecologia 140.4 (2004): 626-632.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15235903 2. Parris, M. J., and Beaudoin, J. G. "Chytridiomycosis impacts predator-prey interactions in larval amphibian communities." Oecologia 140.4 (2004): 626-632.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://eprints-dev.jcu.edu.au/6216/ 3. Webb, R., Mendez, D., Berger, L., and Speare, R. "Virulence of the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis varies with the strain." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 68.1 (2005): 47.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://eprints-dev.jcu.edu.au/6216/ 3. Webb, R., Mendez, D., Berger, L., and Speare, R. "Virulence of the amphibian chytrid fungus <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>varies with the strain." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 68.1 (2005): 47.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/9/8/03-0145_article.htm 4. Johnson, M. L., and Speare, R. "Survival of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in water: quarantine and disease control implications." Emerging Infectious Diseases 9.8 (2003): 922.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/9/8/03-0145_article.htm 4. Johnson, M. L., and Speare, R. "Survival of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>in water: quarantine and disease control implications." Emerging Infectious Diseases 9.8 (2003): 922.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21148822 5. Piotrowski, J. S., Annis S. L., and Longcore J. E. "Physiology of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid pathogen of amphibians." Mycologia 96.1 (2004): 9-15.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21148822 5. Piotrowski, J. S., Annis S. L., and Longcore J. E. "Physiology of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i></ins>, a chytrid pathogen of amphibians." Mycologia 96.1 (2004): 9-15.]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/10/12/03-0804_article.htm 6. Weldon, C., du Preez, L. H., Hyatt, A. D., Muller, R., and Speare, R. "Origin of the amphibian chytrid fungus." Emerging infectious diseases 10.12 (2004): 2100.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/10/12/03-0804_article.htm 6. Weldon, C., du Preez, L. H., Hyatt, A. D., Muller, R., and Speare, R. "Origin of the amphibian chytrid fungus." Emerging infectious diseases 10.12 (2004): 2100.]</div></td></tr>
</table>
Cforster1546
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Batrachochytrium_dendrobatidis&diff=85516&oldid=prev
Cforster1546: /* Methods of Control */
2013-04-29T03:14:45Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Methods of Control</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:14, 29 April 2013</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Methods of Control==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Methods of Control==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:claire8.jpeg|thumb|300px|right|<b>Figure 4</b>. Table 2 showing the effect of different UV light and Dessication treatments on <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> survival<sup>12</sup> (Reproduced by permission of Inter-Research)]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:claire8.jpeg|thumb|300px|right|<b>Figure 4</b>. Table 2 showing the effect of different UV light and Dessication treatments on <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> survival<sup>12</sup> (Reproduced by permission of Inter-Research)]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></del>In captive organisms, chytridiomycosis can be treated successfully by antifungal medication. There are a variety of different antifungals used, but one of the most common involves a series of baths in the antifungal drug [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itraconazole itraconazole].<sup>27</sup> Itraconazole baths have been used successfully in rescue operations in the wild. Amphibians from populations that are experiencing deaths to chytridiomycosis are captured and treated.<sup>28</sup> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In captive organisms, chytridiomycosis can be treated successfully by antifungal medication. There are a variety of different antifungals used, but one of the most common involves a series of baths in the antifungal drug [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itraconazole itraconazole].<sup>27</sup> Itraconazole baths have been used successfully in rescue operations in the wild. Amphibians from populations that are experiencing deaths to chytridiomycosis are captured and treated.<sup>28</sup> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>A number of physical and chemical disinfectants can cause 100% mortality in <i>B. dendrobatidis</i>. The fungus is highly sensitive to heat and died within 4 hours at 37<sup>o</sup>C. Figure 4, desiccation also proved successful for some of its treatments. UV light exposure did not kill 100% of the <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> for any of the tested exposure times. Many chemical methods proved useful. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol Ethanol] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virkon Virkon] both killed 100% of <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> within 30 seconds. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite Sodium hyperchlorite] was useful, as was [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didecyldimethylammonium_chloride Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride] (DDAC). DDAC is promoted as being environmentally safe and is used in agriculture and in forestry. [http://www.chemicalize.org/structure/#!mol=Dithane Dithane] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehyde Formaldehyde] were not as effective. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride Sodium chloride] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_permanganate potassium permanganate] were also not as effective.<sup>12</sup> Treatment is not always fully successful and some methods are not tolerated well by amphibians. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>A number of physical and chemical disinfectants can cause 100% mortality in <i>B. dendrobatidis</i>. The fungus is highly sensitive to heat and died within 4 hours at 37<sup>o</sup>C. Figure 4, desiccation also proved successful for some of its treatments. UV light exposure did not kill 100% of the <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> for any of the tested exposure times. Many chemical methods proved useful. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol Ethanol] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virkon Virkon] both killed 100% of <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> within 30 seconds. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite Sodium hyperchlorite] was useful, as was [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didecyldimethylammonium_chloride Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride] (DDAC). DDAC is promoted as being environmentally safe and is used in agriculture and in forestry. [http://www.chemicalize.org/structure/#!mol=Dithane Dithane] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehyde Formaldehyde] were not as effective. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride Sodium chloride] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_permanganate potassium permanganate] were also not as effective.<sup>12</sup> Treatment is not always fully successful and some methods are not tolerated well by amphibians. </div></td></tr>
</table>
Cforster1546
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Batrachochytrium_dendrobatidis&diff=85514&oldid=prev
Cforster1546: /* References */
2013-04-29T03:14:17Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-1090.2008.00043.x/full 28. Gagliardo, R., P. Crump, E. Griffith, J. Mendelson, H. Ross, and K. Zippel. "The principles of rapid response for amphibian conservation, using the programmes in Panama as an example." International Zoo Yearbook 42.1 (2008): 125-135.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-1090.2008.00043.x/full 28. Gagliardo, R., P. Crump, E. Griffith, J. Mendelson, H. Ross, and K. Zippel. "The principles of rapid response for amphibian conservation, using the programmes in Panama as an example." International Zoo Yearbook 42.1 (2008): 125-135.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.pnas.org/content/107/21/9695.short 29. Briggs, C. J., Knapp, R. A., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">& </del>Vredenburg, V. T. "Enzootic and epizootic dynamics of the chytrid fungal pathogen of amphibians." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107.21 (2010): 9695-9700.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.pnas.org/content/107/21/9695.short 29. Briggs, C. J., Knapp, R. A., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </ins>Vredenburg, V. T. "Enzootic and epizootic dynamics of the chytrid fungal pathogen of amphibians." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107.21 (2010): 9695-9700.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.jwildlifedis.org/content/46/1/70.short 30. Stice, M. J., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">& </del>Briggs, C. J. "Immunization is ineffective at preventing infection and mortality due to the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis." Journal of wildlife diseases 46.1 (2010): 70-77.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.jwildlifedis.org/content/46/1/70.short 30. Stice, M. J., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </ins>Briggs, C. J. "Immunization is ineffective at preventing infection and mortality due to the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis." Journal of wildlife diseases 46.1 (2010): 70-77.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by Claire Forster</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by Claire Forster</div></td></tr>
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Cforster1546
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Batrachochytrium_dendrobatidis&diff=85513&oldid=prev
Cforster1546: /* References */
2013-04-29T03:13:15Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:13, 29 April 2013</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/313/5783/48 26. Mendelson, J.R., Lips, K.R., Gagliardo, R.W., Rabb, G.B., Collins, J.P., Diffendorfer, J.E., Daszak, P., Ibanez, R., Zippel, K.C., Lawson, D.P., Wright, K.M., Stuart, S.N., Gascon, C., da Silva, H.R., Burrowes, P.A., Joglar, R.L., La Marca, E., Lotters, S., du Preez, L.H., Weldon, C., Hyatt, A., Rodriguez-Mahecha, J.V., Hunt, S., Robertson, H., Lock, B., Raxworthy, C.J., Frost, D.R., Lacy, R.C., Alford, R.A., Campbell, J.A., Parra-Olea, G., Bolanos, F., Domingo, J.J.C., Halliday, T., Murphy, J.B., Wake, M.H., Coloma, L.A., Kuzmin, S.L., Price, M.S., Howell, K.M., Lau, M., Pethiyagoda, R., Boone, M., Lannoo, M.J., Blaustein, A.R., Dobson, A., Griffiths, R.A., Crump, M.L., Wake, D.B., Brodie, E.D Biodiversity-Confronting amphibian declines and extinctions." Science 313.5783 (2006): 48-48.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/313/5783/48 26. Mendelson, J.R., Lips, K.R., Gagliardo, R.W., Rabb, G.B., Collins, J.P., Diffendorfer, J.E., Daszak, P., Ibanez, R., Zippel, K.C., Lawson, D.P., Wright, K.M., Stuart, S.N., Gascon, C., da Silva, H.R., Burrowes, P.A., Joglar, R.L., La Marca, E., Lotters, S., du Preez, L.H., Weldon, C., Hyatt, A., Rodriguez-Mahecha, J.V., Hunt, S., Robertson, H., Lock, B., Raxworthy, C.J., Frost, D.R., Lacy, R.C., Alford, R.A., Campbell, J.A., Parra-Olea, G., Bolanos, F., Domingo, J.J.C., Halliday, T., Murphy, J.B., Wake, M.H., Coloma, L.A., Kuzmin, S.L., Price, M.S., Howell, K.M., Lau, M., Pethiyagoda, R., Boone, M., Lannoo, M.J., Blaustein, A.R., Dobson, A., Griffiths, R.A., Crump, M.L., Wake, D.B., Brodie, E.D Biodiversity-Confronting amphibian declines and extinctions." Science 313.5783 (2006): 48-48.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19402457 27. Garner, T. W., G. Garcia, B. Carroll, and M. C. Fisher. "Using itraconazole to clear Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection, and subsequent depigmentation of Alytes muletensis tadpoles." Diseases of aquatic organisms 83.3 (2009): 257.]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-1090.2008.00043.x/full 28. Gagliardo, R., P. Crump, E. Griffith, J. Mendelson, H. Ross, and K. Zippel. "The principles of rapid response for amphibian conservation, using the programmes in Panama as an example." International Zoo Yearbook 42.1 (2008): 125-135.]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://www.pnas.org/content/107/21/9695.short 29. Briggs, C. J., Knapp, R. A., & Vredenburg, V. T. "Enzootic and epizootic dynamics of the chytrid fungal pathogen of amphibians." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107.21 (2010): 9695-9700.]</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://www.jwildlifedis.org/content/46/1/70.short 30. Stice, M. J., & Briggs, C. J. "Immunization is ineffective at preventing infection and mortality due to the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis." Journal of wildlife diseases 46.1 (2010): 70-77.]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by Claire Forster</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by Claire Forster</div></td></tr>
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Cforster1546
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Batrachochytrium_dendrobatidis&diff=85512&oldid=prev
Cforster1546: /* Methods of Control */
2013-04-29T03:12:30Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Methods of Control</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:12, 29 April 2013</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Methods of Control==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Methods of Control==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:claire8.jpeg|thumb|300px|right|<b>Figure 4</b>. Table 2 showing the effect of different UV light and Dessication treatments on <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> survival<sup>12</sup> (Reproduced by permission of Inter-Research)]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:claire8.jpeg|thumb|300px|right|<b>Figure 4</b>. Table 2 showing the effect of different UV light and Dessication treatments on <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> survival<sup>12</sup> (Reproduced by permission of Inter-Research)]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A number of physical and chemical disinfectants can cause 100% mortality in <i>B. dendrobatidis</i>. The fungus is highly sensitive to heat and died within 4 hours at 37<sup>o</sup>C. Figure 4, desiccation also proved successful for some of its treatments. UV light exposure did not kill 100% of the <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> for any of the tested exposure times. Many chemical methods proved useful. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol Ethanol] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virkon Virkon] both killed 100% of <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> within 30 seconds. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite Sodium hyperchlorite] was useful, as was [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didecyldimethylammonium_chloride Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride] (DDAC). DDAC is promoted as being environmentally safe and is used in agriculture and in forestry. [http://www.chemicalize.org/structure/#!mol=Dithane Dithane] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehyde Formaldehyde] were not as effective. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride Sodium chloride] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_permanganate potassium permanganate] were also not as effective.<sup>12</sup></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br>In captive organisms, chytridiomycosis can be treated successfully by antifungal medication. There are a variety of different antifungals used, but one of the most common involves a series of baths in the antifungal drug [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itraconazole itraconazole].<sup>27</sup> Itraconazole baths have been used successfully in rescue operations in the wild. Amphibians from populations that are experiencing deaths to chytridiomycosis are captured and treated.<sup>28</sup> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></ins>A number of physical and chemical disinfectants can cause 100% mortality in <i>B. dendrobatidis</i>. The fungus is highly sensitive to heat and died within 4 hours at 37<sup>o</sup>C. Figure 4, desiccation also proved successful for some of its treatments. UV light exposure did not kill 100% of the <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> for any of the tested exposure times. Many chemical methods proved useful. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol Ethanol] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virkon Virkon] both killed 100% of <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> within 30 seconds. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite Sodium hyperchlorite] was useful, as was [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didecyldimethylammonium_chloride Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride] (DDAC). DDAC is promoted as being environmentally safe and is used in agriculture and in forestry. [http://www.chemicalize.org/structure/#!mol=Dithane Dithane] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehyde Formaldehyde] were not as effective. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride Sodium chloride] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_permanganate potassium permanganate] were also not as effective.<sup>12<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></sup> Treatment is not always fully successful and some methods are not tolerated well by amphibians. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br>Currently there are no good methods of treatment available for wild organisms. It is incredibly difficult to get enough antifungal medication into the environment to treat <i>B. dendrobatidis</i> infection. One strategy proposed is to treat some of an infected wild population in order to reduce the intensity of infection overall.<sup>29</sup> There is no evidence currently that suggests a vaccine is a viable method of control.<sup>30</ins></sup></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td></tr>
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Cforster1546