https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium&feed=atom&action=historyBifidobacterium - Revision history2024-03-29T01:53:34ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium&diff=54350&oldid=prevBarichD at 21:46, 23 July 20102010-07-23T21:46:57Z<p></p>
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</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium&diff=53712&oldid=prevGriffinh: Added notes on probiotics2010-04-28T15:14:05Z<p>Added notes on probiotics</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Bifidobacteria'' as well as other beneficial bacteria can be found in fermented dairy foods, especially yogurt. Eating substances rich with these probiotics is a sort of home remedy for diarrhea, vaginitis, and yeast infections because it promotes the growth of these as opposed to other bacteria. B. infantis has been proven to dramatically reduce irritable bowel sydrome (IBS) in patients and if given alone can almost normalize the patient.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Bifidobacteria'' as well as other beneficial bacteria can be found in fermented dairy foods, especially yogurt. Eating substances rich with these probiotics is a sort of home remedy for diarrhea, vaginitis, and yeast infections because it promotes the growth of these as opposed to other bacteria. B. infantis has been proven to dramatically reduce irritable bowel sydrome (IBS) in patients and if given alone can almost normalize the patient.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bifidobacteria are considered as important probiotics and used in the food industry to relieve and treat many intestinal disorders. Bifidobacteria exert a range of beneficial health effects, including the regulation of intestinal microbial homeostasis, the inhibition of pathogens and harmful bacteria that colonize and/or infect the gut mucosa, the modulation of local and systemic immune responses, the repression of procarcinogenic enzymatic activities within the microbiota, the production of vitamins, and the bioconversion of a number of dietary compounds into bioactive molecules.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.postgradmed.com/issues/2005/05_05/harrisons.htm Isselbacher, Kurt J. Irritable bowel syndrome: the possible benefits of probiotics. Post Graduate Medicine. vol 117, no.5 (2005).]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.postgradmed.com/issues/2005/05_05/harrisons.htm Isselbacher, Kurt J. Irritable bowel syndrome: the possible benefits of probiotics. Post Graduate Medicine. vol 117, no.5 (2005).]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Griffinhhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium&diff=5446&oldid=prevBarichD at 13:45, 16 August 20062006-08-16T13:45:36Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:bifidobacterium.jpg|frame|right|''Bifidobacterium adolescentis''. From [http://sci.agr.ca/crda/indust/microscope_e.htm The Food Research and Development Centre in Canada, Diane Montpetit]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:bifidobacterium.jpg|frame|right|''Bifidobacterium adolescentis''. From [http://sci.agr.ca/crda/indust/microscope_e.htm The Food Research and Development Centre in Canada, Diane Montpetit]]]</div></td></tr>
</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium&diff=5003&oldid=prevBarichD at 13:55, 14 August 20062006-08-14T13:55:07Z<p></p>
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</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium&diff=1844&oldid=prevSlonczewski: /* Ecology */2006-06-01T20:44:55Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Ecology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While'' Bifidobacterium infantis, B. brevi, ''and ''B. longum ''are the largest bacteria <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">group </del>in the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">intestines </del>of infants, ''Bifidobacteria'' are said to be only the 3rd or 4th largest group <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of bacteria </del>in adults (and only 3-6% of adult fecal flora). The number of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">these bacteria </del>actually decline in the human body with age. In infants who are breast-fed, ''Bifidobacteria'' constitute about 90% of their intestinal bacteria; however, this number is lower in bottle-fed infants. When breast-fed infants' diets are changed to cows milk and solid food, ''Bifidobacteria'' are joined by rising numbers of other bacteria found in the human body such as ''Bacteroides'' and ''Streptococci lactobacilli''. The lower number of ''Bifidobacteria ''in formula-fed babies might account for a higher risk of diarrhea and allergies that is usually associated with babies who aren't breast-fed; in addition, because ''Bifidobacteria'' produces lactic acid instead of gas (like ''E. coli)'', infants and people in general with more ''Bifidobacteria'' than other bacteria will have less gas and digestive problems. There is also a significant difference in the incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in the children receiving probiotic-supplemented (inriched with ''Bifidobacterium'') formula (16%) than nonsupplemented formula (31%).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While'' Bifidobacterium infantis, B. brevi, ''and ''B. longum ''are the largest <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">group of </ins>bacteria in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">intestine </ins>of infants, ''Bifidobacteria'' are said to be only the 3rd or 4th largest group in adults (and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">comprise </ins>only 3-6% of adult fecal flora). The number of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''Bifidobacteria'' </ins>actually decline in the human body with age. In infants who are breast-fed, ''Bifidobacteria'' constitute about 90% of their intestinal bacteria; however, this number is lower in bottle-fed infants. When breast-fed infants' diets are changed to cows milk and solid food, ''Bifidobacteria'' are joined by rising numbers of other bacteria found in the human body such as ''Bacteroides'' and ''Streptococci lactobacilli''. The lower number of ''Bifidobacteria ''in formula-fed babies might account for a higher risk of diarrhea and allergies that is usually associated with babies who aren't breast-fed; in addition, because ''Bifidobacteria'' produces lactic acid instead of gas (like ''E. coli)'', infants and people in general with more ''Bifidobacteria'' than other bacteria will have less gas and digestive problems. There is also a significant difference in the incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in the children receiving probiotic-supplemented (inriched with ''Bifidobacterium'') formula (16%) than nonsupplemented formula (31%).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Bifidobacteria'' as well as other beneficial bacteria can be found in fermented dairy foods, especially yogurt. Eating substances rich with these probiotics is a sort of home remedy for diarrhea, vaginitis, and yeast infections because it promotes the growth of these as opposed to other bacteria. B. infantis has been proven to dramatically reduce irritable bowel sydrome (IBS) in patients and if given alone can almost normalize the patient.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Bifidobacteria'' as well as other beneficial bacteria can be found in fermented dairy foods, especially yogurt. Eating substances rich with these probiotics is a sort of home remedy for diarrhea, vaginitis, and yeast infections because it promotes the growth of these as opposed to other bacteria. B. infantis has been proven to dramatically reduce irritable bowel sydrome (IBS) in patients and if given alone can almost normalize the patient.</div></td></tr>
</table>Slonczewskihttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium&diff=1804&oldid=prevTashiror at 19:43, 1 June 20062006-06-01T19:43:44Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:bifidobacterium.jpg<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:bifidobacterium.jpg<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|frame|right|</ins>''Bifidobacterium adolescentis''. From [http://sci.agr.ca/crda/indust/microscope_e.htm The Food Research and Development Centre in Canada, Diane Montpetit<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Bifidobacterium adolescentis''. From [http://sci.agr.ca/crda/indust/microscope_e.htm The Food Research and Development Centre in Canada, Diane Montpetit ]</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Classification==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Classification==</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Bifidobacterium'' is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, branched rod-shaped bacterium. In the intestines, they ferment sugars to produce lactic acid. The ''B. longum'' genome codes for many proteins specialized for the catabolism of oligosaccharides. This bacterium also is able to use so-called "nondigestible" plant polymers or host-derived glycoproteins and glycoconjugates; it is thought that ''Bifidobacterium's'' ability to compete with other gastrointestinal bacteria and occupy a large percentage in the bacterial flora of the gastrointestinal region might be partly due to the large variety of molecules that it is able to use for energy (Schell ''et al''. 2002). ''Bifidobacteria'' have a unique hexose metabolism that occurs through a phosphoketolase pathway. This pathway, called the bifid shunt, uses the key enzyme frutose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase (F6PPK) and is the generally used as a diagnostic test for this ''Bifidobacteria'' because it's not found in other gram-positive intestinal bacteria.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Bifidobacterium'' is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, branched rod-shaped bacterium. In the intestines, they ferment sugars to produce lactic acid. The ''B. longum'' genome codes for many proteins specialized for the catabolism of oligosaccharides. This bacterium also is able to use so-called "nondigestible" plant polymers or host-derived glycoproteins and glycoconjugates; it is thought that ''Bifidobacterium's'' ability to compete with other gastrointestinal bacteria and occupy a large percentage in the bacterial flora of the gastrointestinal region might be partly due to the large variety of molecules that it is able to use for energy (Schell ''et al''. 2002). ''Bifidobacteria'' have a unique hexose metabolism that occurs through a phosphoketolase pathway. This pathway, called the bifid shunt, uses the key enzyme frutose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase (F6PPK) and is the generally used as a diagnostic test for this ''Bifidobacteria'' because it's not found in other gram-positive intestinal bacteria.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:bifido_on_colon.jpg<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:bifido_on_colon.jpg<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|frame|center|</ins>''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bifidobacterium</ins>'' cells on colon epithelium. From [http://www.6pr.pl/coe/midi/data/505.html Centre of Excellence for Knowledge Transfer, Research and Education in Food and Health for Central and Eastern Europe<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''Bi''</del>''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fidobacterium</del>'' cells on colon epithelium. From [http://www.6pr.pl/coe/midi/data/505.html Centre of Excellence for Knowledge Transfer, Research and Education in Food and Health for Central and Eastern Europe]</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
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</table>Tashirorhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium&diff=1803&oldid=prevTashiror: /* Description and Significance */2006-06-01T19:41:56Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Description and Significance</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and Significance==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and Significance==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Bifidobacteria'', called probiotics, are a natural part of the bacterial flora in the human body and have a symbiotic bacteria-host relationship with humans. ''B. longum'' promotes good digestion, boosts the immune system, and produces lactic and acetic acid that controls intestinal pH. These bacteria also inhibit the growth of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del>Candida albicans, ''E. coli'', and other bacteria that have more pathogenic qualities than ''Bifidobacteria.''</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Bifidobacteria'', called probiotics, are a natural part of the bacterial flora in the human body and have a symbiotic bacteria-host relationship with humans. ''B. longum'' promotes good digestion, boosts the immune system, and produces lactic and acetic acid that controls intestinal pH. These bacteria also inhibit the growth of Candida albicans, ''E. coli'', and other bacteria that have more pathogenic qualities than ''Bifidobacteria.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome Structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome Structure==</div></td></tr>
</table>Tashirorhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium&diff=1802&oldid=prevTashiror: /* Description and Significance */2006-06-01T19:41:27Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Description and Significance</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:41, 1 June 2006</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Bifidobacteria'', called probiotics, are a natural part of the bacterial flora in the human body and have a symbiotic bacteria-host relationship with humans. ''B. longum'' promotes good digestion, boosts the immune system, and produces lactic and acetic acid that controls intestinal pH. These bacteria also inhibit the growth of ''Candida albicans, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del>''E. coli'', and other bacteria that have more pathogenic qualities than ''Bifidobacteria.''</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Bifidobacteria'', called probiotics, are a natural part of the bacterial flora in the human body and have a symbiotic bacteria-host relationship with humans. ''B. longum'' promotes good digestion, boosts the immune system, and produces lactic and acetic acid that controls intestinal pH. These bacteria also inhibit the growth of ''Candida albicans, ''E. coli'', and other bacteria that have more pathogenic qualities than ''Bifidobacteria.''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome Structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome Structure==</div></td></tr>
</table>Tashirorhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bifidobacterium&diff=1801&oldid=prevTashiror at 19:41, 1 June 20062006-06-01T19:41:02Z<p></p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>[[Image:bifidobacterium.jpg]]<br />
<br />
''Bifidobacterium adolescentis''. From [http://sci.agr.ca/crda/indust/microscope_e.htm The Food Research and Development Centre in Canada, Diane Montpetit ]<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
===Higher order taxa:===<br />
Bacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria (class); Actinobacteridae; Bifidobacteriales; Bifidobacteriaceae<br />
<br />
===Species:===<br />
''B. angulatum; B. animalis; B. asteroides; B. bifidum; B. boum; B. breve; B. catenulatum; B. choerinum; B. coryneforme; B. cuniculi; B. dentium; B. gallicum; B. gallinarum; B indicum; B. longum; B. magnum; B. merycicum; B. minimum; B. pseudocatenulatum; B. pseudolongum; B. psychraerophilum; B. pullorum; B. ruminantium; B. saeculare; B. scardovii; B. simiae; B. subtile; B. thermacidophilum; B. thermophilum; B. urinalis; B. sp. ''<br />
<br />
==Description and Significance==<br />
<br />
''Bifidobacteria'', called probiotics, are a natural part of the bacterial flora in the human body and have a symbiotic bacteria-host relationship with humans. ''B. longum'' promotes good digestion, boosts the immune system, and produces lactic and acetic acid that controls intestinal pH. These bacteria also inhibit the growth of ''Candida albicans, ''''E. coli'', and other bacteria that have more pathogenic qualities than ''Bifidobacteria.''<br />
<br />
==Genome Structure==<br />
<br />
The circular chromosome of ''Bifidobacterium longum'' has a genome approximately 2,260,000 bp in length with a 60% G-C content. More research is being done on sequencing other species of ''Bifidobacterium'', especially to understand its probiotic qualities.<br />
<br />
==Cell Structure and Metabolism==<br />
<br />
''Bifidobacterium'' is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, branched rod-shaped bacterium. In the intestines, they ferment sugars to produce lactic acid. The ''B. longum'' genome codes for many proteins specialized for the catabolism of oligosaccharides. This bacterium also is able to use so-called "nondigestible" plant polymers or host-derived glycoproteins and glycoconjugates; it is thought that ''Bifidobacterium's'' ability to compete with other gastrointestinal bacteria and occupy a large percentage in the bacterial flora of the gastrointestinal region might be partly due to the large variety of molecules that it is able to use for energy (Schell ''et al''. 2002). ''Bifidobacteria'' have a unique hexose metabolism that occurs through a phosphoketolase pathway. This pathway, called the bifid shunt, uses the key enzyme frutose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase (F6PPK) and is the generally used as a diagnostic test for this ''Bifidobacteria'' because it's not found in other gram-positive intestinal bacteria.<br />
<br />
[[Image:bifido_on_colon.jpg]]<br />
<br />
''Bi''''fidobacterium'' cells on colon epithelium. From [http://www.6pr.pl/coe/midi/data/505.html Centre of Excellence for Knowledge Transfer, Research and Education in Food and Health for Central and Eastern Europe]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
<br />
While'' Bifidobacterium infantis, B. brevi, ''and ''B. longum ''are the largest bacteria group in the intestines of infants, ''Bifidobacteria'' are said to be only the 3rd or 4th largest group of bacteria in adults (and only 3-6% of adult fecal flora). The number of these bacteria actually decline in the human body with age. In infants who are breast-fed, ''Bifidobacteria'' constitute about 90% of their intestinal bacteria; however, this number is lower in bottle-fed infants. When breast-fed infants' diets are changed to cows milk and solid food, ''Bifidobacteria'' are joined by rising numbers of other bacteria found in the human body such as ''Bacteroides'' and ''Streptococci lactobacilli''. The lower number of ''Bifidobacteria ''in formula-fed babies might account for a higher risk of diarrhea and allergies that is usually associated with babies who aren't breast-fed; in addition, because ''Bifidobacteria'' produces lactic acid instead of gas (like ''E. coli)'', infants and people in general with more ''Bifidobacteria'' than other bacteria will have less gas and digestive problems. There is also a significant difference in the incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in the children receiving probiotic-supplemented (inriched with ''Bifidobacterium'') formula (16%) than nonsupplemented formula (31%).<br />
<br />
''Bifidobacteria'' as well as other beneficial bacteria can be found in fermented dairy foods, especially yogurt. Eating substances rich with these probiotics is a sort of home remedy for diarrhea, vaginitis, and yeast infections because it promotes the growth of these as opposed to other bacteria. B. infantis has been proven to dramatically reduce irritable bowel sydrome (IBS) in patients and if given alone can almost normalize the patient.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[http://www.jcge.com/pt/re/jclngastro/abstract.00004836-200505000-00009.htm;jsessionid=CFkXcMzZSMNq9CNL7OxjIXC02JsoHhRaWvVVtSItE2HBkuRvA77k!512964740!-949856031!9001!-1 Correa, Naflesia B. O MD, Peret Filho, Luciano A MD, PhD, Penna, Francisco J MD, PhD, Lima, Fatima M. L. S MD , Nicoli, Jacques R PhD. A Randomized Formula Controlled Trial of Bifidobacterium lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus for Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in Infants. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 39(5):385-389, May/June 2005.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.mycustompak.com/healthNotes/Supp/Probiotics.htm Healthnotes: Probiotics. 2002. ]<br />
<br />
[http://genome.jgi-psf.org/draft_microbes/biflo/biflo.home.html Doe Joint Genome Institute: Bifidobacterium longum. 2004 ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.inra.fr/Internet/Departements/bia/recherche/colloques/ECCB-2003/posters/pdf/Compa_Leahy_20030528_172857.pdf Leahy, S, ''et al''. "The genome sequence of ''Bifidobacterium breve''." University College Cork, Ireland. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/10_02/bifido.shtml Reinert, Birgit. Friendly tenants in the human gut: The genome of B. longum. 2002. Genome News Network.]<br />
<br />
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12381787&dopt=Abstract Schell, Mark A., ''et al''. 2002. "The genome sequence of ''Bifidobacterium longum ''reflects its adaptation to the human gastrointestinal tract." Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, Vol. 99, No. 22. 14422-14427. ]<br />
<br />
[http://www.nutritionfocus.com/nutrition_supplementation/other_supplements/probiotics/bifidobacterium.html Nutritionfocus: ''Bifidobacterium'']<br />
<br />
[http://www.postgradmed.com/issues/2005/05_05/harrisons.htm Isselbacher, Kurt J. Irritable bowel syndrome: the possible benefits of probiotics. Post Graduate Medicine. vol 117, no.5 (2005).]</div>Tashiror