https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bioremediation&feed=atom&action=historyBioremediation - Revision history2024-03-28T18:22:37ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bioremediation&diff=132749&oldid=prevKmscow: /* Primary substrate utilization */2018-03-12T03:47:44Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Primary substrate utilization</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==='''Primary substrate utilization'''===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==='''Primary substrate utilization'''===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><b>Primary substrate utilization</b> occurs when a microbe both transforms a substrate and uses it as an energy or carbon source. [15] An electron acceptor is required for these transformations. It can be anaerobic or aerobic, although the presence of oxygen tends to speed up reactions. This <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">form </del>of biodegradation <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">can be used for treating </del>petroleum <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">spills or the runoff of a number of </del>pesticides. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The rate of reaction follows the guidelines in the previous section, where a higher concentration leads to a higher rate. [15]</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><b>Primary substrate utilization</b> occurs when a microbe both transforms a substrate and uses it as an energy or carbon source. [15] An electron acceptor is required for these transformations. It can be anaerobic or aerobic, although the presence of oxygen tends to speed up reactions. This <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">type </ins>of biodegradation <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is common in break down of </ins>petroleum <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">compounds and some </ins>pesticides.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==='''Cometabolism (Secondary Substrate Utilization)'''===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==='''Cometabolism (Secondary Substrate Utilization)'''===</div></td></tr>
</table>Kmscowhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bioremediation&diff=132748&oldid=prevKmscow: /* Cometabolism (Secondary Substrate Utilization) */2018-03-12T03:46:43Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Cometabolism (Secondary Substrate Utilization)</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==='''Cometabolism (Secondary Substrate Utilization)'''===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==='''Cometabolism (Secondary Substrate Utilization)'''===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><b>Cometabolism</b> involves the transformation of a chemical by an organism while the organism uses a different substance as its primary energy or carbon source [14]<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. This is a technique often used when the substrate by itself is considered non-biodegradable, and can only be transformed with another compound</del>. During the actual reaction degrading the substance, the organism has no net carbon or energy gain, and may even result in a product <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">with no use to the organism or </del>which is toxic to the cell [14]<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. However, it is often difficult to tell whether microorganisms have a second substrate available during their transformations [23]. Cometabolism occurs in parallel with metabolism, not instead of</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><b>Cometabolism</b> involves the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fortuitous </ins>transformation of a chemical by an organism while the organism uses a different substance as its primary energy or carbon source [14]. During the actual reaction degrading the substance, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it appears that </ins>the organism <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">involved </ins>has no net carbon or energy gain, and may even result in a product which is toxic to the cell [14]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A key example of cometabolism is fortuitous metabolism in the degradation of trichloroethylene, shown in the diagram below. An organic growth substrate such as propane or butane is required for the enzymatic activity that transforms TCE. [14]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A key example of cometabolism is fortuitous metabolism in the degradation of trichloroethylene, shown in the diagram below. An organic growth substrate such as propane or butane is required for the enzymatic activity that transforms TCE. [14]</div></td></tr>
</table>Kmscowhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bioremediation&diff=132747&oldid=prevKmscow: /* Bioaugmentation */2018-03-12T02:53:04Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Bioaugmentation</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===='''Bioaugmentation'''====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===='''Bioaugmentation'''====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bioaugmentation is the addition of non-native microorganisms that have the ability to degrade the contaminants that are recalcitrant to the indigenous microbiota. Bioaugmentation has been proven successful in cleaning organic pollutant, but still faces many environmental problems, such as the survival of strains introduced to soil[37]. The number of introduced microorganisms usually decreases shortly after soil inoculation<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, when the pollutant has been heavily removed. But the introduced species may linger for long periods of time, a wider use of non-natives runs the possible risk of creating a monoculture in the soil</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bioaugmentation is the addition of non-native microorganisms that have the ability to degrade the contaminants that are recalcitrant to the indigenous microbiota. Bioaugmentation has been proven successful in cleaning organic pollutant, but still faces many environmental problems, such as the survival of strains introduced to soil[37]. The number of introduced microorganisms usually decreases shortly after soil inoculation. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bioaugmentation is ideal for soil:</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bioaugmentation is ideal for soil:</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. Containing compounds requiring multi stepped remediation.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. Containing compounds requiring multi stepped remediation.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Augmentation techniques have a great potential for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Aromatic_compounds aromatic compound] remediation. The most important step in successful bioaugmentation is selection of proper microbial strains. The success of bioaugmentation strongly depends on the ability of inoculants to survive in contaminated soil, which may vary due to predation and an environment that does <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">not identically mimic </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lab it was grown in</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Augmentation techniques have a great potential for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Aromatic_compounds aromatic compound] remediation. The most important step in successful bioaugmentation is selection of proper microbial strains. The success of bioaugmentation strongly depends on the ability of inoculants to survive in contaminated soil, which may vary due to predation and an environment that does <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">provide all </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">conditions and nutrients that the organism needs to survive. In some cases the environment may be toxic to the added organism</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===='''Land Farming'''====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===='''Land Farming'''====</div></td></tr>
</table>Kmscowhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bioremediation&diff=132746&oldid=prevKmscow: /* Metal Bioleaching */2018-03-12T02:49:36Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Metal Bioleaching</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===='''Biostimulation'''====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===='''Biostimulation'''====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This method involves the addition of nutrients to a polluted site in order to encourage the growth of naturally occurring chemical-degrading microorganisms[31]. Biostimulation is primarily done by the addition of various nutrients that are limited in the soil as well as electron acceptors, such as phosphorus, nitrogen and oxygen, or increasing the amount of available carbon in order to increase the population or activity of naturally occurring microorganisms. Other approaches are to optimize environmental conditions such as aeration, the addition of nutrients, altering pH and temperature control [32]. The primary advantage of biostimulation is that it is done by native microorganisms that are well-suited to the environment, and are already well distributed spatially. The challenge is delivering additives so they are readily available to the subsurface microbes.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This method involves the addition of nutrients to a polluted site in order to encourage the growth of naturally occurring chemical-degrading microorganisms[31]. Biostimulation is primarily done by the addition of various nutrients that are limited in the soil as well as electron acceptors, such as phosphorus, nitrogen and oxygen, or increasing the amount of available carbon in order to increase the population or activity of naturally occurring microorganisms. Other approaches are to optimize environmental conditions such as aeration, the addition of nutrients, altering pH and temperature control [32]. The primary advantage of biostimulation is that it is done by native microorganisms that are well-suited to the environment, and are already well distributed spatially. The challenge is delivering additives so they are readily available to the subsurface microbes.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">===='''Metal Bioleaching'''====</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Metal bioleaching is the extraction of metals from soils utilizing a biological source such as microbes. This technique was first developed to extract minerals from ores. Specific microorganisms like Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and T. thiooxidans promote the metals’ solubilization. Several species of fungi are used for bioleaching. These remediation fungi can also produced in a lab. Two prevalent fungal strains ([https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Aspergillus_niger Aspergillus Niger], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium_simplicissimum Penicillium Simplicissimum]) are capable of mobilizing metals such as copper, tin, aluminium, nickel, palladium, and zinc[33], which will make them much easier to remove from the soil.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===='''Metal Biosorption'''====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===='''Metal Biosorption'''====</div></td></tr>
</table>Kmscowhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bioremediation&diff=132745&oldid=prevKmscow: /* Advantages */2018-03-12T02:48:19Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Advantages</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:48, 12 March 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==='''Advantages'''===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==='''Advantages'''===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1. Bioremediation is a publicly accepted treatment of polluted soil because it is based upon natural processes. Microbes that metabolize contaminants increase in population when the contaminant is present. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The inverse </del>is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">true, degradation of the contaminant causes population declines of those microbes</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Usually </del>the products from treatment are harmless; such as carbon dioxide, water, and cellular biomass. [12]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1. Bioremediation <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that involves natural attenuation or biostimulation </ins>is a publicly accepted treatment of polluted soil because it is based upon natural processes. Microbes that metabolize contaminants <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">often </ins>increase in population when the contaminant is present <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and thus rates of biodegradation may increase over time, up to a point</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">If biodegradation </ins>is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">complete (i.e</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mineralization) </ins>the products from treatment are harmless; such as carbon dioxide, water, and cellular biomass. [12]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bioremediation is theoretically meant to completely degrade a wide range </del>of pollutants into harmless products on site. This removes the risks involved with transportation for treatment and elimination of contaminated substances. [12]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In situ bioremediation can result in complete degradation </ins>of pollutants into harmless products on site. This removes the risks involved with transportation for treatment and elimination of contaminated substances. [12]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>3<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Bioremediation is meant to completely eliminate specific pollutants without the risks of transferring contaminants from one environmental medium to another (land, air, water). [12]</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>3. Bioremediation can be a cheaper alternative to other technologies used for pollution mitigation. [12]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4</del>. Bioremediation can be a cheaper alternative to other technologies used for pollution mitigation. [12]</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==='''Disadvantages'''===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==='''Disadvantages'''===</div></td></tr>
</table>Kmscowhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bioremediation&diff=121003&oldid=prevKmscow: /* Factors Affecting Rates of Biodegradation */2016-03-22T02:09:45Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Factors Affecting Rates of Biodegradation</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:09, 22 March 2016</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A greater amount of substituents will cause slower degradation in aerobic environments, but faster degradation in anaerobic ones. Chlorine makes a molecule less degradable due to steric hindrance preventing access to necessary enzymes, therefore molecules with higher chlorination are slower to degrade in aerobic conditions. High concentration of a pollutant generally results in faster rates of degradation. If the concentration drops below a threshold concentration, the enzymes may not detect it and will cease to degrade it [26].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A greater amount of substituents will cause slower degradation in aerobic environments, but faster degradation in anaerobic ones. Chlorine makes a molecule less degradable due to steric hindrance preventing access to necessary enzymes, therefore molecules with higher chlorination are slower to degrade in aerobic conditions. High concentration of a pollutant generally results in faster rates of degradation. If the concentration drops below a threshold concentration, the enzymes may not detect it and will cease to degrade it [26].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The rate at which a compound is transformed, as well as the curves that describe its transformation, is referred to as kinetics, and is affected by all factors listed above. First order kinetics (logarithmic biodegradation) is often used when the substrate concentration is high enough that microbes can easily access it, while zero-order kinetics (linear biodegradation) is often observed when the substrate concentration is very small. If the concentration falls below a threshold, the microbes can no longer transform it and the concentration levels out.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Soil with small pores, especially clays, may cause biodegradation to take years due to the decrease in bioavailability. Chlorine makes a molecule less degradable due to steric hindrance preventing necessary enzymes from accessing the compound, therefore molecules with higher chlorination are slower to degrade.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Soil with small pores, especially clays, may cause biodegradation to take years due to the decrease in bioavailability. Chlorine makes a molecule less degradable due to steric hindrance preventing necessary enzymes from accessing the compound, therefore molecules with higher chlorination are slower to degrade<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The power rate model <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gives an empirical approach to </del>the relationship between concentration and rate of degradation:</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The rate at which a compound is transformed, as well as the curves that describe its transformation, is referred to as kinetics, and is affected by all factors listed above. First order kinetics (exponential decay) often describes biodegradation when the initial substrate concentration is low, while zero-order kinetics (linear biodegradation) is often observed when the substrate concentration is very high. In some cases if the concentration of the chemical falls below a critical threshold concentration, the microbes can no longer transform it and the chemical persists</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The power rate model <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">depicting </ins>the relationship between concentration and rate of degradation <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(first order decay here) is as follows</ins>:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>-dC/dt = kC^n</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>-dC/dt = kC^n</div></td></tr>
</table>Kmscowhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bioremediation&diff=121002&oldid=prevKmscow: /* Examples of studies of Archaea involved in bioremediation */2016-03-22T02:05:39Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Examples of studies of Archaea involved in bioremediation</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Four extreme halophilic strains of archaea (belonging to genus ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobacterium Halobacterium]'', ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloferax Haloferax]'', and ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halococcus Halococcus]'') were studied to evaluate their potential to biodegrade crude oil and hydrocarbons. [5] All four strains could use various kinds of hydrocarbons as their carbon or energy sources [5]. Two strains of Haloferax grew on n-alkanes with different lengths, ranging from C8 to C34, and also benzene, toluene, biphenyl, and naphthalene. The research demonstrated the important fact that archaea have potential to carry out biodegradation at high temperatures, in the range of 40-45 °C [5], which is advantageous because hydrocarbons have higher solubility and bioavailability at these higher temperature [10]. The four strains studied were resistant to six different antibiotics, including penicillin, streptomycin, cycloheximide [5] and this gave them the potential to carry out biodegradation in conditions unfavorable for bacteria. Research suggests other genera of archaea are also capable of biodegrading in hypersaline environments [6]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Four extreme halophilic strains of archaea (belonging to genus ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobacterium Halobacterium]'', ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloferax Haloferax]'', and ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halococcus Halococcus]'') were studied to evaluate their potential to biodegrade crude oil and hydrocarbons. [5] All four strains could use various kinds of hydrocarbons as their carbon or energy sources [5]. Two strains of Haloferax grew on n-alkanes with different lengths, ranging from C8 to C34, and also benzene, toluene, biphenyl, and naphthalene. The research demonstrated the important fact that archaea have potential to carry out biodegradation at high temperatures, in the range of 40-45 °C [5], which is advantageous because hydrocarbons have higher solubility and bioavailability at these higher temperature [10]. The four strains studied were resistant to six different antibiotics, including penicillin, streptomycin, cycloheximide [5] and this gave them the potential to carry out biodegradation in conditions unfavorable for bacteria. Research suggests other genera of archaea are also capable of biodegrading in hypersaline environments [6]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halococcus Archaeglobus] fulgidus'', a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthermophile hyperthermophile] <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">with ability to reduce </del>sulfate, can <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">be used to </del>break down various aromatic hydrocarbons (Peeples, 2014).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halococcus Archaeglobus] fulgidus'', a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthermophile hyperthermophile] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which can use </ins>sulfate <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as an electron acceptor</ins>, can <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">also </ins>break down various aromatic hydrocarbons (Peeples, 2014).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=='''Microbial Processes'''==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=='''Microbial Processes'''==</div></td></tr>
</table>Kmscowhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bioremediation&diff=121001&oldid=prevKmscow: /* Example Studies of Archaea involved in bioremediation */2016-03-22T02:04:04Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Example Studies of Archaea involved in bioremediation</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:04, 22 March 2016</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>- Some archaea are known to be resistant to variety of antibiotics, including penicillin, cycloheximide, streptomycin, etc, which gives them great advantage in participating in bioremediation in the presence of antibiotics [5].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>- Some archaea are known to be resistant to variety of antibiotics, including penicillin, cycloheximide, streptomycin, etc, which gives them great advantage in participating in bioremediation in the presence of antibiotics [5].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===='''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Example Studies </del>of Archaea involved in bioremediation'''====</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===='''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Examples of studies </ins>of Archaea involved in bioremediation'''====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Al-Mailem et al. examined the ability of four </del>extreme halophilic strains (belonging to genus ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobacterium Halobacterium]'', ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloferax Haloferax]'', and ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halococcus Halococcus]'') <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">collected from Arabian Gulf (two from soils and two from water) </del>to biodegrade crude oil and hydrocarbons. [5]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Four </ins>extreme halophilic strains <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of archaea </ins>(belonging to genus ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobacterium Halobacterium]'', ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloferax Haloferax]'', and ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halococcus Halococcus]'') <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">were studied to evaluate their potential </ins>to biodegrade crude oil and hydrocarbons. [5] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> All </ins>four strains <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">could </ins>use various kinds of hydrocarbons as their carbon or energy <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sources </ins>[5]. Two strains of Haloferax grew on n-alkanes with different lengths, ranging from C8 to C34, and also benzene, toluene, biphenyl, and naphthalene. The research <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">demonstrated </ins>the important fact that archaea <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">have </ins>potential to carry out biodegradation <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">at </ins>high <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">temperatures</ins>, in the range of 40-45 °C [5], which is advantageous because hydrocarbons have higher solubility and bioavailability at <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">these </ins>higher temperature [10]. The four strains studied were resistant to six different antibiotics, including penicillin, streptomycin, cycloheximide [5] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and this gave </ins>them <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </ins>potential to carry out biodegradation in conditions unfavorable for bacteria. Research suggests <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>other <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">genera </ins>of archaea <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are </ins>also capable of biodegrading in hypersaline environments [6]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The results indicated that all </del>four strains <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">have ability to </del>use various kinds of hydrocarbons as their carbon or energy <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">source </del>[5]. Two strains of Haloferax grew on n-alkanes with different lengths, ranging from C8 to C34, and also <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the aromatics including </del>benzene, toluene, biphenyl, and naphthalene. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Although Halobacterium and Halococcus strains used less variety of hydrocarbons for growth compared to the two Haloferax strains, they could still utilize short to medium length n-alkanes and aromatics including benzene, toluene, naphthalene, and p-Hydroxybenzoic acid.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The research <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">also points out </del>the important fact that archaea <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">has </del>potential to carry out biodegradation <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in </del>high <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">temperature</del>, in the range of 40-45 °C [5], which is advantageous because hydrocarbons have higher solubility and bioavailability at higher temperature [10]. The four strains studied were resistant to six different antibiotics, including penicillin, streptomycin, cycloheximide [5]<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Their resistance to these antibiotics give </del>them potential to carry out biodegradation in conditions unfavorable for bacteria.</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Research suggests <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that there are </del>other <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">genus </del>of archaea also capable of biodegrading in hypersaline environments<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. For example, it was found that Genus ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halococcus Haloarcula]'' strain D1 can grow using 4-hydroxybenzoic acid as both carbon and energy source. </del>[6]</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halococcus Archaeglobus] fulgidus'', a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthermophile hyperthermophile] with ability to reduce sulfate, can be used to break down various aromatic hydrocarbons (Peeples, 2014).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halococcus Archaeglobus] fulgidus'', a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthermophile hyperthermophile] with ability to reduce sulfate, can be used to break down various aromatic hydrocarbons (Peeples, 2014).</div></td></tr>
</table>Kmscowhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bioremediation&diff=121000&oldid=prevKmscow at 01:58, 22 March 20162016-03-22T01:58:36Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:58, 22 March 2016</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Curated}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Curated}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Through agriculture, industry, and daily life, harmful chemicals have been released into the earth’s air, soil, and water. Depending on <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the concentration of </del>these substances<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, this </del>can <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cause </del>destructive consequences <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to an area’s ecosystem</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </del>severe damage to humans and other organisms nearby. Soil pollution is of special importance <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in studies </del>because groundwater contamination and can easily spread and be consumed by humans<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Biodegradation and bioremediation are the two main techniques of mitigating contaminated soil</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Through agriculture, industry, and daily life, harmful chemicals have been released into the earth’s air, soil, and water. Depending on <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">their concentrations, </ins>these substances can <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">have </ins>destructive consequences <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">on ecosystems</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as well as cause </ins>severe damage to humans and other organisms nearby. Soil pollution is of special importance because <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of its impact on surface, </ins>groundwater <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and air </ins>contamination and can easily spread and be consumed by humans. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Bioremediation_images.jpeg|upright=3|thumb|Retrieved from Tiedje, J. M. (1993). Bioremediation from an ecological perspective. In situ bioremediation: When does it work, 110-120.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Bioremediation_images.jpeg|upright=3|thumb|Retrieved from Tiedje, J. M. (1993). Bioremediation from an ecological perspective. In situ bioremediation: When does it work, 110-120.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><b><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bioremediation</del></b> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">refers to </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">use </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">microorganisms to degrade contaminants that pose environmental </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">especially human risks</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Due </del>to its <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">safety and convenience</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it has become an accepted remedy for cleaning polluted soil </del>[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1</del>]. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bioremediation processes typically involve many different microbes acting </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">parallel or sequence to complete </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">degradation process. The versatility </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">microbes to degrade a vast array of pollutants makes bioremediation </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">technology that can be applied in different soil conditions </del>[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3</del>].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><b><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Biodegradation</ins></b> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">biologically catalyzed modification </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">an organic chemical's structure. However, this modification can be through different metabolic pathways </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">does not necessarily mean a reduction in toxicity</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mineralization, one type of biodegradation, is defined as the conversion of an organic substance </ins>to its <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">inorganic constituents</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rendering the original compound harmless. </ins>[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">23</ins>]. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Transformation is defined as any metabolically-induced change </ins>in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">chemical composition </ins>of a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">compound </ins>[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">14</ins>].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><b><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Biodegradation</del></b> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">biologically catalyzed reduction </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">complexity </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">chemicals</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">However, this reduction </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">complexity does not necessarily mean a reduction </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">toxicity, </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it </del>can be <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">performed </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a variety of ways. Mineralization is the specific process when an organic substance is converted to an inorganic form, and immobilization or assimilation when an inorganic substance is made organic </del>[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">23</del>]. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Transformation </del>is a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">change in the chemical makeup of a compound </del>[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">14</del>].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><b><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bioremediation</ins></b> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">refers to the use of microorganisms to degrade contaminants that pose environmental and human risks. Bioremediation processes typically involve </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">actions </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">many different microbes acting </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">parallel or sequence to complete the degradation process</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Both </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">situ (</ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">place) and ex situ (removal </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">treatment in another place) remediation approaches are used. The versatility of microbes to degrade a vast array of pollutants makes bioremediation a technology that </ins>can be <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">applied </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">different soil conditions </ins>[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3</ins>]. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Though it can be inexpensive and in situ approaches can reduce disruptive engineering practices, bioremediation </ins>is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">still not </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">common practice </ins>[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1</ins>].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A widely used approach to bioremediation involves stimulating a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">group of organisms in order to shift the microbial ecology toward the desired process</del>. This is termed <b>biostimulation.</b> Biostimulation can be achieved through changes in pH, moisture, aeration, or <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nutrient </del>additions. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The other widely used </del>approach is termed <b>bioaugmentation</b>, where organisms selected for high degradation abilities are used to inoculate the contaminated site [3]. These two approaches are not mutually exclusive- they can be used simultaneously.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A widely used approach to bioremediation involves stimulating <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">naturally occurring microbial communities, providing them with nutrients and other needs, to break down </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">contaminant</ins>. This is termed <b>biostimulation.</b> Biostimulation can be achieved through changes in pH, moisture, aeration, or additions <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of electron donors, electron acceptors or nutrients</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Another bioremediation </ins>approach is termed <b>bioaugmentation</b>, where organisms selected for high degradation abilities are used to inoculate the contaminated site [3]. These two approaches are not mutually exclusive- they can be used simultaneously.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Recent awareness of the dangers of many chemicals has led to formulation of products that are more easily degraded in the environment.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Recent awareness of the dangers of many chemicals <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">used in society </ins>has led to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">research on </ins>formulation of products that are more easily degraded in the environment.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>From an ecological point of view, bioremediation depends on the various interactions between three factors: substrate (pollutant), organisms, and environment, as shown in the figure at right [4]. The interactions of these factors affect biodegradability, bioavailability, and physiological requirements, which are important in assessing the feasibility of bioremediation [4]. <b>Biodegradability</b>, or whether a chemical can be degraded or not, is determined by the presence or absence of organisms that are able to degrade a chemical of interest and how widespread these organisms are in the site [4]. The substrate (pollutant) can interact with its surrounding environment to change its <b>bioavailability</b>, or availability to organisms that are capable of degrading it; for example, substrate has low bioavailability if it is tightly bound to soil organic matter or trapped inside aggregates [4]. <b>Physiological requirements</b>, or set of conditions required by organisms to carry out bioremediation in the environment, include nutrient availability, optimal pH, and availability of electron acceptors, such as oxygen and nitrate [4]. Also, the environment needs to be habitable for organisms involved in bioremediation [4].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>From an ecological point of view, bioremediation depends on the various interactions between three factors: substrate (pollutant), organisms, and environment, as shown in the figure at right [4]. The interactions of these factors affect biodegradability, bioavailability, and physiological requirements, which are important in assessing the feasibility of bioremediation [4]. <b>Biodegradability</b>, or whether a chemical can be degraded or not, is determined by the presence or absence of organisms that are able to degrade a chemical of interest and how widespread these organisms are in the site [4]. The substrate (pollutant) can interact with its surrounding environment to change its <b>bioavailability</b>, or availability to organisms that are capable of degrading it; for example, substrate has low bioavailability if it is tightly bound to soil organic matter or trapped inside aggregates [4]. <b>Physiological requirements</b>, or set of conditions required by organisms to carry out bioremediation in the environment, include nutrient availability, optimal pH, and availability of electron acceptors, such as oxygen and nitrate [4]. Also, the environment needs to be habitable for organisms involved in bioremediation [4].</div></td></tr>
</table>Kmscowhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bioremediation&diff=120691&oldid=prevYnakayama: /* References */2016-03-15T02:48:13Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>38<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">) </del>Land Farming. (n.d.). Retrieved March 13, 2016, from http://www.cpeo.org/techtree/ttdescript/lanfarm.htm</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
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