Bradyrhizobium japonicum: Difference between revisions

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==Pathology==
==Pathology==
''Bradyrhizobium japonicum'' uses its extracellular carbohydrate structures to gain entry into the host root cell.  It produces polysaccharide degrading enzymes in order to hydrolyze the cell wall.  Specifically polyalacturonase and variants of carboxymethylcellulase cleave glycosidic bonds of the host cell wall polymers.  These create erosion pits in the epidermal cells of the root, which allow for entry into the host root cells.  These enzymes are only secreted in highly localized areas where the bacteria is concentrated.  The reason for localization of these degradative enzymes is that it prevents excessive cell wall hydrolysis to the point where it either kills the host cells or causes a host cell immune reaction, which would ultimately hurt the bacteria.   
''Bradyrhizobium japonicum'' uses its extracellular carbohydrate structures to gain entry into the host root cell.  It produces polysaccharide degrading enzymes in order to hydrolyze the cell wall.  Specifically polyalacturonase and variants of carboxymethylcellulase cleave glycosidic bonds of the host cell wall polymers.  These create erosion pits in the epidermal cells of the root, which allow for entry into the host root cells.  These enzymes are only secreted in highly localized areas where the bacteria is concentrated.  The reason for localization of these degradative enzymes is that it prevents excessive cell wall hydrolysis to the point where it either kills the host cells or causes a host cell immune reaction, which would ultimately hurt the bacteria. In this way, it can back up away from the root cell if it senses that root cell degradation is proceeding to quickly.  However, it should be noted that the entry of Bradyrhizobium japonicum into root cells does not cause disease or damage because it has symbiotic relationship.  It has a symbiotic relationship where it fixes nitrogen for the plant, while the plant provides a safe environment and steady carbon source for it.*5  


How does this organism cause disease?  Human, animal, plant hosts?  Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.


Edited by Neena Patel, student of Rachel Larsen at UCSD.
Edited by Neena Patel, student of Rachel Larsen at UCSD.

Revision as of 03:13, 3 June 2007

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Bradyrhizobium japonicum

Classification

Gram-negative nitrogen fixing bacteria

Higher order taxa

Domain: Bacteria, Phylum: Proteobacteria, Class: Alphaproteobacteria, Order: Rhizobiales, Family: Bradyrhizobiaceae


Strains: Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain USDA 110. Bradyrhizobium japonicum bv. genistearum. Bradyrhizobium japonicum bv. glycinearum.


Edited by Erik Low, student of Rachel Larsen at UCSD.

Genus

Genus species: Bradyrhizobium japonicum


NCBI: Taxonomy

Edited by Erik Low, student of Rachel Larsen at UCSD.

Description and significance

Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why it is important enough to have its genome sequenced. Describe how and where it was isolated. Include a picture or two (with sources) if you can find them.

Bradyrhizobium japonicum is gram negative, rod shaped, nitrogen fixing bacteria that forms a symbiotic relationship with Glycine max, a soybean plant. It is located on the root tips of the soy bean plant Glycine Max and eventually colonizes in the root nodules of the plant itself. Within these root nodules, Bradyrhizobium japonicum is located in symbiosomes derived from the plant membrane. One to several of these bacteria can inhabit a single symbiosome. In this symbiotic relationship, the plant provides a safe environment and a constant food supply such as carbon, which is used for growth and energy. Such carbon sources come in the form of dicarboxylic acids, succinate, fumarate, and malate. The bacteria in turn, provides the plant with fixed nitrogen, which is nitrogen gas that has been reduced and is readily usable by the plant. This allows the plant to grow significantly in the absence of external fertilizer. It is important to have the Bradyrhizobium japonicum's genome sequenced because manipulation of its genome can produce benefitial and desirable traits, which can improve soy bean crop production. It was originally isolated from a soybean nodule in Florida, USA in 1957 through whole genome shotgun sequencing combined with bridging shotgun method.*4


Edited by Erik Low, student of Rachel Larsen at UCSD.

Genome structure

Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Does it have any plasmids? Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?


Bradyrhizobium japonicum has a complete genome. It is made up of a single circular chromosome with 9,105,828 base pairs in length and has no plasmids. The average GC content was 64.1%. It has 8317 potential protein coding genes, 1 set of rRNA genes, and 50 sets of tRNA genes. There is a total of 167 genes coding for transposases with 104 insertion sequences in the genome. DNA insertions of 4 kb to 97 kb in tRNA genes were found at 14 different locations in the genome. This produced variant copies of the target tRNA genes. These observations support the idea of B. japonicum genome's plasticity. Its plasticity is probably due to homologous recombination and horizontal transfer and insertion of different DNA elements.*4

Replicon Type: chromosome.

Edited by Erik Low, student of Rachel Larsen at UCSD.

Cell structure and metabolism

Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.

Gram-negative soil bacteria of the family Rhizobiaceae such as Bradyrhizobium japonicum, synthesize a variety of cell-surface carbohydrates. These carbohydrates include lipopolysaccharides, capsular polysaccharides, exopolysaccharides (EPS), nodule polysaccharides, lipo chitin oligosaccharides, and cyclic -glucans, some of which may provide functions important to symbiosis. It uses these carbohydrate structures to obtain the carbon energy sources from the soybean plant as well as gain entry.

Edited by Erik Low, student of Rachel Larsen at UCSD.

Ecology

Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.

Pathology

Bradyrhizobium japonicum uses its extracellular carbohydrate structures to gain entry into the host root cell. It produces polysaccharide degrading enzymes in order to hydrolyze the cell wall. Specifically polyalacturonase and variants of carboxymethylcellulase cleave glycosidic bonds of the host cell wall polymers. These create erosion pits in the epidermal cells of the root, which allow for entry into the host root cells. These enzymes are only secreted in highly localized areas where the bacteria is concentrated. The reason for localization of these degradative enzymes is that it prevents excessive cell wall hydrolysis to the point where it either kills the host cells or causes a host cell immune reaction, which would ultimately hurt the bacteria. In this way, it can back up away from the root cell if it senses that root cell degradation is proceeding to quickly. However, it should be noted that the entry of Bradyrhizobium japonicum into root cells does not cause disease or damage because it has symbiotic relationship. It has a symbiotic relationship where it fixes nitrogen for the plant, while the plant provides a safe environment and steady carbon source for it.*5


Edited by Neena Patel, student of Rachel Larsen at UCSD.

Application to Biotechnology

Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?

Current Research

Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required

References

1. [http://expasy.org/sprot/hamap/BRAJA.html, Kaneko T., Nakamura Y., Sato S., Minamisawa K., Uchiumi T., Sasamoto S., Watanabe A., Idesawa K., Iriguchi M., Kawashima K., Kohara M., Matsumoto M., Shimpo S., Tsuruoka H., Wada T., Yamada M., Tabata S. ; "Complete genomic sequence of nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110."; DNA Res. 9:189-197(2002)] 2. Joe Bischoff, Mikhail Domrachev, Scott Federhen, Carol Hotton, Detlef Leipe, Vladimir Soussov, Richard Sternberg, Sean Turner.

   David J. Westenberg

3. [http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/full/67/2/1011, Heather A. Louch1, and Karen J. Miller1,2,* Intercollege Graduate Program in Genetics1 and Department of Food Science,2 The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802] 4. [1] 5. [2]

example: Glockner, F. O., M. Kube, M. Bauer, H. Teeling, T. Lombardot, W. Ludwig, D. Gade, A. Beck, K Borzym, K Heitmann, R. Rabus, H. Schlesner, R. Amann, and R. Reinhardt. 2003. "Complete genome sequence of the marine planctomycete Pirellula sp. strain 1." Proceedings of the National Acedemy of Sciences, vol. 100, no. 14. (8298-8303)


Edited by student of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano