Burkholderia cepacia complex: Difference between revisions

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==<i>B. cepacia</i> and cystic fibrosis==
==<i>B. cepacia</i> and cystic fibrosis==
<br> [[File:CFPatient.jpeg|400px|thumb|right|From: medscape.com [http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/410125_3]]]
<br> [[File:CFPatient.jpeg|400px|thumb|right|From: medscape.com [http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/410125_3]]] Cystic fibrosis is a genetic, life-threatening disease that primarily affects the digestive system and the lungs (7).  The major cause of morbidity and mortality in CF patients is chronic microbial colonization of major airways, which lead to exacerbations of pulmonary infection. Common CF pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and haemophilus influenzae. Reports of B. cepacia in CF patients appeared in the late 1970s and early 1980s.  In 1984 the first thorough description of the clinical significance of its colonization and infection was published. CONTINUE THIS
<br>Cystic fibrosis is a genetic, life-threatening disease that primarily affects the digestive system and the lungs (7).  The major cause of morbidity and mortality in CF patients is chronic microbial colonization of major airways, which lead to exacerbations of pulmonary infection. Common CF pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and haemophilus influenzae. Reports of B. cepacia in CF patients appeared in the late 1970s and early 1980s.  In 1984 the first thorough description of the clinical significance of its colonization and infection was published. CONTINUE THIS
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Revision as of 19:47, 24 July 2014

This is a curated page. Report corrections to Microbewiki.
University of Oklahoma Study Abroad Microbiology in Arezzo, Italy[1]
Image of Burkholderia cepacia. [www.cdc.gov]


Etiology/Bacteriology

Taxonomy

| Domain = Bacteria | Phylum = Proteobacteria | Class = Betaproteobacteria | Order = Burkholderiales | Family = Burkholderiaceae | Genus = Burkholderia | species = B. cepacia

Description

Burkholderia cepacia is composed of a complex of approximately 17 closely-related species. This is often referred to as the Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) [1]. The organism was originally recognized for the distinct stench it caused in onion bulbs, known as "sour skin" disease for its vinegar-like odor [1]. FIX THIS SENTENCE-> Focus on B. cepacia within the scientific community has increased within the past 30 years because of its emergence as a human respiratory opportunistic pathogen in individuals with weakened immune systems or chronic lung disease, especially cystic fibrosis patients. This causes abscesses and bacteremia, which make up “cepacia syndrome.” In patients without cystic fibrosis, bacteremia is uncommon, but may cause sepsis [3]. Pulmonary colonization of B. cepacia can cause accelerated decline in lung funtions and cause “cepacia syndrome,” which is an untreatable, fatal, progressive pneumonic illness [2].


The organisms possess a remarkably large genetic make up with a total DNA content of more than 7 megabases and up to 3 megabase-sized replicons [1]. BCC was formerly named Pseudomonas cepacia [1] FIND MORE HERE. They pose little medical risk to healthy individuals, but weakened immune systems or chronic lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, may have increased susceptibility. The organisms often cause infections in hospitalized patients as well [5]. Various traits distinguish BCC from other CF pathogens, such as its inherent resistance to many antibiotics, high transmissibility, and association with greater virulence. Because of these factors, management of B. cepacia complex patients is very difficult [2].


Pathogenesis


Transmission

Susceptible persons can acquire B. cepacia organisms through person-to-person contact, contact with contaminated surfaces, and exposure to it in the enviroment (i.e. soil and water) [5]. Transmission from contaminated medicines, nasal spray, mouthwash, and sublingual probes have been recorded also[5]. B. cepacia complex is highly transmissible between cystic fibrosis patients and can be transferred from one CF patient to another in hospitals, health clinics, and social environments [2].


Infectious dose, incubation, and colonization


Epidemiology


Virulence Factors


Clinical Features


Diagnosis


Treatment

Clinical indicators of BCC infection vary. Cepacia syndrome is almost universally fatal, but aggressive treatment has yielded some success in specific cases [4]. BCC is often resistant to many common antibiotics, and treatment decisions are typically made on a case-by-case basis [5]. Because it is resistant to many antibiotics, effective therapies and treatments are not straightforward. Therefore, management efforts are primarily aimed at prevention of infection [6]. ADD MORE

Prevention


Host Immune Response



B. cepacia and cystic fibrosis


From: medscape.com [2]
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic, life-threatening disease that primarily affects the digestive system and the lungs (7). The major cause of morbidity and mortality in CF patients is chronic microbial colonization of major airways, which lead to exacerbations of pulmonary infection. Common CF pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and haemophilus influenzae. Reports of B. cepacia in CF patients appeared in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In 1984 the first thorough description of the clinical significance of its colonization and infection was published. CONTINUE THIS


References


1 Miller, S.C.M., LiPuma, J.J., Parke, J.L. “Culture-Based and Non-Growth-Dependent Detection of the Burkholderia cepacia Complex in Soil Environments.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology.
2 Jones, A.M., Dodd, M.E., Webb, A.K. “Burkholderia cepacia: current clinical issues, environmental controversies and ethical dilemmas.” European Respiratory Journal.
3 Hua, C.N.C., Tokeshi, J. “Emergence of Burkholderia cepacia in Honolulu: A Case of Nursing Home-acquired B. cepacia sepsis. Hawai’i Journal of Medicine and Public Health.
4 Gilchrist, F.J., Webb, A.K., Bright-Thomas, R.J., Jones, A.M. “Successful treatment of cepacia syndrome with a combination of intravenous cyclosporin, antibiotics and oral corticosteroids.” European Cystic Fibrosis Soceity.
5 Burkholderia cepacia in Healthcare Settings.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
6 Coenye, T., Vandamme, P., Govan, J.R.W., LiPuma, J.J. “Taxonomy and Identification of the Burkholderia cepacia Complex.” Journal of Clinical Microbiology.



Created by Paige Whitson
Student of Dr. Tyrrell Conway, University of Oklahoma