Campylobacter fetus: Difference between revisions

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{{Biorealm Genus}}
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==Classification==
==Classification==



Revision as of 02:02, 27 May 2007

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Campylobacter fetus

Classification

Higher order taxa

Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Epsilon Proteobacteria; Campylobacterales; Campylobacteraceae; Campylobacter

Species

C. fetus


NCBI: Taxonomy

Description and significance

Campylobacter fetus is a spiral slender, spirally curved bacterial pathogen, enclosed with an S layer of special crystalline surface proteins. (Their unique function will be discussed later) . It is a gram negative species holding two membranes and a thin cell wall in between. Since it is a pathogen, it can reside anywhere in the human body. The campylobacter S layer proteins were found to have a virulence factor in resistance to the host immune defense mechanisms. Two subspecies were then suspected to exist in the campylobacter. One was Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus and Campylobacter fetus subsp. Venerealis. To further investigate the genetic diversity among C. fetus strains of different origins, multiple genetic analyzing were used such as polymorphic DNA (RAPD), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and DNA-DNA hybridization. I t was also mainly found that its natural habitat of C. fetus subsp. fetus is the intestinal tract of cattle, but it can also cause abortions.

Genome structure

Campylobacter Fetus was completely sequences and was found to have 1820 genes. It has a circular DNA. Its genome length is 1,773,615 nt.GC content is 33%, coding sequence is 90%.It as 3441 proteins. The two stains that were found were dividing based on their lipopolysaccharide (LPS) composition. These unique stains must contain conserved sequences so to check their unique versus mutual sequences we used gel electrophoresis. This helped answer the unique method of this pathogen in changing its S layer proteins. Different study reported the different multiple somewhat homologous and highly conserved surface layer proteins, tightly packed in this species. They encode for the 97-149 kDa. They attach to the N terminus of the cell wall lipopolysaccharide non covalently.

Cell structure and metabolism

It has flagella for motility using the proton motive force for energy. Since it is a gram negative, it has three layer of protection – inner membrane, thin murien layer and an outer membrane. This organism has the optimal growth at atmospheres enriched with CO2 and 5% oxygen with nitrogen or hydrogen (journal of bacteriology). Camplylobacter needs an anaerobic environment for growth. It needs a respiratory type of metabolism for growth. These bacteria do not ferment; they also do not oxidize carbohydrates. Their entire energy is produced by certain amino acids and the tricarboxlic acid cycle intermediates. As mentioned before their special features are their unique s layer surface proteins that will be discussed more elaborately on the pathogenic subtitle.

Ecology

Campylobacter has been studied and shown to adhere to those intestinal epithelial cell lines that it invades in humans. The information from this study reported in the Canadian Journal of microbiology shows that this campylobacter showed capabilities of adhering to many cell lines. This is just one example of the kind of cells this bacterium interacts with. Since this is a pathogen it interacts with many host cells either in humans or in animals mostly cattle.

Pathology

How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.

Application to Biotechnology

Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?

Current Research

Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required

References

1. Lori L Graham, “Campylobacter fetus adheres to and enters INT 407 cells” Canadian Journal of Microbiology 48 pp 995-1007

2. G M Carlone and J Lascelles, “Aerobic and anaerobic respiratory systems in Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni grown in atmospheres containing hydrogen.” Journal of Bacteriology, 1982 October; 152(1): 306–314.

3. Frank Schulze, Audrey Bagon, Wolfgang Müller, and Helmut Hotzel, “Identification of Campylobacter fetus Subspecies by Phenotypic Differentiation and PCR” Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2006 June; 44(6): 2019–2024.

4. Dalius J. Briedis, Ali Khamessan, Richard W. McLaughlin, Hojatollah Vali, Maria Panaritou, and Eddie C. S. Chan, “Isolation of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus from a Patient with Cellulitis” Journal of Clinical Microbiology, December 2002, p. 4792-4796, Vol. 40, No. 12

5. Joel Dworkin & Martin J. Blaser, “Molecular mechanisms of Campylobacter fetus surface layer protein expression.” Molecular Microbiology- Volume 26 Issue 03 Page 433 - October 1997

6. PAUL EDMONDS, CHARLOTTE M. PATTON, TIMOTHY J. BARRETT, GEORGE K. MORRIS, ARNOLD G.STEIGERWALT, AND DON J. BRENNER “Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of Atypical Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus Strains Isolated from Humans in the United States” JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, June 1985, p. 936-940 Vol. 21, No. 6



Edited by Sharon Porath of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano