https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Candida_parapsilosis&feed=atom&action=historyCandida parapsilosis - Revision history2024-03-29T15:45:06ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Candida_parapsilosis&diff=136233&oldid=prevSramanan at 14:35, 10 December 20182018-12-10T14:35:27Z<p></p>
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</table>Sramananhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Candida_parapsilosis&diff=136228&oldid=prevSramanan at 14:34, 10 December 20182018-12-10T14:34:40Z<p></p>
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</table>Sramananhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Candida_parapsilosis&diff=136226&oldid=prevSramanan at 14:33, 10 December 20182018-12-10T14:33:15Z<p></p>
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</table>Sramananhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Candida_parapsilosis&diff=136221&oldid=prevSramanan at 14:31, 10 December 20182018-12-10T14:31:47Z<p></p>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Edited by [Sharmetha Ramanan], student of [mailto:jmtalbot@bu.edu Jennifer Bhatnagar] for [http://www.bu.edu/academics/cas/courses/cas-bi-311/ BI 311 General Microbiology], 2015, [http://www.bu.edu/ Boston University].</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Description and significance=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Description and significance=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Candida parapsilosis'' is a fungal species that is responsible for several disease states in humans [1]. Among the many microbes found on human hands, ''C. parapsilosis'' is among the most prevalent fungal species [2]. This species is known to cause sepsis in those with compromised immune systems, neonates, intensive care patients, individuals with implanted devices, and individuals who have just recently undergone gastrointestinal surgery [2]. Researchers have found that as much as eight to fifteen percent of all infections procured by patients in hospitals have been attributed to ''C. parapsilosis'' [1]. Because of the lack of understanding about this taxon’s virulence mechanisms, treatment is difficult and not always effective [3]. It is therefore crucial for future research to focus on understanding the signaling pathways involved in infection and how these pathways are regulated since they are not well understood.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Candida parapsilosis'' is a fungal species that is responsible for several disease states in humans [1]. Among the many microbes found on human hands, ''C. parapsilosis'' is among the most prevalent fungal species [2]. This species is known to cause sepsis in those with compromised immune systems, neonates, intensive care patients, individuals with implanted devices, and individuals who have just recently undergone gastrointestinal surgery [2]. Researchers have found that as much as eight to fifteen percent of all infections procured by patients in hospitals have been attributed to ''C. parapsilosis'' [1]. Because of the lack of understanding about this taxon’s virulence mechanisms, treatment is difficult and not always effective [3]. It is therefore crucial for future research to focus on understanding the signaling pathways involved in infection and how these pathways are regulated since they are not well understood.</div></td></tr>
</table>Sramananhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Candida_parapsilosis&diff=136215&oldid=prevSramanan: /* References */2018-12-09T20:40:37Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Harbor Perspectives in Medicine'', ''4''(9). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4143104/</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Harbor Perspectives in Medicine'', ''4''(9). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4143104/</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[8] Pryszcz, L.P., Németh, T., Gácser, A., Gabaldón, T. (2013). Unexpected Genomic </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[8<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">] Skrzypek MS, Binkley J, Binkley G, Miyasato SR, Simison M, Sherlock G (2017). The </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''Candida'' Genome Database (CGD): incorporation of Assembly 22, systematic identifiers and visualization of high throughput sequencing data. ''Nucleic Acids Res'' '''45''' (D1); D592-D596.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[9</ins>] Pryszcz, L.P., Németh, T., Gácser, A., Gabaldón, T. (2013). Unexpected Genomic </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Variability in Clinical and Environmental Strains of the Pathogenic Yeast ''Candida parapsilosis''. ''Genome Biology and Evolution'', ''5''(12), 2382–2392. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evt185</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Variability in Clinical and Environmental Strains of the Pathogenic Yeast ''Candida parapsilosis''. ''Genome Biology and Evolution'', ''5''(12), 2382–2392. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evt185</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[9] Skrzypek MS, Binkley J, Binkley G, Miyasato SR, Simison M, Sherlock G (2017). The </del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''Candida'' Genome Database (CGD): incorporation of Assembly 22, systematic identifiers and visualization of high throughput sequencing data. ''Nucleic Acids Res'' '''45''' (D1); D592-D596.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[10] Wikipedia contributors. (2018, July 5). ''Candida parapsilosis''. In ''Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia''. Retrieved 15:52, September 20, 2018, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Candida_parapsilosis&oldid=848995454</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[10] Wikipedia contributors. (2018, July 5). ''Candida parapsilosis''. In ''Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia''. Retrieved 15:52, September 20, 2018, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Candida_parapsilosis&oldid=848995454</div></td></tr>
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</table>Sramananhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Candida_parapsilosis&diff=136214&oldid=prevSramanan: /* Genome structure */2018-12-09T20:40:04Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Genome structure</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Genome structure=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Genome structure=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Concrete information on the genomic structure of ''C. parapsilosis'' has yet to be discovered. The fungus contains mostly uncharacterized open reading frames (ORFs), making up about 98.95% of the protein-coding genes [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9</del>]. The rest of the genes code for rRNA, tRNA, and pseudogenes, which make up 1.05% of its protein-coding genes. It is also known that the majority of genes responsible for molecular function use hydrolase activity, they are most abundant in the cytoplasm, and are used for the regulation of biological processes [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9</del>]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Concrete information on the genomic structure of ''C. parapsilosis'' has yet to be discovered. The fungus contains mostly uncharacterized open reading frames (ORFs), making up about 98.95% of the protein-coding genes [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">8</ins>]. The rest of the genes code for rRNA, tRNA, and pseudogenes, which make up 1.05% of its protein-coding genes. It is also known that the majority of genes responsible for molecular function use hydrolase activity, they are most abundant in the cytoplasm, and are used for the regulation of biological processes [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">8</ins>]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although other characteristics such as the G+C content and the total number of genes in the genome are still unavailable, a recent study points to the possibility of genomic variation within ''C. parapsilosis''. Researchers used whole genome sequencing to analyze three sample strains of the fungus [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">8</del>]. Compared to a control reference strain of ''C. parapsilosis'', the three sample strains showed similar genetic characteristics in addition to high variation regions within each sequence. The strains contained many ALS genes that code for cell-surface glycoproteins, which varied slightly across all three samples [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">8</del>]. The discovery of the differences in these abundant ALS genes indicate that ''C. parapsilosis'' is capable of genetic recombination, resulting in high variability within the genome of each strain. Although researchers in this study were able to isolate strains, ''C. parapsilosis'' isolates are known for being genetically non-differentiable, and often need to be interpreted through advanced bioinformatic systems [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">8</del>]. Additionally, ''C. parapsilosis'' contains many repetitive sequences within the one section of its genome that has been sequenced. This is another complication that researchers face when trying to sequence its entire genome. High copies of the same DNA sequences cannot be accurately assigned to a specific genomic location or function because they could have multiple roles within the entire genome [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">8</del>].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although other characteristics such as the G+C content and the total number of genes in the genome are still unavailable, a recent study points to the possibility of genomic variation within ''C. parapsilosis''. Researchers used whole genome sequencing to analyze three sample strains of the fungus [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9</ins>]. Compared to a control reference strain of ''C. parapsilosis'', the three sample strains showed similar genetic characteristics in addition to high variation regions within each sequence. The strains contained many ALS genes that code for cell-surface glycoproteins, which varied slightly across all three samples [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9</ins>]. The discovery of the differences in these abundant ALS genes indicate that ''C. parapsilosis'' is capable of genetic recombination, resulting in high variability within the genome of each strain. Although researchers in this study were able to isolate strains, ''C. parapsilosis'' isolates are known for being genetically non-differentiable, and often need to be interpreted through advanced bioinformatic systems [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9</ins>]. Additionally, ''C. parapsilosis'' contains many repetitive sequences within the one section of its genome that has been sequenced. This is another complication that researchers face when trying to sequence its entire genome. High copies of the same DNA sequences cannot be accurately assigned to a specific genomic location or function because they could have multiple roles within the entire genome [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9</ins>].</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Cell structure=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Cell structure=</div></td></tr>
</table>Sramananhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Candida_parapsilosis&diff=136213&oldid=prevSramanan: /* Current Research */2018-12-09T20:36:52Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Current Research</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:36, 9 December 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Current research is mostly centered on improving treatment outcomes for individuals infected by ''C. parapsilosis''. Researchers in Japan performed a retrospective observational study from 2000-2010, investigating the susceptibility of ''C. parapsilosis'' isolates to antifungals and what other comorbidities existed for patients who did not survive the infection [16]. The study investigated patients with nosocomial candidemia who had prosthetic devices inserted. Researchers quantified antifungal susceptibility using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The study concluded that the previous standard treatment for nosocomial candidemia could be modified to include echinocandins, as they were found to be successful in decreasing patient mortality [16]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Current research is mostly centered on improving treatment outcomes for individuals infected by ''C. parapsilosis''. Researchers in Japan performed a retrospective observational study from 2000-2010, investigating the susceptibility of ''C. parapsilosis'' isolates to antifungals and what other comorbidities existed for patients who did not survive the infection [16]. The study investigated patients with nosocomial candidemia who had prosthetic devices inserted. Researchers quantified antifungal susceptibility using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The study concluded that the previous standard treatment for nosocomial candidemia could be modified to include echinocandins, as they were found to be successful in decreasing patient mortality [16]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Toth et al. conducted a </del>similar study <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to investigate </del>the human immune response to ''C. parapsilosis''. This was done by comparing the concentration of cytokine responses exhibited by different ''Candida'' species when they stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) [17]. The researchers found that ''C. parapsilosis''-stimulated cells produced less interleukin 17 and 22 than that of ''C. albicans''. They also found that inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases was necessary for the body to recognize that it had been infected by a ''Candida'' species [17].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A </ins>similar study <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">investigated </ins>the human immune response to ''C. parapsilosis''. This was done by comparing the concentration of cytokine responses exhibited by different ''Candida'' species when they stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) [17]. The researchers found that ''C. parapsilosis''-stimulated cells produced less interleukin 17 and 22 than that of ''C. albicans''. They also found that inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases was necessary for the body to recognize that it had been infected by a ''Candida'' species [17].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=References=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=References=</div></td></tr>
</table>Sramananhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Candida_parapsilosis&diff=136212&oldid=prevSramanan: /* Ecology */2018-12-09T20:36:08Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Ecology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Ecology=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Ecology=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''C. parapsilosis'' is found to be a frequent inhabitant of human skin as well as many other environments and communities. This fungal species is known to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">populate </del>other organisms like domestic animals and insects, and is also found to reside in soil and marine environments [1]. Moreover, ''C. parapsilosis'' is found in many geographic locations around the world; it has been isolated in North America, Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia. The incidences of ''C. parapsilosis'' infection has increased globally since 1997 [1]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''C. parapsilosis'' is found to be a frequent inhabitant of human skin as well as many other environments and communities. This fungal species is known to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">live on </ins>other organisms like domestic animals and insects, and is also found to reside in soil and marine environments [1]. Moreover, ''C. parapsilosis'' is found in many geographic locations around the world; it has been isolated in North America, Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia. The incidences of ''C. parapsilosis'' infection has increased globally since 1997 [1]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In addition to persisting among live organisms, ''C. parapsilosis'' has also been found to exist in man-made environments and household appliances. In a study by Dögen, et al., researchers investigated specific sites on 99 washing machines in different residences in Turkey to explore the prevalence of ''C. parapsilosis'' [15]. Their results indicated that ''C. parapsilosis'' was found to be residing among nearly a quarter of all washing machines [15].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In addition to persisting among live organisms, ''C. parapsilosis'' has also been found to exist in man-made environments and household appliances. In a study by Dögen, et al., researchers investigated specific sites on 99 washing machines in different residences in Turkey to explore the prevalence of ''C. parapsilosis'' [15]. Their results indicated that ''C. parapsilosis'' was found to be residing among nearly a quarter of all washing machines [15].</div></td></tr>
</table>Sramananhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Candida_parapsilosis&diff=136211&oldid=prevSramanan: /* Metabolic processes */2018-12-09T20:35:50Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Metabolic processes</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:35, 9 December 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Metabolic processes=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Metabolic processes=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In order to take in nutrients from the environment, ''C. parapsilosis'' releases various extracellular enzymes that breakdown large macromolecules into smaller molecules, thereby making them available for absorption [13]. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In a study by Neji et al., out </del>of 172 ''C. parapsilosis'' isolates, 63% <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">exhibited </del>phospholipase activity [13]. This extracellular enzyme allows for the breakdown of phospholipids into free fatty acids, which are then used in cell metabolism. Additionally, 92% of ''C. parapsilosis'' isolates <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">exhibited </del>gelatinase activity and 47% exhibited caseinase activity [13]. Both gelatinase and caseinase are extracellular enzymes that degrade large proteins into amino acids which are also used in cell metabolism [13]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In order to take in nutrients from the environment, ''C. parapsilosis'' releases various extracellular enzymes that breakdown large macromolecules into smaller molecules, thereby making them available for absorption [13]. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Out </ins>of 172 ''C. parapsilosis'' isolates, 63% <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">exhibit </ins>phospholipase activity [13]. This extracellular enzyme allows for the breakdown of phospholipids into free fatty acids, which are then used in cell metabolism. Additionally, 92% of ''C. parapsilosis'' isolates <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">exhibit </ins>gelatinase activity and 47% exhibited caseinase activity [13]. Both gelatinase and caseinase are extracellular enzymes that degrade large proteins into amino acids which are also used in cell metabolism [13]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''C. parapsilosis'' is capable of converting nutrients into energy by way of both oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation, although the specific complexes involved in each pathway are not fully understood. ''C. parapsilosis'' is capable of fermenting and assimilating a variety of sugars, as listed in Table 1 [14].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''C. parapsilosis'' is capable of converting nutrients into energy by way of both oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation, although the specific complexes involved in each pathway are not fully understood. ''C. parapsilosis'' is capable of fermenting and assimilating a variety of sugars, as listed in Table 1 [14].</div></td></tr>
</table>Sramananhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Candida_parapsilosis&diff=136210&oldid=prevSramanan: /* Genome structure */2018-12-09T20:34:56Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Genome structure</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:34, 9 December 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Genome structure=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Genome structure=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Concrete information on the genomic structure of ''C. parapsilosis'' has yet to be discovered. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Due to the availability of only one small sequence of the fungus’ whole genome sequence, knowledge about its genomic diversity is scarce [8]. According to the available portion of the sequence, the </del>fungus contains mostly uncharacterized open reading frames (ORFs), making up about 98.95% of the protein-coding genes [9]. The rest of the genes code for rRNA, tRNA, and pseudogenes, which make up 1.05% of its protein-coding genes. It is also known that the majority of genes responsible for molecular function use hydrolase activity, they are most abundant in the cytoplasm, and are used for the regulation of biological processes [9]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Concrete information on the genomic structure of ''C. parapsilosis'' has yet to be discovered. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The </ins>fungus contains mostly uncharacterized open reading frames (ORFs), making up about 98.95% of the protein-coding genes [9]. The rest of the genes code for rRNA, tRNA, and pseudogenes, which make up 1.05% of its protein-coding genes. It is also known that the majority of genes responsible for molecular function use hydrolase activity, they are most abundant in the cytoplasm, and are used for the regulation of biological processes [9]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although other characteristics such as the G+C content and the total number of genes in the genome are still unavailable, a recent study points to the possibility of genomic variation within ''C. parapsilosis''. Researchers used whole genome sequencing to analyze three sample strains of the fungus [8]. Compared to a control reference strain of ''C. parapsilosis'', the three sample strains showed similar genetic characteristics in addition to high variation regions within each sequence. The strains contained many ALS genes that code for cell-surface glycoproteins, which varied slightly across all three samples [8]. The discovery of the differences in these abundant ALS genes indicate that ''C. parapsilosis'' is capable of genetic recombination, resulting in high variability within the genome of each strain. Although researchers in this study were able to isolate strains, ''C. parapsilosis'' isolates are known for being genetically non-differentiable, and often need to be interpreted through advanced bioinformatic systems [8]. Additionally, ''C. parapsilosis'' contains many repetitive sequences within the one section of its genome that has been sequenced. This is another complication that researchers face when trying to sequence its entire genome. High copies of the same DNA sequences cannot be accurately assigned to a specific genomic location or function because they could have multiple roles within the entire genome [8].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although other characteristics such as the G+C content and the total number of genes in the genome are still unavailable, a recent study points to the possibility of genomic variation within ''C. parapsilosis''. Researchers used whole genome sequencing to analyze three sample strains of the fungus [8]. Compared to a control reference strain of ''C. parapsilosis'', the three sample strains showed similar genetic characteristics in addition to high variation regions within each sequence. The strains contained many ALS genes that code for cell-surface glycoproteins, which varied slightly across all three samples [8]. The discovery of the differences in these abundant ALS genes indicate that ''C. parapsilosis'' is capable of genetic recombination, resulting in high variability within the genome of each strain. Although researchers in this study were able to isolate strains, ''C. parapsilosis'' isolates are known for being genetically non-differentiable, and often need to be interpreted through advanced bioinformatic systems [8]. Additionally, ''C. parapsilosis'' contains many repetitive sequences within the one section of its genome that has been sequenced. This is another complication that researchers face when trying to sequence its entire genome. High copies of the same DNA sequences cannot be accurately assigned to a specific genomic location or function because they could have multiple roles within the entire genome [8].</div></td></tr>
</table>Sramanan