https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Carnobacterium&feed=atom&action=historyCarnobacterium - Revision history2024-03-28T14:04:48ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Carnobacterium&diff=151338&oldid=prevUnknown user at 19:36, 24 March 20222022-03-24T19:36:10Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Page authored by Heather Moule and Catherine Hencsie, student of Dr. Walker & Dr. Kashefi at Michigan State University.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Page authored by Heather Moule and Catherine Hencsie, student of Dr. Walker & Dr. Kashefi at Michigan State University.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Unknown userhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Carnobacterium&diff=101110&oldid=prevHencsiec: /* Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle */2014-04-25T02:01:53Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These microorganisms are thin, rod shaped and found in singles rods or in small chains. They are gram stain positive, meaning they have a large amount of peptidoglycan in their cell walls. They can be motile or non-motile and do not have spores. The only species proven to be mobile are C. mobile, C. alterfunditum and C. funditum. Carnobacterium generally produce lactic acid mainly from glucose fermentaion. However, C. pleistocenium also produce CO2, ethanol, and acetic acid as well. Most species are psychrophilic and psychrotolerant, meaning they are able to grow and reproduce at temperatures between -10 to 20 °C. There is little known about the metabolism of Carnobacterium, except that they produce lactic acid and get their energy from fermentation of different hexoses. Acetic acid and ethanol are also common byproducts. They grow extremely well when heme, a blood pigment with iron, is added to aerobic conditions. However, they can also live in anaerobic conditions as well making them facultive anaerobes. Some interesting finding are that C. maltaromaticum and C. mobile may produce gas from glucose. Also, as a bi-product <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">on </del>a few <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Carnobacterium species </del>fermentation, volatile alcohols, ketones, and hydrocarbons tend to accumulate in their <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">habitat</del>. However, Further studies need to be conducted to determine the positive and negative effects of these metabolites.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These microorganisms are thin, rod shaped and found in singles rods or in small chains. They are gram stain positive, meaning they have a large amount of peptidoglycan in their cell walls. They can be motile or non-motile and do not have spores. The only species proven to be mobile are C. mobile, C. alterfunditum and C. funditum. Carnobacterium generally produce lactic acid mainly from glucose fermentaion. However, C. pleistocenium also produce CO2, ethanol, and acetic acid as well. Most species are psychrophilic and psychrotolerant, meaning they are able to grow and reproduce at temperatures between -10 to 20 °C. There is little known about the metabolism of Carnobacterium, except that they produce lactic acid and get their energy from fermentation of different hexoses. Acetic acid and ethanol are also common byproducts. They grow extremely well when heme, a blood pigment with iron, is added to aerobic conditions. However, they can also live in anaerobic conditions as well making them facultive anaerobes. Some interesting finding are that C. maltaromaticum and C. mobile may produce gas from glucose. Also, as a bi-product <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of </ins>a few <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Carnobacterium specie's </ins>fermentation, volatile alcohols, ketones, and hydrocarbons tend to accumulate in their <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">environment. Their environment in this case is typically the inside of a fishes intestine</ins>. However, Further studies need to be conducted to determine the positive and negative effects of these metabolites.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology and Pathogenesis==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology and Pathogenesis==</div></td></tr>
</table>Hencsiechttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Carnobacterium&diff=101107&oldid=prevHencsiec: /* Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle */2014-04-25T02:00:13Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These microorganisms are thin, rod shaped and found in singles rods or in small chains. They are gram stain positive, meaning they have a large amount of peptidoglycan in their cell walls. They can be motile or non-motile and do not have spores. The only species proven to be mobile are C. mobile, C. alterfunditum and C. funditum. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These microorganisms are thin, rod shaped and found in singles rods or in small chains. They are gram stain positive, meaning they have a large amount of peptidoglycan in their cell walls. They can be motile or non-motile and do not have spores. The only species proven to be mobile are C. mobile, C. alterfunditum and C. funditum. Carnobacterium generally produce lactic acid mainly from glucose fermentaion. However, C. pleistocenium also produce CO2, ethanol, and acetic acid as well. Most species are psychrophilic and psychrotolerant, meaning they are able to grow and reproduce at temperatures between -10 to 20 °C. There is little known about the metabolism of Carnobacterium, except that they produce lactic acid and get their energy from fermentation of different hexoses. Acetic acid and ethanol are also common byproducts. They grow extremely well when heme, a blood pigment with iron, is added to aerobic conditions. However, they can also live in anaerobic conditions as well making them facultive anaerobes. Some interesting finding are that C. maltaromaticum and C. mobile may produce gas from glucose. Also, as a bi-product on a few Carnobacterium species fermentation, volatile alcohols, ketones, and hydrocarbons tend to accumulate in their habitat. However, Further studies need to be conducted to determine the positive and negative effects of these metabolites.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Carnobacterium generally produce lactic acid mainly from glucose fermentaion. However, C. pleistocenium also produce CO2, ethanol, and acetic acid as well. Most species are psychrophilic and psychrotolerant, meaning they are able to grow and reproduce at temperatures between -10 to 20 °C. There is little known about the metabolism of Carnobacterium, except that they produce lactic acid and get their energy from fermentation of different hexoses. Acetic acid and ethanol are also common byproducts. They grow extremely well when heme, a blood pigment with iron, is added to aerobic conditions. However, they can also live in anaerobic conditions as well making them facultive anaerobes. Some interesting finding are that C. maltaromaticum and C. mobile may produce gas from glucose. Also, as a bi-product on a few Carnobacterium species fermentation, volatile alcohols, ketones, and hydrocarbons tend to accumulate in their habitat. However, Further studies need to be conducted to determine the positive and negative effects of these metabolites.</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
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</table>Hencsiechttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Carnobacterium&diff=101106&oldid=prevHencsiec: /* Ecology and Pathogenesis */2014-04-25T01:59:59Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Ecology and Pathogenesis</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology and Pathogenesis==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology and Pathogenesis==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Carnobacterium spp. appear to have both the temperate and polar aquatic environments as habitats including live fish, marine sponges, and Arctic sea water as well as the deep sea. C. maltaromaticum and C. divergens have been isolated from tropical fish products, including smoked surubim, a Brazilian tropical freshwater fish, and from vacuum-packed tuna caught in the Indian Ocean. The presence of carnobacteria has also been documented in the terrestrial environment, including Canadian winter soil and permafrost ice. In these harsh conditions, Carnobacterium possess trials that play a large role in their survival. A cold-active β-galactosidase from C. maltaromaticum and a cold-adapted alanine dehydrogenase from a Carnobacterium species related to C. alterfunditum have been found that enhance the Carnobacterium's ability to grow at low temperatures. An example is the isolation of a Carnobacterium sp. preserved in a permafrost ice wedge for 25,000 years. Some carnobacterial isolates are derived from natural high-pressure habitats, as seen in deep Artic water. They are also relatively resistant to high-pressure processing and are found in high concentrations in vacuum-packed and chilled squid mantle and cold-smoked salmon. In order to vacuum-pack a fish for preservation, it is treated with 200–400 MPa for 15–20 minutes. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Carnobacterium spp. appear to have both the temperate and polar aquatic environments as habitats including live fish, marine sponges, and Arctic sea water as well as the deep sea. C. maltaromaticum and C. divergens have been isolated from tropical fish products, including smoked surubim, a Brazilian tropical freshwater fish, and from vacuum-packed tuna caught in the Indian Ocean. The presence of carnobacteria has also been documented in the terrestrial environment, including Canadian winter soil and permafrost ice. In these harsh conditions, Carnobacterium possess trials that play a large role in their survival. A cold-active β-galactosidase from C. maltaromaticum and a cold-adapted alanine dehydrogenase from a Carnobacterium species related to C. alterfunditum have been found that enhance the Carnobacterium's ability to grow at low temperatures. An example is the isolation of a Carnobacterium sp. preserved in a permafrost ice wedge for 25,000 years. Some carnobacterial isolates are derived from natural high-pressure habitats, as seen in deep Artic water. They are also relatively resistant to high-pressure processing and are found in high concentrations in vacuum-packed and chilled squid mantle and cold-smoked salmon. In order to vacuum-pack a fish for preservation, it is treated with 200–400 MPa for 15–20 minutes. There is no research of Carnobacterium causing disease. However, they have been as protective cultures that pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. Also, C. divergens and C. maltaromaticum are commonly found in the spoilage of chilled seafood and meat products after it has left frozen storage and improperly stored in ice. On the other hand, C. maltaromaticum has been FDA approved for use as a preservative in meats when the meats are properly stored.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There is no research of Carnobacterium causing disease. However, they have been as protective cultures that pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. Also, C. divergens and C. maltaromaticum are commonly found in the spoilage of chilled seafood and meat products after it has left frozen storage and improperly stored in ice. On the other hand, C. maltaromaticum has been FDA approved for use as a preservative in meats when the meats are properly stored.</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Hencsiechttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Carnobacterium&diff=101105&oldid=prevHencsiec: /* Ecology and Pathogenesis */2014-04-25T01:59:33Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Ecology and Pathogenesis</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology and Pathogenesis==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology and Pathogenesis==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Carnobacterium spp. appear to have both the temperate and polar aquatic environments as habitats including live fish, marine sponges, and Arctic sea water as well as the deep sea. C. maltaromaticum and<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">/or </del>C. divergens have been isolated from tropical fish products, including smoked surubim, a Brazilian tropical freshwater fish, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </del>and from vacuum-packed tuna caught in the Indian Ocean. The presence of carnobacteria has also been documented in the terrestrial environment, including Canadian winter soil and permafrost ice. In these harsh conditions, Carnobacterium possess trials that play a large role in their survival. A cold-active β-galactosidase from C. maltaromaticum and a cold-adapted alanine dehydrogenase from a Carnobacterium <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sp. </del>related to C. alterfunditum have been found that enhance the Carnobacterium's ability to grow at low temperatures. An example is the isolation of a Carnobacterium sp. preserved in a permafrost ice wedge for 25,000 years. Some carnobacterial isolates are derived from natural high-pressure habitats, as seen in deep Artic water. They are also relatively resistant to high-pressure processing and are found in high concentrations in vacuum-packed and chilled squid mantle and cold-smoked salmon <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">previously </del>treated with 200–400 MPa for 15–20 minutes. There is no research of Carnobacterium causing disease. However, they have been as protective cultures that pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. Also, C. divergens and C. maltaromaticum are commonly found in the spoilage of chilled seafood and meat products after it has left frozen storage and improperly stored in ice. On the other hand, C. maltaromaticum has been FDA approved for use as a preservative in meats when the meats are properly stored.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Carnobacterium spp. appear to have both the temperate and polar aquatic environments as habitats including live fish, marine sponges, and Arctic sea water as well as the deep sea. C. maltaromaticum and C. divergens have been isolated from tropical fish products, including smoked surubim, a Brazilian tropical freshwater fish, and from vacuum-packed tuna caught in the Indian Ocean. The presence of carnobacteria has also been documented in the terrestrial environment, including Canadian winter soil and permafrost ice. In these harsh conditions, Carnobacterium possess trials that play a large role in their survival. A cold-active β-galactosidase from C. maltaromaticum and a cold-adapted alanine dehydrogenase from a Carnobacterium <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">species </ins>related to C. alterfunditum have been found that enhance the Carnobacterium's ability to grow at low temperatures. An example is the isolation of a Carnobacterium sp. preserved in a permafrost ice wedge for 25,000 years. Some carnobacterial isolates are derived from natural high-pressure habitats, as seen in deep Artic water. They are also relatively resistant to high-pressure processing and are found in high concentrations in vacuum-packed and chilled squid mantle and cold-smoked salmon<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. In order to vacuum-pack a fish for preservation, it is </ins>treated with 200–400 MPa for 15–20 minutes. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There is no research of Carnobacterium causing disease. However, they have been as protective cultures that pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. Also, C. divergens and C. maltaromaticum are commonly found in the spoilage of chilled seafood and meat products after it has left frozen storage and improperly stored in ice. On the other hand, C. maltaromaticum has been FDA approved for use as a preservative in meats when the meats are properly stored.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Hencsiechttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Carnobacterium&diff=101104&oldid=prevHencsiec: /* Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle */2014-04-25T01:56:17Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:56, 25 April 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These microorganisms are thin, rod shaped and found in singles rods or in small chains. They are gram stain positive, meaning they have a large amount of peptidoglycan in their cell walls. They can be motile or non-motile and do not have spores. The only species proven to be mobile are C. mobile, C. alterfunditum and C. funditum. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These microorganisms are thin, rod shaped and found in singles rods or in small chains. They are gram stain positive, meaning they have a large amount of peptidoglycan in their cell walls. They can be motile or non-motile and do not have spores. The only species proven to be mobile are C. mobile, C. alterfunditum and C. funditum. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Carnobacterium generally produce lactic acid mainly from glucose fermentaion. However, C. pleistocenium also produce CO2, ethanol, and acetic acid as well. Most species are psychrophilic and psychrotolerant, meaning they are able to grow and reproduce at temperatures between -10 to 20 °C. There is little known about the metabolism of Carnobacterium, except that they produce lactic acid and get their energy from fermentation of different hexoses. Acetic acid and ethanol are also common byproducts. They grow extremely well when heme, a blood pigment with iron, is added to aerobic conditions. However, they can also live in anaerobic conditions as well making them facultive anaerobes. Some interesting finding are that C. maltaromaticum and C. mobile may produce gas from glucose. Also, as a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">biproduct </del>on a few Carnobacterium species fermentation, volatile alcohols, ketones, and hydrocarbons tend to accumulate in their habitat. However, Further studies need to be conducted to determine the positive and negative effects of these metabolites.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Carnobacterium generally produce lactic acid mainly from glucose fermentaion. However, C. pleistocenium also produce CO2, ethanol, and acetic acid as well. Most species are psychrophilic and psychrotolerant, meaning they are able to grow and reproduce at temperatures between -10 to 20 °C. There is little known about the metabolism of Carnobacterium, except that they produce lactic acid and get their energy from fermentation of different hexoses. Acetic acid and ethanol are also common byproducts. They grow extremely well when heme, a blood pigment with iron, is added to aerobic conditions. However, they can also live in anaerobic conditions as well making them facultive anaerobes. Some interesting finding are that C. maltaromaticum and C. mobile may produce gas from glucose. Also, as a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bi-product </ins>on a few Carnobacterium species fermentation, volatile alcohols, ketones, and hydrocarbons tend to accumulate in their habitat. However, Further studies need to be conducted to determine the positive and negative effects of these metabolites.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology and Pathogenesis==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology and Pathogenesis==</div></td></tr>
</table>Hencsiechttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Carnobacterium&diff=101098&oldid=prevHencsiec: /* Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle */2014-04-25T01:51:53Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:51, 25 April 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">divergens & C. maltaromaticum </del>have <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">properties that make them preservative-like. Several strains </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">maltaromaticum </del>have <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">been FDA approved </del>to be <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">used as a preservative in processed</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ready to eat meat products</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Species </del>produce lactic acid mainly from glucose. However, C. pleistocenium also produce CO2, ethanol, and acetic acid as well. Most species are <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">psychrophiles, growing at 0 degrees Celsius. They are gram stain positive</del>, meaning they <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">have a large amount of peptidoglycan in their cell walls. They can be motile or non</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">motile and do not have spores</del>. There is little known about the metabolism of Carnobacterium, except that they produce lactic acid and get their energy from fermentation of different hexoses. Acetic acid and ethanol are also common byproducts. They grow extremely well when heme, a blood pigment with iron, is added to aerobic conditions. However, they can also live in anaerobic conditions as well making them facultive anaerobes. Some interesting finding are that C. maltaromaticum and C. mobile may produce gas from glucose. Also, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">through the growth of </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">few Carnobacterium species in food products</del>, volatile alcohols, ketones, and hydrocarbons tend to accumulate. However, Further studies <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">on the importance of these metabolites are needed </del>to determine the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to </del>positive and negative effects <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">on the foods</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">These microorganisms are thin, rod shaped and found in singles rods or in small chains</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">They are gram stain positive, meaning they </ins>have <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a large amount </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">peptidoglycan in their cell walls</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">They can be motile or non-motile and do not </ins>have <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">spores. The only species proven </ins>to be <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mobile are C. mobile</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C. alterfunditum and C. funditum</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Carnobacterium generally </ins>produce lactic acid mainly from glucose <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fermentaion</ins>. However, C. pleistocenium also produce CO2, ethanol, and acetic acid as well. Most species are <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">psychrophilic and psychrotolerant</ins>, meaning they <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are able to grow and reproduce at temperatures between </ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10 to 20 °C</ins>. There is little known about the metabolism of Carnobacterium, except that they produce lactic acid and get their energy from fermentation of different hexoses. Acetic acid and ethanol are also common byproducts. They grow extremely well when heme, a blood pigment with iron, is added to aerobic conditions. However, they can also live in anaerobic conditions as well making them facultive anaerobes. Some interesting finding are that C. maltaromaticum and C. mobile may produce gas from glucose. Also, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as a biproduct on </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">few Carnobacterium species fermentation</ins>, volatile alcohols, ketones, and hydrocarbons tend to accumulate <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in their habitat</ins>. However, Further studies <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">need to be conducted </ins>to determine the positive and negative effects <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of these metabolites</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology and Pathogenesis==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology and Pathogenesis==</div></td></tr>
</table>Hencsiechttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Carnobacterium&diff=101069&oldid=prevHencsiec: /* Genome Structure */2014-04-25T01:23:33Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Genome Structure</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome Structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome Structure==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Carnobacterium have linear For C. divergens and C. pleistocenium, the genome size was estimated to 3.2 Mb, and for C. alterfunditum, it was estimated to be 2.9 Mb (Daniel, 1995; Pikuta et al., 2005) We only found record of one Carnobacterium genome sequencing project completed<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. It was </del>Carnobacterium sp. AT7<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, a piezophilic strain isolated from the Aleutian trench at a depth of 2500 m</del>. The data already available indicate that the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Carnobacterium sp</del>. AT7 genome contains 2.4 Mb and encodes 2388 proteins. The final sequence of Carnobacterium <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sp. 17-4 comprises </del>one chromosome of 2,635,294 bp and one plasmid of 50,105 bp. The chromosome <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>35.25% <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">G+C content) comprises </del>2,420 predicted protein-encoding genes, 67 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA operons, and 1 single 5S rRNA gene. The plasmid <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>31.53% <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">G+C content) harbors </del>54 protein-encoding genes. (http://www.genomesonline.org) (Liolios et al., 2006).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Carnobacterium have linear For C. divergens and C. pleistocenium, the genome size was estimated to 3.2 Mb, and for C. alterfunditum, it was estimated to be 2.9 Mb (Daniel, 1995; Pikuta et al., 2005) We only found record of one Carnobacterium genome sequencing project completed <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">for the </ins>Carnobacterium sp. AT7. The data already available indicate that the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C</ins>. AT7 genome contains 2.4 Mb and encodes 2388 proteins. The final sequence of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </ins>Carnobacterium <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">species comprised </ins>one chromosome of 2,635,294 bp and one plasmid of 50,105 bp. The chromosome <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">contained a G+C ration of around </ins>35.25%<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. This chromosome was comprised of </ins>2,420 predicted protein-encoding genes, 67 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA operons, and 1 single 5S rRNA gene. The plasmid <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">contained a G+C content of </ins>31.53% <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which housed </ins>54 protein-encoding genes. (http://www.genomesonline.org) (Liolios et al., 2006). </div></td></tr>
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</table>Hencsiechttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Carnobacterium&diff=101062&oldid=prevHencsiec: /* Description and Significance */2014-04-25T01:07:27Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Description and Significance</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and Significance==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and Significance==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Carnobacterium are gram-positive rod-shaped lactic acid bacteria. Although they are lactic acid producing bacteria, they grow in a PH of 9 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and do not tolerate acidic environments very well</del>. Most of the species produce lactic acid through <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">various processes. Identifying Carnobacterium is easiest using 16S-23S rDNA ISRs that gives species specific primers that are helpful in distinguishing eight </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the Carnobacterium species ( C. divergens, C. mobile, C. funditum, C. alterfun-ditum, C. inhibens, C. viridans, C. gallinarum and C. piscicola) using PCR identification</del>. The presence of Carnobacterium can be found in seawater as well as dairy, fish, & meat products. They are commonly found in in polar regions and temperate environments due to their tolerance to freezing temperatures and thawing. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">They also are tolerant of high pressure conditions. Carnobacterium </del>include the psycrophilic anaerobic species C. maltaromaticum, C. divergens & C. pleistocenium. Certain species have preservative qualities of meat products<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Some are </del>also <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">attributed </del>to meat spoilage. C. pleistocenium has been found in a permafrost fox tunnel in Alaska. The ice dates back to the Pleistocene Epoch <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(1.8 Ma to </del>11,000 years ago<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Carnobacterium are gram-positive rod-shaped lactic acid bacteria. Although they are lactic acid producing bacteria, they grow in a PH <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">range </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">7-</ins>9. Most of the species produce lactic acid through <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the fermentation </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">carbohydrates such as glucose</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>The presence of Carnobacterium can be found in seawater as well as dairy, fish, & meat products. They are commonly found in in polar regions and temperate environments due to their tolerance to freezing temperatures and thawing. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Such examples </ins>include the psycrophilic anaerobic species C. maltaromaticum, C. divergens & C. pleistocenium<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. They also are tolerant of high pressure conditions. Recently, a piezophilic strain was isolated from s trench at a depth of 2500 meters</ins>. Certain species have preservative qualities of meat products<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">; however there is </ins>also <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">evidence that suggests others attribute </ins>to meat spoilage <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">when improperly stored</ins>. C. pleistocenium has been found in a permafrost fox tunnel in Alaska. The ice dates back to the Pleistocene Epoch <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">era which is around </ins>11,000 years ago. </div></td></tr>
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</table>Hencsiechttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Carnobacterium&diff=100706&oldid=prevHencsiec: /* Ecology and Pathogenesis */2014-04-23T16:02:02Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Ecology and Pathogenesis</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology and Pathogenesis==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology and Pathogenesis==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Carnobacterium spp. appear to have both the temperate and polar aquatic environments as habitats including live fish, marine sponges, and Arctic sea water as well as the deep sea. C. maltaromaticum and/or C. divergens have been isolated from tropical fish products, including smoked surubim, a Brazilian tropical freshwater fish, and and from vacuum-packed tuna caught in the Indian Ocean. The presence of carnobacteria has also been documented in the terrestrial environment, including Canadian winter soil and permafrost ice. In these harsh conditions, Carnobacterium possess trials that play a large role in their survival. A cold-active β-galactosidase from C. maltaromaticum and a cold-adapted alanine dehydrogenase from a Carnobacterium sp. related to C. alterfunditum have been found that enhance the Carnobacterium's ability to grow at low temperatures. An example is the isolation of a Carnobacterium sp. preserved in a permafrost ice wedge for 25,000 years. Some carnobacterial isolates are derived from natural high-pressure habitats, as seen in deep Artic water. They are also relatively resistant to high-pressure processing and are found in high concentrations in vacuum-packed and chilled squid mantle and cold-smoked salmon previously treated with 200–400 MPa for 15–20 minutes. There is no research of Carnobacterium causing disease. However, they have been as protective cultures that pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. Also, C. divergens and C. maltaromaticum are commonly found in the spoilage of chilled seafood and meat products after it has left frozen storage.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Carnobacterium spp. appear to have both the temperate and polar aquatic environments as habitats including live fish, marine sponges, and Arctic sea water as well as the deep sea. C. maltaromaticum and/or C. divergens have been isolated from tropical fish products, including smoked surubim, a Brazilian tropical freshwater fish, and and from vacuum-packed tuna caught in the Indian Ocean. The presence of carnobacteria has also been documented in the terrestrial environment, including Canadian winter soil and permafrost ice. In these harsh conditions, Carnobacterium possess trials that play a large role in their survival. A cold-active β-galactosidase from C. maltaromaticum and a cold-adapted alanine dehydrogenase from a Carnobacterium sp. related to C. alterfunditum have been found that enhance the Carnobacterium's ability to grow at low temperatures. An example is the isolation of a Carnobacterium sp. preserved in a permafrost ice wedge for 25,000 years. Some carnobacterial isolates are derived from natural high-pressure habitats, as seen in deep Artic water. They are also relatively resistant to high-pressure processing and are found in high concentrations in vacuum-packed and chilled squid mantle and cold-smoked salmon previously treated with 200–400 MPa for 15–20 minutes. There is no research of Carnobacterium causing disease. However, they have been as protective cultures that pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. Also, C. divergens and C. maltaromaticum are commonly found in the spoilage of chilled seafood and meat products after it has left frozen storage <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and improperly stored in ice. On the other hand, C. maltaromaticum has been FDA approved for use as a preservative in meats when the meats are properly stored</ins>.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Hencsiec