Chikungunya Virus: Difference between revisions

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==Description==
==Description==
By classification using the Baltimore Classification, Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. CHIKV can also be further classified as an Arbovirus or Arthropod Bourne Virus because of its transmission via mosquitoes. The alphavirus genus is known to be small, spherical viruses with envelopes and are 60-70 nanometers in diameter[[#References|[1]]]. The genome of CHIKV encodes for four nonstructural proteins and three structural proteins. {NCBI} Also, alphaviruses viruses further classified into seven complexes varying by different antigenic properties;Barmah Forest (BF), Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Middelburg (MID), Ndumu (NDU), Semliki Forest (SF), Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), and Western equine encephalitis (WEE)[[#References|[2]]]. CHIKV is part of the Semliki Forest complex. In addition, it is known as an Old World Virus because of its pathogenicity and ways it interacts with the host. Chikungunya Virus can cause the disease Chikungunya Fever, which is very similar to Dengue Fever, Zika Virus, and other tropical arboviruses. When bitten by an infected mosquito, a patient will present symptoms within 3 to 7 days. The most prevalent and problematic symptoms consist of high-grade fever, severe arthralgia (joint pain), and a rash on the torso. Chikungunyna Fever is usually not fatal; no antiviral regimens or vaccines exist.  
By classification using the Baltimore Classification, Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. CHIKV can also be further classified as an Arbovirus or Arthropod Bourne Virus because of its transmission via mosquitoes. The alphavirus genus is known to be small, spherical viruses with envelopes and are 60-70 nanometers in diameter[[#References|[3]]]. The genome of CHIKV encodes for four nonstructural proteins and three structural proteins. {NCBI} Also, alphaviruses viruses further classified into seven complexes varying by different antigenic properties;Barmah Forest (BF), Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Middelburg (MID), Ndumu (NDU), Semliki Forest (SF), Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), and Western equine encephalitis (WEE)[[#References|[4]]]. CHIKV is part of the Semliki Forest complex. In addition, it is known as an Old World Virus because of its pathogenicity and ways it interacts with the host. Chikungunya Virus can cause the disease Chikungunya Fever, which is very similar to Dengue Fever, Zika Virus, and other tropical arboviruses. When bitten by an infected mosquito, a patient will present symptoms within 3 to 7 days. The most prevalent and problematic symptoms consist of high-grade fever, severe arthralgia (joint pain), and a rash on the torso. Chikungunyna Fever is usually not fatal; no antiviral regimens or vaccines exist.  
==Pathogenesis==
==Pathogenesis==


===Transmission===
===Transmission===
There are two distinct transmission cycles that have been found for CHIKV. The endemic cycle is transmitted by the <i>A. aegypti</i> species of mosquitoes which is found in tropical areas.[[#References|[3]]] However, <i> A. albopictus</i> species has been found to be a carrier also, which are located in temperate regions and contributing to CHIKV becoming a global dilemma.[[#References|[4]]]  Chikungunya Fever is contracted via a human-mosquito-human pathway where the mosquito obtains the virus from biting an infected human and transmits the virus by biting a non-infected human. Human to human transmission is currently not proven to be possible. Upon infection, the virus enters the subcutaneous capillaries, and can also enter macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. [[#References|[4]]] The virus quickly evades the immune system and enters the blood and lymph circulation. CHIKV then has access to multiple areas of the body and is able to produce systemic complications and symptoms.  
There are two distinct transmission cycles that have been found for CHIKV. The endemic cycle is transmitted by the <i>A. aegypti</i> species of mosquitoes which is found in tropical areas.[[#References|[5]]] However, <i> A. albopictus</i> species has been found to be a carrier also, which are located in temperate regions and contributing to CHIKV becoming a global dilemma.[[#References|[6]]]  Chikungunya Fever is contracted via a human-mosquito-human pathway where the mosquito obtains the virus from biting an infected human and transmits the virus by biting a non-infected human. Human to human transmission is currently not proven to be possible. Upon infection, the virus enters the subcutaneous capillaries, and can also enter macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. [[#References|[6]]] The virus quickly evades the immune system and enters the blood and lymph circulation. CHIKV then has access to multiple areas of the body and is able to produce systemic complications and symptoms.  
===Epidemiology===
===Epidemiology===


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==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
===Physical Examination===
===Physical Examination===
Physical examination is the primary method for diagnosing a patient with Chikungunya disease. Patients will present with high-grade fevers that can be as high as 105 ° F, shaking/chills, and headaches. Other common symptoms in severe cases include arthralgia and rash. Arthralgia is usually the most problematic symptom of Chikungunya disease. Small joints in the hands, wrists, and ankles are most commonly affected, with not much involvement of the larger joints. Arthralgia ceases within 1-2 weeks of pain onset in most patients, but 10-12% may have persistent arthralgia that lasts from months to years.[[#References|[5]]] Manifestations of disease are also seen on the skin in the form of a erythematous maculopapular rash on the torso.[[#References|[5]]]This rash appears red with flat, small bumps present also. In some patients, a tourniquet test may be performed to gauge the level of capillary fragility and hemorrhagic tendency; but it has proven to not be a reliable diagnostic tool.
Physical examination is the primary method for diagnosing a patient with Chikungunya disease. Patients will present with high-grade fevers that can be as high as 105 ° F, shaking/chills, and headaches. Other common symptoms in severe cases include arthralgia and rash. Arthralgia is usually the most problematic symptom of Chikungunya disease. Small joints in the hands, wrists, and ankles are most commonly affected, with not much involvement of the larger joints. Arthralgia ceases within 1-2 weeks of pain onset in most patients, but 10-12% may have persistent arthralgia that lasts from months to years.[[#References|[7]]] Manifestations of disease are also seen on the skin in the form of a erythematous maculopapular rash on the torso.[[#References|[7]]]This rash appears red with flat, small bumps present also. In some patients, a tourniquet test may be performed to gauge the level of capillary fragility and hemorrhagic tendency; but it has proven to not be a reliable diagnostic tool.


===Diagnostic Criteria===
===Diagnostic Criteria===
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The damage response framework is a way to measure the level of damage done to the host. This framework begins with commensalism then progresses to no effect, colonization, latency, disease, and finally death. In addition, the host immune response is another contributing factor to the amount of damage that will be done. Other damage response frameworks show host damage as a function of time. It is not known for sure, but similar to common viral diseases, the weaker the host's immune response, the more damage that the host will incur.  
The damage response framework is a way to measure the level of damage done to the host. This framework begins with commensalism then progresses to no effect, colonization, latency, disease, and finally death. In addition, the host immune response is another contributing factor to the amount of damage that will be done. Other damage response frameworks show host damage as a function of time. It is not known for sure, but similar to common viral diseases, the weaker the host's immune response, the more damage that the host will incur.  
==References==
==References==
1 [[http://www.newmicrobiologica.org/PUB/allegati_pdf/2013/3/211.pdf]]<br>
1 [[http://cas.ou.edu/study-abroad/]]<br>
2 [[http://www.chikungunyavirusnet.com/chikungunya-virus.html]] <br>
2 [[http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/emdb/EMD-5577]]
3 [[http://www.chikungunya.in]] <br>
3 [[http://www.newmicrobiologica.org/PUB/allegati_pdf/2013/3/211.pdf]]<br>
4 [[http://www.newmicrobiologica.org/PUB/allegati_pdf/2013/3/211.pdf]] <br>
4 [[http://www.chikungunyavirusnet.com/chikungunya-virus.html]] <br>
5 [[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2225687-overview#a4]]
5 [[http://www.chikungunya.in]] <br>
6 [[http://www.newmicrobiologica.org/PUB/allegati_pdf/2013/3/211.pdf]] <br>
7 [[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2225687-overview#a4]]

Revision as of 23:53, 29 July 2015

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University of Oklahoma Study Abroad Microbiology in Arezzo, Italy[1]
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Etiology/Virology

Baltimore Classification

Group IV: (+) ssRNA Virus

ICTV Classification

Family |=Togaviridae Genus |=Alphavirus Species |=Chikungunya Virus

Description

By classification using the Baltimore Classification, Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. CHIKV can also be further classified as an Arbovirus or Arthropod Bourne Virus because of its transmission via mosquitoes. The alphavirus genus is known to be small, spherical viruses with envelopes and are 60-70 nanometers in diameter[3]. The genome of CHIKV encodes for four nonstructural proteins and three structural proteins. {NCBI} Also, alphaviruses viruses further classified into seven complexes varying by different antigenic properties;Barmah Forest (BF), Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Middelburg (MID), Ndumu (NDU), Semliki Forest (SF), Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), and Western equine encephalitis (WEE)[4]. CHIKV is part of the Semliki Forest complex. In addition, it is known as an Old World Virus because of its pathogenicity and ways it interacts with the host. Chikungunya Virus can cause the disease Chikungunya Fever, which is very similar to Dengue Fever, Zika Virus, and other tropical arboviruses. When bitten by an infected mosquito, a patient will present symptoms within 3 to 7 days. The most prevalent and problematic symptoms consist of high-grade fever, severe arthralgia (joint pain), and a rash on the torso. Chikungunyna Fever is usually not fatal; no antiviral regimens or vaccines exist.

Pathogenesis

Transmission

There are two distinct transmission cycles that have been found for CHIKV. The endemic cycle is transmitted by the A. aegypti species of mosquitoes which is found in tropical areas.[5] However, A. albopictus species has been found to be a carrier also, which are located in temperate regions and contributing to CHIKV becoming a global dilemma.[6] Chikungunya Fever is contracted via a human-mosquito-human pathway where the mosquito obtains the virus from biting an infected human and transmits the virus by biting a non-infected human. Human to human transmission is currently not proven to be possible. Upon infection, the virus enters the subcutaneous capillaries, and can also enter macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. [6] The virus quickly evades the immune system and enters the blood and lymph circulation. CHIKV then has access to multiple areas of the body and is able to produce systemic complications and symptoms.

Epidemiology

Diagnosis

Physical Examination

Physical examination is the primary method for diagnosing a patient with Chikungunya disease. Patients will present with high-grade fevers that can be as high as 105 ° F, shaking/chills, and headaches. Other common symptoms in severe cases include arthralgia and rash. Arthralgia is usually the most problematic symptom of Chikungunya disease. Small joints in the hands, wrists, and ankles are most commonly affected, with not much involvement of the larger joints. Arthralgia ceases within 1-2 weeks of pain onset in most patients, but 10-12% may have persistent arthralgia that lasts from months to years.[7] Manifestations of disease are also seen on the skin in the form of a erythematous maculopapular rash on the torso.[7]This rash appears red with flat, small bumps present also. In some patients, a tourniquet test may be performed to gauge the level of capillary fragility and hemorrhagic tendency; but it has proven to not be a reliable diagnostic tool.

Diagnostic Criteria

Patients who are suspected to have the virus present the symptoms mentioned previously during physical examination. However, because Chikungunya disease has many of the same symptoms as dengue fever, malaria, and more, the ability to omit infection by all other diseases aid in the diagnosis of CHIKV. A more straightforward diagnosis can be made if the patient has traveled to an area where recent outbreaks of CHIKV have occurred.


Treatment and Prevention

Treatment

Chikungunya virus is usually not fatal. Currently, there are no antiviral treatments for the disease either; this is probably because the immune system can eliminate the virus on its own. Treatments are usually centered around symptom management and include hydration, management of electrolyte balance, hemodynamic monitoring, rest, and pain management with medication. However, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are not advised because of a possible missed dengue fever diagnosis, which could lead to increased hemorrhaging and death. Papaya leaf juice has also been used to combat inflammation and boost the immune system.


Prevention

There are no vaccines available for CHIKV currently. The only method of prevention is vector control on a personal and community level. People traveling to areas where there have been reported cases and/or traveling to areas that the A. Aegypti or A. albopictus species are located should be cautious. It is recommended that these people wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants, apply mosquito repellent, and have screens on windows. In the community, it is beneficial to remove mosquito breeding sites and have large scale spraying of mosquito repellent. The virus can only be spread when a mosquito bites an infected human and then transfers the virus to another human. Because of this, avoiding mosquito bites is the best prevention.

Damage Response Framework

The damage response framework is a way to measure the level of damage done to the host. This framework begins with commensalism then progresses to no effect, colonization, latency, disease, and finally death. In addition, the host immune response is another contributing factor to the amount of damage that will be done. Other damage response frameworks show host damage as a function of time. It is not known for sure, but similar to common viral diseases, the weaker the host's immune response, the more damage that the host will incur.

References

1 [[3]]
2 [[4]] 3 [[5]]
4 [[6]]
5 [[7]]
6 [[8]]
7 [[9]]