https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chikungunya_Virus&feed=atom&action=historyChikungunya Virus - Revision history2024-03-29T10:55:14ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chikungunya_Virus&diff=119600&oldid=prevBarichD at 14:20, 11 February 20162016-02-11T14:20:47Z<p></p>
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</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chikungunya_Virus&diff=116309&oldid=prevAmber.M.Hubbard-1 at 00:11, 30 July 20152015-07-30T00:11:47Z<p></p>
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</table>Amber.M.Hubbard-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chikungunya_Virus&diff=116308&oldid=prevAmber.M.Hubbard-1 at 00:10, 30 July 20152015-07-30T00:10:15Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are two distinct transmission cycles that have been found for CHIKV. The endemic cycle is transmitted by the <i>A. aegypti</i> species of mosquitoes which is found in tropical areas.[[#References|[5]]] However, <i> A. albopictus</i> species has been found to be a carrier also, which are located in temperate regions and contributing to CHIKV becoming a global dilemma.[[#References|[6]]] Chikungunya Fever is contracted via a human-mosquito-human pathway where the mosquito obtains the virus from biting an infected human and transmits the virus by biting a non-infected human. Human to human transmission is currently not proven to be possible. Upon infection, the virus enters the subcutaneous capillaries, and can also enter macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. [[#References|[6]]] The virus quickly evades the immune system and enters the blood and lymph circulation. CHIKV then has access to multiple areas of the body and is able to produce systemic complications and symptoms. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are two distinct transmission cycles that have been found for CHIKV. The endemic cycle is transmitted by the <i>A. aegypti</i> species of mosquitoes which is found in tropical areas.[[#References|[5]]] However, <i> A. albopictus</i> species has been found to be a carrier also, which are located in temperate regions and contributing to CHIKV becoming a global dilemma.[[#References|[6]]] Chikungunya Fever is contracted via a human-mosquito-human pathway where the mosquito obtains the virus from biting an infected human and transmits the virus by biting a non-infected human. Human to human transmission is currently not proven to be possible. Upon infection, the virus enters the subcutaneous capillaries, and can also enter macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. [[#References|[6]]] The virus quickly evades the immune system and enters the blood and lymph circulation. CHIKV then has access to multiple areas of the body and is able to produce systemic complications and symptoms. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Epidemiology===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Epidemiology===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Chikungunya is endemic to Southern and Southeast Asia. The first Asian epidemic was in 1958 in Bangkok, Thailand with rises and falls until 1974. The most catastrophic outbreak occurred in 2006 on Reunion Island, and island in the Indian Ocean. This outbreak resulted in 237 deaths. Around the same time 1.4 million people were suffering from the disease on the Indian Subcontinent. Unfortunately through local transmission, this disease is not considered a tropical disease only. Cases have been seen in Europe and the United States. This is probably due to the fact that the <i> A. albopictus</i> species resides in temperate forests and can now carry the disease farther from the equator. In July 2014, a person in the United States caught the virus and had not traveled to a location where there had been outbreaks. This was the first reported case of local transmission in the U.S. and has been 11 more reported cases as of December 2014; all reported cases were in Florida. [[#References|[7]]] </ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Amber.M.Hubbard-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chikungunya_Virus&diff=116307&oldid=prevAmber.M.Hubbard-1: /* References */2015-07-29T23:54:23Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1 [[http://cas.ou.edu/study-abroad/]]<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1 [[http://cas.ou.edu/study-abroad/]]<br></div></td></tr>
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</table>Amber.M.Hubbard-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chikungunya_Virus&diff=116306&oldid=prevAmber.M.Hubbard-1 at 23:53, 29 July 20152015-07-29T23:53:29Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By classification using the Baltimore Classification, Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. CHIKV can also be further classified as an Arbovirus or Arthropod Bourne Virus because of its transmission via mosquitoes. The alphavirus genus is known to be small, spherical viruses with envelopes and are 60-70 nanometers in diameter[[#References|[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1</del>]]]. The genome of CHIKV encodes for four nonstructural proteins and three structural proteins. {NCBI} Also, alphaviruses viruses further classified into seven complexes varying by different antigenic properties;Barmah Forest (BF), Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Middelburg (MID), Ndumu (NDU), Semliki Forest (SF), Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), and Western equine encephalitis (WEE)[[#References|[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2</del>]]]. CHIKV is part of the Semliki Forest complex. In addition, it is known as an Old World Virus because of its pathogenicity and ways it interacts with the host. Chikungunya Virus can cause the disease Chikungunya Fever, which is very similar to Dengue Fever, Zika Virus, and other tropical arboviruses. When bitten by an infected mosquito, a patient will present symptoms within 3 to 7 days. The most prevalent and problematic symptoms consist of high-grade fever, severe arthralgia (joint pain), and a rash on the torso. Chikungunyna Fever is usually not fatal; no antiviral regimens or vaccines exist. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By classification using the Baltimore Classification, Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. CHIKV can also be further classified as an Arbovirus or Arthropod Bourne Virus because of its transmission via mosquitoes. The alphavirus genus is known to be small, spherical viruses with envelopes and are 60-70 nanometers in diameter[[#References|[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3</ins>]]]. The genome of CHIKV encodes for four nonstructural proteins and three structural proteins. {NCBI} Also, alphaviruses viruses further classified into seven complexes varying by different antigenic properties;Barmah Forest (BF), Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Middelburg (MID), Ndumu (NDU), Semliki Forest (SF), Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), and Western equine encephalitis (WEE)[[#References|[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4</ins>]]]. CHIKV is part of the Semliki Forest complex. In addition, it is known as an Old World Virus because of its pathogenicity and ways it interacts with the host. Chikungunya Virus can cause the disease Chikungunya Fever, which is very similar to Dengue Fever, Zika Virus, and other tropical arboviruses. When bitten by an infected mosquito, a patient will present symptoms within 3 to 7 days. The most prevalent and problematic symptoms consist of high-grade fever, severe arthralgia (joint pain), and a rash on the torso. Chikungunyna Fever is usually not fatal; no antiviral regimens or vaccines exist. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Transmission===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Transmission===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are two distinct transmission cycles that have been found for CHIKV. The endemic cycle is transmitted by the <i>A. aegypti</i> species of mosquitoes which is found in tropical areas.[[#References|[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3</del>]]] However, <i> A. albopictus</i> species has been found to be a carrier also, which are located in temperate regions and contributing to CHIKV becoming a global dilemma.[[#References|[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4</del>]]] Chikungunya Fever is contracted via a human-mosquito-human pathway where the mosquito obtains the virus from biting an infected human and transmits the virus by biting a non-infected human. Human to human transmission is currently not proven to be possible. Upon infection, the virus enters the subcutaneous capillaries, and can also enter macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. [[#References|[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4</del>]]] The virus quickly evades the immune system and enters the blood and lymph circulation. CHIKV then has access to multiple areas of the body and is able to produce systemic complications and symptoms. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are two distinct transmission cycles that have been found for CHIKV. The endemic cycle is transmitted by the <i>A. aegypti</i> species of mosquitoes which is found in tropical areas.[[#References|[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5</ins>]]] However, <i> A. albopictus</i> species has been found to be a carrier also, which are located in temperate regions and contributing to CHIKV becoming a global dilemma.[[#References|[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6</ins>]]] Chikungunya Fever is contracted via a human-mosquito-human pathway where the mosquito obtains the virus from biting an infected human and transmits the virus by biting a non-infected human. Human to human transmission is currently not proven to be possible. Upon infection, the virus enters the subcutaneous capillaries, and can also enter macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. [[#References|[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6</ins>]]] The virus quickly evades the immune system and enters the blood and lymph circulation. CHIKV then has access to multiple areas of the body and is able to produce systemic complications and symptoms. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Epidemiology===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Epidemiology===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Diagnosis==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Diagnosis==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Physical Examination===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Physical Examination===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Physical examination is the primary method for diagnosing a patient with Chikungunya disease. Patients will present with high-grade fevers that can be as high as 105 ° F, shaking/chills, and headaches. Other common symptoms in severe cases include arthralgia and rash. Arthralgia is usually the most problematic symptom of Chikungunya disease. Small joints in the hands, wrists, and ankles are most commonly affected, with not much involvement of the larger joints. Arthralgia ceases within 1-2 weeks of pain onset in most patients, but 10-12% may have persistent arthralgia that lasts from months to years.[[#References|[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5</del>]]] Manifestations of disease are also seen on the skin in the form of a erythematous maculopapular rash on the torso.[[#References|[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5</del>]]]This rash appears red with flat, small bumps present also. In some patients, a tourniquet test may be performed to gauge the level of capillary fragility and hemorrhagic tendency; but it has proven to not be a reliable diagnostic tool.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Physical examination is the primary method for diagnosing a patient with Chikungunya disease. Patients will present with high-grade fevers that can be as high as 105 ° F, shaking/chills, and headaches. Other common symptoms in severe cases include arthralgia and rash. Arthralgia is usually the most problematic symptom of Chikungunya disease. Small joints in the hands, wrists, and ankles are most commonly affected, with not much involvement of the larger joints. Arthralgia ceases within 1-2 weeks of pain onset in most patients, but 10-12% may have persistent arthralgia that lasts from months to years.[[#References|[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">7</ins>]]] Manifestations of disease are also seen on the skin in the form of a erythematous maculopapular rash on the torso.[[#References|[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">7</ins>]]]This rash appears red with flat, small bumps present also. In some patients, a tourniquet test may be performed to gauge the level of capillary fragility and hemorrhagic tendency; but it has proven to not be a reliable diagnostic tool.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Diagnostic Criteria===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Diagnostic Criteria===</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The damage response framework is a way to measure the level of damage done to the host. This framework begins with commensalism then progresses to no effect, colonization, latency, disease, and finally death. In addition, the host immune response is another contributing factor to the amount of damage that will be done. Other damage response frameworks show host damage as a function of time. It is not known for sure, but similar to common viral diseases, the weaker the host's immune response, the more damage that the host will incur. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The damage response framework is a way to measure the level of damage done to the host. This framework begins with commensalism then progresses to no effect, colonization, latency, disease, and finally death. In addition, the host immune response is another contributing factor to the amount of damage that will be done. Other damage response frameworks show host damage as a function of time. It is not known for sure, but similar to common viral diseases, the weaker the host's immune response, the more damage that the host will incur. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1 [[http://www.newmicrobiologica.org/PUB/allegati_pdf/2013/3/211.pdf]]<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[http://cas.ou.edu/study-abroad/]]<br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2 </del>[[http://www.chikungunyavirusnet.com/chikungunya-virus.html]] <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2 [[http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/emdb/EMD-5577]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3 </del>[[http://www.chikungunya.in]] <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3 </ins>[[http://www.newmicrobiologica.org/PUB/allegati_pdf/2013/3/211.pdf]]<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4 </del>[[http://www.newmicrobiologica.org/PUB/allegati_pdf/2013/3/211.pdf]] <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4 </ins>[[http://www.chikungunyavirusnet.com/chikungunya-virus.html]] <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5 </del>[[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2225687-overview#a4]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5 </ins>[[http://www.chikungunya.in]] <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6 </ins>[[http://www.newmicrobiologica.org/PUB/allegati_pdf/2013/3/211.pdf]] <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">7 </ins>[[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2225687-overview#a4]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Amber.M.Hubbard-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chikungunya_Virus&diff=116305&oldid=prevAmber.M.Hubbard-1 at 23:36, 29 July 20152015-07-29T23:36:18Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Pages edited by students of Tyrrell Conway at the University of Oklahoma]]{{curated}}[[Image:OULOGOBIANCO.JPEG|thumb|230px|left|University of Oklahoma Study Abroad Microbiology in Arezzo, Italy[http://cas.ou.edu/study-abroad/]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Pages edited by students of Tyrrell Conway at the University of Oklahoma]]{{curated}}[[Image:OULOGOBIANCO.JPEG|thumb|230px|left|University of Oklahoma Study Abroad Microbiology in Arezzo, Italy[http://cas.ou.edu/study-abroad/]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Etiology/Virology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Etiology/Virology==</div></td></tr>
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</table>Amber.M.Hubbard-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chikungunya_Virus&diff=116300&oldid=prevAmber.M.Hubbard-1 at 23:15, 29 July 20152015-07-29T23:15:43Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By classification using the Baltimore Classification, Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. CHIKV can also be further classified as an Arbovirus or Arthropod Bourne Virus because of its transmission via mosquitoes. The alphavirus genus is known to be small, spherical viruses with envelopes and are 60-70 nanometers in diameter[[#References|[1]]]. The genome of CHIKV encodes for four nonstructural proteins and three structural proteins. {NCBI} Also, alphaviruses viruses further classified into seven complexes varying by different antigenic properties;Barmah Forest (BF), Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Middelburg (MID), Ndumu (NDU), Semliki Forest (SF), Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), and Western equine encephalitis (WEE).<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{chik.net} </del>CHIKV is part of the Semliki Forest complex. In addition, it is known as an Old World Virus because of its pathogenicity and ways it interacts with the host. Chikungunya Virus can cause the disease Chikungunya Fever, which is very similar to Dengue Fever, Zika Virus, and other tropical arboviruses. When bitten by an infected mosquito, a patient will present symptoms within 3 to 7 days. The most prevalent and problematic symptoms consist of high-grade fever, severe arthralgia (joint pain), and a rash on the torso. Chikungunyna Fever is usually not fatal; no antiviral regimens or vaccines exist. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By classification using the Baltimore Classification, Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. CHIKV can also be further classified as an Arbovirus or Arthropod Bourne Virus because of its transmission via mosquitoes. The alphavirus genus is known to be small, spherical viruses with envelopes and are 60-70 nanometers in diameter[[#References|[1]]]. The genome of CHIKV encodes for four nonstructural proteins and three structural proteins. {NCBI} Also, alphaviruses viruses further classified into seven complexes varying by different antigenic properties;Barmah Forest (BF), Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Middelburg (MID), Ndumu (NDU), Semliki Forest (SF), Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), and Western equine encephalitis (WEE)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[2]]]</ins>. CHIKV is part of the Semliki Forest complex. In addition, it is known as an Old World Virus because of its pathogenicity and ways it interacts with the host. Chikungunya Virus can cause the disease Chikungunya Fever, which is very similar to Dengue Fever, Zika Virus, and other tropical arboviruses. When bitten by an infected mosquito, a patient will present symptoms within 3 to 7 days. The most prevalent and problematic symptoms consist of high-grade fever, severe arthralgia (joint pain), and a rash on the torso. Chikungunyna Fever is usually not fatal; no antiviral regimens or vaccines exist. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathogenesis==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathogenesis==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Transmission===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Transmission===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are two distinct transmission cycles that have been found for CHIKV. The endemic Chikungunya Fever is contracted via a human-mosquito-human pathway where the mosquito obtains the virus from biting an infected human and transmits the virus by biting a non-infected human. Human to human transmission is currently not proven to be possible. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are two distinct transmission cycles that have been found for CHIKV. The endemic <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cycle is transmitted by the <i>A. aegypti</i> species of mosquitoes which is found in tropical areas.[[#References|[3]]] However, <i> A. albopictus</i> species has been found to be a carrier also, which are located in temperate regions and contributing to CHIKV becoming a global dilemma.[[#References|[4]]] </ins>Chikungunya Fever is contracted via a human-mosquito-human pathway where the mosquito obtains the virus from biting an infected human and transmits the virus by biting a non-infected human. Human to human transmission is currently not proven to be possible<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Upon infection, the virus enters the subcutaneous capillaries, and can also enter macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. [[#References|[4]]] The virus quickly evades the immune system and enters the blood and lymph circulation. CHIKV then has access to multiple areas of the body and is able to produce systemic complications and symptoms</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Epidemiology===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Epidemiology===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l21">Line 21:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 21:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Diagnosis==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Diagnosis==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Physical Examination===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Physical Examination===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Physical examination is the primary method for diagnosing a patient with Chikungunya disease. Patients will present with high-grade fevers that can be as high as 105 ° F, shaking/chills, and headaches. Other common symptoms in severe cases include arthralgia and rash. Arthralgia is usually the most problematic symptom of Chikungunya disease. Small joints in the hands, wrists, and ankles are most commonly affected, with not much involvement of the larger joints. Arthralgia ceases within 1-2 weeks of pain onset in most patients, but 10-12% may have persistent arthralgia that lasts from months to years.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{Medscape} </del>Manifestations of disease are also seen on the skin in the form of a erythematous maculopapular rash on the torso.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{Medscape} </del>This rash appears red with flat, small bumps present also. In some patients, a tourniquet test may be performed to gauge the level of capillary fragility and hemorrhagic tendency; but it has proven to not be a reliable diagnostic tool.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Physical examination is the primary method for diagnosing a patient with Chikungunya disease. Patients will present with high-grade fevers that can be as high as 105 ° F, shaking/chills, and headaches. Other common symptoms in severe cases include arthralgia and rash. Arthralgia is usually the most problematic symptom of Chikungunya disease. Small joints in the hands, wrists, and ankles are most commonly affected, with not much involvement of the larger joints. Arthralgia ceases within 1-2 weeks of pain onset in most patients, but 10-12% may have persistent arthralgia that lasts from months to years.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[5]]] </ins>Manifestations of disease are also seen on the skin in the form of a erythematous maculopapular rash on the torso.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[5]]]</ins>This rash appears red with flat, small bumps present also. In some patients, a tourniquet test may be performed to gauge the level of capillary fragility and hemorrhagic tendency; but it has proven to not be a reliable diagnostic tool.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Diagnostic Criteria===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Diagnostic Criteria===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l29">Line 29:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 29:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Treatment and Prevention==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Treatment and Prevention==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Conventional </del>Treatment===</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Treatment===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chikungunya virus is usually not fatal. Currently, there are no antiviral treatments for the disease either; this is probably because the immune system can eliminate the virus on its own. Treatments are usually centered around symptom management and include hydration, management of electrolyte balance, hemodynamic monitoring, rest, and pain management with medication. However, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are not advised because of a possible missed dengue fever diagnosis, which could lead to increased hemorrhaging and death. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chikungunya virus is usually not fatal. Currently, there are no antiviral treatments for the disease either; this is probably because the immune system can eliminate the virus on its own. Treatments are usually centered around symptom management and include hydration, management of electrolyte balance, hemodynamic monitoring, rest, and pain management with medication. However, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) are not advised because of a possible missed dengue fever diagnosis, which could lead to increased hemorrhaging and death<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Papaya leaf juice has also been used to combat inflammation and boost the immune system</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">===Alternative Treatment===</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Prevention===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Prevention===</div></td></tr>
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<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 39:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Damage Response Framework==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Damage Response Framework==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The damage response framework is a way to measure the level of damage done to the host. This framework begins with commensalism then progresses to no effect, colonization, latency, disease, and finally death. In addition, the host immune response is another contributing factor to the amount of damage that will be done. Other damage response frameworks show host damage as a function of time. It is not known for sure, but similar to common viral diseases, the weaker the host's immune response, the more damage that the host will incur. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1 [[http://www.newmicrobiologica.org/PUB/allegati_pdf/2013/3/211.pdf]]<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1 [[http://www.newmicrobiologica.org/PUB/allegati_pdf/2013/3/211.pdf]]<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2 [[http://www.chikungunyavirusnet.com/chikungunya-virus.html]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2 [[http://www.chikungunyavirusnet.com/chikungunya-virus.html<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] <br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3 [[http://www.chikungunya.in]] <br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4 [[http://www.newmicrobiologica.org/PUB/allegati_pdf/2013/3/211.pdf]] <br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5 [[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2225687-overview#a4</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Amber.M.Hubbard-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chikungunya_Virus&diff=116247&oldid=prevAmber.M.Hubbard-1 at 21:13, 29 July 20152015-07-29T21:13:21Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Transmission===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Transmission===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">There are two distinct transmission cycles that have been found for CHIKV. The endemic Chikungunya Fever is contracted via a human-mosquito-human pathway where the mosquito obtains the virus from biting an infected human and transmits the virus by biting a non-infected human. Human to human transmission is currently not proven to be possible. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Epidemiology===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Epidemiology===</div></td></tr>
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</table>Amber.M.Hubbard-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chikungunya_Virus&diff=116226&oldid=prevAmber.M.Hubbard-1 at 17:15, 29 July 20152015-07-29T17:15:12Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===ICTV Classification===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===ICTV Classification===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Family|=[[Togaviridae]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Family |=[[Togaviridae]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Genus|=[[Alphavirus]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Genus |=[[Alphavirus]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Species|=[[Chikungunya Virus]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Species |=[[Chikungunya Virus]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By classification using the Baltimore Classification, Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. CHIKV can also be further classified as an Arbovirus or Arthropod Bourne Virus because of its transmission via mosquitoes. The alphavirus genus is known to be small, spherical viruses with envelopes and are 60-70 nanometers in diameter. The genome of CHIKV encodes for four nonstructural proteins and three structural proteins. {NCBI} Also, alphaviruses viruses further classified into seven complexes varying by different antigenic properties;Barmah Forest (BF), Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Middelburg (MID), Ndumu (NDU), Semliki Forest (SF), Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), and Western equine encephalitis (WEE).{chik.net} CHIKV is part of the Semliki Forest complex. In addition, it is known as an Old World Virus because of its pathogenicity and ways it interacts with the host. Chikungunya Virus can cause the disease Chikungunya Fever, which is very similar to Dengue Fever, Zika Virus, and other tropical arboviruses. When bitten by an infected mosquito, a patient will present symptoms within 3 to 7 days. The most prevalent and problematic symptoms consist of high-grade fever, severe arthralgia (joint pain), and a rash on the torso. Chikungunyna Fever is usually not fatal; no antiviral regimens or vaccines exist. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By classification using the Baltimore Classification, Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. CHIKV can also be further classified as an Arbovirus or Arthropod Bourne Virus because of its transmission via mosquitoes. The alphavirus genus is known to be small, spherical viruses with envelopes and are 60-70 nanometers in diameter<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[1]]]</ins>. The genome of CHIKV encodes for four nonstructural proteins and three structural proteins. {NCBI} Also, alphaviruses viruses further classified into seven complexes varying by different antigenic properties;Barmah Forest (BF), Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Middelburg (MID), Ndumu (NDU), Semliki Forest (SF), Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), and Western equine encephalitis (WEE).{chik.net} CHIKV is part of the Semliki Forest complex. In addition, it is known as an Old World Virus because of its pathogenicity and ways it interacts with the host. Chikungunya Virus can cause the disease Chikungunya Fever, which is very similar to Dengue Fever, Zika Virus, and other tropical arboviruses. When bitten by an infected mosquito, a patient will present symptoms within 3 to 7 days. The most prevalent and problematic symptoms consist of high-grade fever, severe arthralgia (joint pain), and a rash on the torso. Chikungunyna Fever is usually not fatal; no antiviral regimens or vaccines exist. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathogenesis==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathogenesis==</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Damage Response Framework==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Damage Response Framework==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==References==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1 [[http://www.newmicrobiologica.org/PUB/allegati_pdf/2013/3/211.pdf]]<br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2 [[http://www.chikungunyavirusnet.com/chikungunya-virus.html]]</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Amber.M.Hubbard-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chikungunya_Virus&diff=116222&oldid=prevAmber.M.Hubbard-1 at 17:07, 29 July 20152015-07-29T17:07:54Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===ICTV Classification===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===ICTV Classification===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Family<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">: </del>Togaviridae</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Family<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|=[[</ins>Togaviridae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Genus <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:</del>Alphavirus</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Genus<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|=[[</ins>Alphavirus<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Species<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">: </del>Chikungunya Virus </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Species<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|=[[</ins>Chikungunya Virus<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description==</div></td></tr>
</table>Amber.M.Hubbard-1