https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlorobium_chlorochromatii&feed=atom&action=history
Chlorobium chlorochromatii - Revision history
2024-03-28T12:02:58Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
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https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlorobium_chlorochromatii&diff=54762&oldid=prev
BarichD at 19:38, 18 August 2010
2010-08-18T19:38:32Z
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BarichD
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlorobium_chlorochromatii&diff=19436&oldid=prev
Gillenk: /* Current Research */
2007-07-12T18:23:19Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Current Research</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>One of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </del>current research <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">projects that were developed </del>was to be able to detect green sulfur bacteria by using an oligodeoxynucleotide probe (GSB-532). The development of this probe allowed for the highly specific detection of green sulfur bacteria in their natural environment as well as rapid screening of natural bacterial communities. The probe GSB-532 allowed for the “phylogenetic affiliation of the epibionts in ''Chlorochromatium aggregatum'' and ''Pelochromatium roseum'' for the first time.”(7)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>One of current research <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">project </ins>was to be able to detect green sulfur bacteria by using an oligodeoxynucleotide probe (GSB-532). The development of this probe allowed for the highly specific detection of green sulfur bacteria in their natural environment as well as rapid screening of natural bacterial communities. The probe GSB-532 allowed for the “phylogenetic affiliation of the epibionts in ''Chlorochromatium aggregatum'' and ''Pelochromatium roseum'' for the first time.”(7)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another interesting <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">research </del>done on ''C. chlorochromatii'' is the diversity of epibionts involved in the phototrophic consortia. To date, there are seven different morphological types of such consortia and two immotile associations involving green sulfur bacteria are known. By using a culture-independent method, different types of phototrophic consortia were isolated <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">by </del>from fourteen freshwater environments, and partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of the green sulfur epibionts were determined. Nineteen different types of epibionts were detected in the different lakes whereas the epibionts within one geographic region were very similar. None of the epibiont 16S rRNA gene sequences have been detected so far in the green sulfur bacteria, suggesting that the interaction between epibionts and central bacteria is an obligate interaction. The present study thus demonstrates that there is great diversity and nonrandom geographical distribution of phototrophic consortia in the natural environment (3).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another interesting <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">study </ins>done on ''C. chlorochromatii'' is the diversity of epibionts involved in the phototrophic consortia. To date, there are seven different morphological types of such consortia and two immotile associations involving green sulfur bacteria are known. By using a culture-independent method, different types of phototrophic consortia were isolated from fourteen freshwater environments, and partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of the green sulfur epibionts were determined. Nineteen different types of epibionts were detected in the different lakes whereas the epibionts within one geographic region were very similar. None of the epibiont 16S rRNA gene sequences have been detected so far in the green sulfur bacteria, suggesting that the interaction between epibionts and central bacteria is an obligate interaction. The present study thus demonstrates that there is great diversity and nonrandom geographical distribution of phototrophic consortia in the natural environment (3).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another interesting research that involved green sulfur bacteria was the population analysis obtained from the chemocline in Lake Cadagno, Switzerland. Purple sulfur bacteria were the numerically most prominent phototrophic sulfur bacteria in samples obtained from 1994 to 2001 and represented between 70 and 95% of the phototrophic sulfur bacteria. All populations of purple sulfur bacteria showed large fluctuations in time with populations belonging to the green sulfur bacteria. During the last 2 years of the analysis, there was a shift in dominance from purple sulfur bacteria to green sulfur bacteria in the chemocline. At this time, numbers of purple sulfur bacteria had decreased and those of green sulfur bacteria increased and ''C. clathratiforme'' represented about 95% of the phototrophic sulfur bacteria. This major change in community structure in the chemocline was accompanied by changes in the cloudiness of water sulfide concentrations, and light intensity. Overall, these findings suggest that a disruption of the chemocline in 2000 due to very cold winters may have altered environmental niches and populations in subsequent years (5).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another interesting research that involved green sulfur bacteria was the population analysis obtained from the chemocline in Lake Cadagno, Switzerland. Purple sulfur bacteria were the numerically most prominent phototrophic sulfur bacteria in samples obtained from 1994 to 2001 and represented between 70 and 95% of the phototrophic sulfur bacteria. All populations of purple sulfur bacteria showed large fluctuations in time with populations belonging to the green sulfur bacteria. During the last 2 years of the analysis, there was a shift in dominance from purple sulfur bacteria to green sulfur bacteria in the chemocline. At this time, numbers of purple sulfur bacteria had decreased and those of green sulfur bacteria increased and ''C. clathratiforme'' represented about 95% of the phototrophic sulfur bacteria. This major change in community structure in the chemocline was accompanied by changes in the cloudiness of water<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>sulfide concentrations, and light intensity. Overall, these findings suggest that a disruption of the chemocline in 2000 due to very cold winters may have altered environmental niches and populations in subsequent years (5).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
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Gillenk
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlorobium_chlorochromatii&diff=19435&oldid=prev
Gillenk: /* Cell structure and metabolism */
2007-07-12T18:19:53Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Cell structure and metabolism</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The phototrophic consortium ''C. aggregatum'' consists of a colorless central rod-shaped bacterium which is surrounded by about 20 green-pigmented epibionts, meaning it lives on the body surface of this central rod. The metabolic interactions between the partners in phototrophic consortia are still unknown. However, all green sulfur bacteria studied are obligate anoxygenic photolithotrophs, which tells us two very important factors about the metabolic pathways involved; <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">oxygen </del>is not used as the electron donor and inorganic compounds are used. Inorganic compounds such as hydrogen, sulfide, elemental sulfur or polysulfide, and sometimes thiosulfate can be used as electron donors for carbon dioxide fixation by the reverse TCA cycle<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, which is also known as the Krebs Cycle</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The phototrophic consortium ''C. aggregatum'' consists of a colorless central rod-shaped bacterium which is surrounded by about 20 green-pigmented epibionts, meaning it lives on the body surface of this central rod. The metabolic interactions between the partners in phototrophic consortia are still unknown. However, all green sulfur bacteria studied are obligate anoxygenic photolithotrophs, which tells us two very important factors about the metabolic pathways involved; <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">water </ins>is not used as the electron donor <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(hence no oxygen is produced) </ins>and inorganic compounds are used. Inorganic compounds such as hydrogen, sulfide, elemental sulfur or polysulfide, and sometimes thiosulfate can be used as electron donors for carbon dioxide fixation by the reverse TCA cycle.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Most strains show a very limited ability to utilize simple organic compounds such as acetate, pyruvate, and succinate. ''C. aggregatum'' direct their movements according to 2-oxoglutarate, a compound which was found to be an essential ingredient of the enrichment medium for this consortium (2). Green sulfur bacteria can be maintained in highly stable <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cocultures </del>because of a closed sulfur cycle in which each sulfur atom cycles many times. Due to low sulfide concentrations in the natural environments in which phototrophic consortia are usually found, it has been suggested that a syntrophic sulfur cycle may also exist between the two partner organisms in these consortia. This type of arrangement would ensure a continuous supply of reduced sulfur compounds for energy and reducing power generation by the epibionts. It is also possible that the epibionts may provide reduced carbon or nitrogen to the motile central rod. Sulfide has been shown to stimulate electron transport in the epibionts. Recent molecular analysis shows that the central rod of phototrophic consortia are members of the b-subgroup of the proteobacteria.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Most strains show a very limited ability to utilize simple organic compounds such as acetate, pyruvate, and succinate. ''C. aggregatum'' direct their movements according to 2-oxoglutarate, a compound which was found to be an essential ingredient of the enrichment medium for this consortium (2). Green sulfur bacteria can be maintained in highly stable <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">co-cultures </ins>because of a closed sulfur cycle in which each sulfur atom cycles many times. Due to low sulfide concentrations in the natural environments in which phototrophic consortia are usually found, it has been suggested that a syntrophic sulfur cycle may also exist between the two partner organisms in these consortia. This type of arrangement would ensure a continuous supply of reduced sulfur compounds for energy and reducing power generation by the epibionts. It is also possible that the epibionts may provide reduced carbon or nitrogen to the motile central rod. Sulfide has been shown to stimulate electron transport in the epibionts. Recent molecular analysis shows that the central rod of phototrophic consortia are members of the b-subgroup of the proteobacteria.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td></tr>
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Gillenk
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlorobium_chlorochromatii&diff=19434&oldid=prev
Gillenk: /* Genome structure */
2007-07-12T18:17:38Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Genome structure</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:17, 12 July 2007</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''C. chlorochromatii'' consists of a circular chromosome that is 2,572,079 nt in length. The green sulfur bacteria range between 2 and 3.3 Mb and the size range for genomes of the central rod is 2 to 6 Mb. Thus, the anticipated total genome size for ''C. aggregatum'' is less than 10 Mb. This circular chromosome encodes for genes that are involved with numerous processes that are essential to the cell including protein synthesis and also the production of enzymes involved in metabolic pathways such as the Krebs Cycle (4).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''C. chlorochromatii'' consists of a circular chromosome that is 2,572,079 nt in length. The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">genomes of </ins>green sulfur bacteria range between 2 and 3.3 Mb and the size range for genomes of the central rod is 2 to 6 Mb. Thus, the anticipated total genome size for ''C. aggregatum'' is less than 10 Mb. This circular chromosome encodes for genes that are involved with numerous processes that are essential to the cell including protein synthesis and also the production of enzymes involved in metabolic pathways such as the Krebs Cycle (4).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td></tr>
</table>
Gillenk
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlorobium_chlorochromatii&diff=17764&oldid=prev
T5kim: /* References */
2007-06-05T12:12:17Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:12, 5 June 2007</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>8. Vogl, K., Glaeser, J., Pfanees, K.R., Wanner, G., and Overmann, J. “Chlorobium chlorochromatii sp. nov., a symbiotic green sulfur bacterium isolated from the phototrophic consortium "Chlorochromatium aggregatum".</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>8. Vogl, K., Glaeser, J., Pfanees, K.R., Wanner, G., and Overmann, J. “Chlorobium chlorochromatii sp. nov., a symbiotic green sulfur bacterium isolated from the phototrophic consortium "Chlorochromatium aggregatum".</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Edited by student of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>
T5kim
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlorobium_chlorochromatii&diff=17763&oldid=prev
T5kim: /* References */
2007-06-05T12:10:56Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:10, 5 June 2007</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>4. Kanzler BE, Pfannes KR, Vogl K, Overmann J. Molecular characterization of the nonphotosynthetic partner bacterium in the consortium "Chlorochromatium aggregatum.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 71, No. 11. American Society for Microbiology. 7434-7441</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>4. Kanzler BE, Pfannes KR, Vogl K, Overmann J. Molecular characterization of the nonphotosynthetic partner bacterium in the consortium "Chlorochromatium aggregatum.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 71, No. 11. American Society for Microbiology. 7434-7441</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>5. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mauro </del>Tonolla, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Raffaele </del>Peduzzi, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dittmar </del>Hahn. “Long-Term Population Dynamics of Phototrophic Sulfur Bacteria in the Chemocline of Lake Cadagno, Switzerland.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 71, No. 7. American Society for Microbiology. 3554-3550.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>5. Tonolla, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">M., </ins>Peduzzi<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, R.</ins>, and Hahn<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, D</ins>. “Long-Term Population Dynamics of Phototrophic Sulfur Bacteria in the Chemocline of Lake Cadagno, Switzerland.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 71, No. 7. American Society for Microbiology. 3554-3550.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>6. Overmann, J. and van Gemerden, H. 2000. Microbial interactions involving sulfur bacteria: implications for the ecology and evolution of bacterial communities. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 24: 591-599.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>6. Overmann, J. and van Gemerden, H. 2000. Microbial interactions involving sulfur bacteria: implications for the ecology and evolution of bacterial communities. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 24: 591-599.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>7. Tuschak, C., Glaeser, J. and Overmann, J. Specific detection of green sulfur bacteria by in situ hybridization with a fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probe. Arch. Microbiol. 171: 265-272. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>7. Tuschak, C., Glaeser, J. and Overmann, J. Specific detection of green sulfur bacteria by in situ hybridization with a fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probe. Arch. Microbiol. 171: 265-272. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>8. Vogl, K., Glaeser, J., Pfanees, K.R., Wanner, G., and Overmann, J. “Chlorobium chlorochromatii sp. nov., a symbiotic green sulfur bacterium isolated from the phototrophic consortium "Chlorochromatium aggregatum".</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>8. Vogl, K., Glaeser, J., Pfanees, K.R., Wanner, G., and Overmann, J. “Chlorobium chlorochromatii sp. nov., a symbiotic green sulfur bacterium isolated from the phototrophic consortium "Chlorochromatium aggregatum".</div></td></tr>
</table>
T5kim
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlorobium_chlorochromatii&diff=17761&oldid=prev
T5kim: /* References */
2007-06-05T12:09:45Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:09, 5 June 2007</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1. Chapin, B., Denoyelles F., Gaham, D.W., Smith, V.H. “A deep maximum of green sulphur bacteria (‘Chlorochromatium aggregatum’) in a strongly stratified reservoir.” Freshwater Biology (2004) 49, 1337–1354. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>Chapin, B., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>Denoyelles F., Gaham, D.W., Smith, V.H. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>“A deep maximum of green sulphur bacteria (‘Chlorochromatium aggregatum’) in a strongly stratified reservoir.” <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>Freshwater Biology (2004) 49, 1337–1354.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. Fröstl, J. M. and Overmann, J. 1998. Physiology and tactic response of the phototrophic consortium “Chlorochromatium aggregatum.” Arch. Microbiol. 169: 129-135. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>Fröstl, J. M. and Overmann, J. 1998. Physiology and tactic response of the phototrophic consortium “Chlorochromatium aggregatum.” Arch. Microbiol. 169: 129-135.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>3. Glaeser, J., Overmann, J. “Biogeography, Evolution, and Diversity of Epibionts in Phototrophic Consortia.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 70, No. 8. American Society for Microbiology. 4821-4830. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>3. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>Glaeser, J., Overmann, J. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>“Biogeography, Evolution, and Diversity of Epibionts in Phototrophic Consortia.” <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 70, No. 8. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>American Society for Microbiology. 4821-4830.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>4. Kanzler BE, Pfannes KR, Vogl K, Overmann J. Molecular characterization of the nonphotosynthetic partner bacterium in the consortium "Chlorochromatium aggregatum.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 71, No. 11. American Society for Microbiology. 7434-7441 </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>4. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>Kanzler BE, Pfannes KR, Vogl K, Overmann J. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>Molecular characterization of the nonphotosynthetic partner bacterium in the consortium "Chlorochromatium aggregatum.” <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 71, No. 11. American Society for Microbiology. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>7434-7441</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>5. Mauro Tonolla, Raffaele Peduzzi, and Dittmar Hahn. “Long-Term Population Dynamics of Phototrophic Sulfur Bacteria in the Chemocline of Lake Cadagno, Switzerland.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 71, No. 7. American Society for Microbiology. 3554-3550. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>5. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>Mauro Tonolla, Raffaele Peduzzi, and Dittmar Hahn. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>“Long-Term Population Dynamics of Phototrophic Sulfur Bacteria in the Chemocline of Lake Cadagno, Switzerland.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 71, No. 7. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>American Society for Microbiology. 3554-3550.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>6. Overmann, J. and van Gemerden, H. 2000. Microbial interactions involving sulfur bacteria: implications for the ecology and evolution of bacterial communities. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 24: 591-599. 7. Tuschak, C., Glaeser, J. and Overmann, J. Specific detection of green sulfur bacteria by in situ hybridization with a fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probe. Arch. Microbiol. 171: 265-272. 8. Vogl, K., Glaeser, J., Pfanees, K.R., Wanner, G., and Overmann, J. “Chlorobium chlorochromatii sp. nov., a symbiotic green sulfur bacterium isolated from the phototrophic consortium "Chlorochromatium aggregatum". </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>6. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>Overmann, J. and van Gemerden, H. 2000. Microbial interactions involving sulfur bacteria: implications for the ecology and evolution of bacterial communities. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 24: 591-599.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>7. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>Tuschak, C., Glaeser, J. and Overmann, J. Specific detection of green sulfur bacteria by in situ hybridization with a fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probe. Arch. Microbiol. 171: 265-272. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Retrieved from "http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Chlorobium_chlorochromatii"</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>8. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>Vogl, K., Glaeser, J., Pfanees, K.R., Wanner, G., and Overmann, J. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>“Chlorobium chlorochromatii sp. nov., a symbiotic green sulfur bacterium isolated from the phototrophic consortium "Chlorochromatium aggregatum".</div></td></tr>
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T5kim: /* References */
2007-06-05T12:08:56Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Edited by student </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[mailto:ralarsen@ucsd</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1. Chapin, B., Denoyelles F., Gaham, D.W., Smith, V.H. “A deep maximum </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">green sulphur bacteria (‘Chlorochromatium aggregatum’) in a strongly stratified reservoir.” Freshwater Biology (2004) 49, 1337–1354</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Chlorobium chlorochromatii</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bacteria; Chlorobi; Chlorobia; Chlorobiales; Chlorobiacease; Chlorobium</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2. Fröstl, J. M. and Overmann, J. 1998. Physiology and tactic response of the phototrophic consortium “Chlorochromatium aggregatum.” Arch. Microbiol. 169: 129-135. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Chlorobium chlorochromatii is a symbiotic green sulfur bacterium that is usually found in fresh water lakes around the world</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It can be found in low-temperature</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">anaerobic aquatic environments where there is low sulfide and light conditions (1)</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> It is composed of a colorless</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rod shaped</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">central bacterium that is motile surrounded by about twenty green sulfur epibionts which are nonmotile (4)</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Within the colorless central bacterium</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">chlorosomes are present which harvest the light into energy</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> C</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> chlorochromatii was isolated from an enrichment culture of the phototrophic consortium "Chlorochromatium aggregatum”</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which was changed in 2005 to Chlorobium chlorochromatii (</del>8<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Glaeser</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">J</ins>., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Overmann</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">J</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Biogeography</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Evolution, and Diversity of Epibionts in Phototrophic Consortia</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">70</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">No. </ins>8<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. American Society for Microbiology. 4821-4830</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">chlorochromatii consists of a circular chromosome that is 2</del>,<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">572</del>,<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">079 nt </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">length</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> The green sulfur bacteria range between 2 </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3 Mb and the size range for genomes of the central rod is 2 to 6 Mb. Thus</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the anticipated total genome size for “C</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">aggregatum” is less than 10 Mb</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This circular chromosome encodes </del>for <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">genes that are involved with numerous processes that are essential to the cell including protein synthesis and also the production of enzymes involved in metabolic pathways such as the Krebs Cycle (4)</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Kanzler BE, Pfannes KR</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Vogl K</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Overmann J. Molecular characterization of the nonphotosynthetic partner bacterium </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the consortium "Chlorochromatium aggregatum</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">” Applied </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Environmental Microbiology, Vol</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">71</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">No</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">11</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">American Society </ins>for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Microbiology</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">7434-7441 </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The phototrophic consortium C</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">aggregatum consists </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a colorless central rod-shaped bacterium which is surrounded by about 20 green-pigmented epibionts, meaning it lives on </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">body surface </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">this central rod</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> The metabolic interactions between the partners in phototrophic consortia are still unknown</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">However</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">all green sulfur bacteria studied are obligate anoxygenic photolithotrophs, which tells us two very important factors about the metabolic pathways involved; oxygen is not used as the electron donor and inorganic compounds are used</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Inorganic compounds such as hydrogen, sulfide, elemental sulfur or polysulfide, and sometimes thiosulfate can be used as electron donors </del>for <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">carbon dioxide fixation by the reverse TCA cycle, which is also known as the Krebs Cycle</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mauro Tonolla, Raffaele Peduzzi, and Dittmar Hahn. “Long-Term Population Dynamics </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Phototrophic Sulfur Bacteria in </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Chemocline </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lake Cadagno, Switzerland</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">71</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">No. 7</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">American Society </ins>for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Microbiology. 3554-3550</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Most strains show a very limited ability to utilize simple organic compounds such as acetate</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pyruvate</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">succinate</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>C. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">aggregatum direct their movements according to 2-oxoglutarate</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a compound which was found to be an essential ingredient </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the enrichment medium for this consortium (2). Green </del>sulfur bacteria <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">can be maintained </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">highly stable cocultures because of </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">closed sulfur cycle in which each sulfur atom cycles many times</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Due to low sulfide concentrations in the natural environments in which phototrophic consortia are usually found</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it has been suggested that a syntrophic sulfur cycle may also exist between the two partner organisms in these consortia</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This type of arrangement would ensure a continuous supply of reduced sulfur compounds for energy </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">reducing power generation by the epibionts</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is also possible that the epibionts may provide reduced carbon or nitrogen to the motile central rod</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sulfide has been shown to stimulate electron transport in the epibionts</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Recent molecular analysis shows that </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">central rod of </del>phototrophic <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">consortia are members of the b-subgroup of the proteobacteria</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6. Overmann</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">J. and van Gemerden</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">H. 2000. Microbial interactions involving sulfur bacteria: implications for the ecology </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">evolution of bacterial communities</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 24: 591-599. 7. Tuschak, </ins>C., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Glaeser, J. and Overmann, J. Specific detection </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">green </ins>sulfur bacteria <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">by </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">situ hybridization with </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probe. Arch. Microbiol. 171: 265-272. 8. Vogl, K., Glaeser, J., Pfanees, K.R</ins>., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Wanner, G</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Overmann, J</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Chlorobium chlorochromatii sp</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nov</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, a symbiotic green sulfur bacterium isolated from </ins>the phototrophic <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">consortium "Chlorochromatium aggregatum"</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C. chlorochromatii are found in fresh water lakes in the chemocline, which is the region between the oxygen rich water and the anaerobic water. They usually thrive where there are low sulfide concentrations and low levels of light. These two factors usually are the growth limiting factors in most photosynthetic bacteria. It has also been found that there is an optimal ratio of sulfide to light for growth in phototrophic consortia. Although there are also purple sulfur bacteria, they live in different niches from the green sulfur bacteria due to the wavelength of light that green sulfur bacteria utilize. Purple sulfur require more light because they have less pigment (1). In the environment, chlorobium chlorochromatii are known to represent important components of the sulfur and carbon cycles in freshwater environments and make up nearly two-thirds of the biomass found in the chemocline. </del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Retrieved </ins>from "<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http</ins>:<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">//microbewiki</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">kenyon</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">edu/index</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">php/Chlorobium_chlorochromatii</ins>"</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">One of the current research projects that were developed was to be able to detect green sulfur bacteria by using an oligodeoxynucleotide probe (GSB-532). The development of this probe allowed for the highly specific detection of green sulfur bacteria in their natural environment as well as rapid screening of natural bacterial communities. The probe GSB-532 allowed for the “phylogenetic affiliation of the epibionts in ‘Chlorochromatium aggregatum’ and ‘Pelochromatium roseum’ for the first time.”(7)</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Another interesting research done on C. chlorochromatii is the diversity of epibionts involved in the phototrophic consortia. To date, there are seven different morphological types of such consortia and two immotile associations involving green sulfur bacteria are known. By using a culture-independent method, different types of phototrophic consortia were isolated by from fourteen freshwater environments, and partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of the green sulfur epibionts were determined. Nineteen different types of epibionts were detected in the different lakes whereas the epibionts within one geographic region were very similar. None of the epibiont 16S rRNA gene sequences have been detected so far in the green sulfur bacteria, suggesting that the interaction between epibionts and central bacteria is an obligate interaction. The present study thus demonstrates that there is great diversity and nonrandom geographical distribution of phototrophic consortia in the natural environment (3).</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Another interesting research that involved green sulfur bacteria was the population analysis obtained from the chemocline in Lake Cadagno, Switzerland. Purple sulfur bacteria were the numerically most prominent phototrophic sulfur bacteria in samples obtained from 1994 to 2001 and represented between 70 and 95% of the phototrophic sulfur bacteria. All populations of purple sulfur bacteria showed large fluctuations in time with populations belonging to the green sulfur bacteria. During the last 2 years of the analysis, there was a shift in dominance </del>from <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">purple sulfur bacteria to green sulfur bacteria in the chemocline. At this time, numbers of purple sulfur bacteria had decreased and those of green sulfur bacteria increased and C. clathratiforme represented about 95% of the phototrophic sulfur bacteria. This major change in community structure in the chemocline was accompanied by changes in the cloudiness of water sulfide concentrations, and light intensity. Overall, these findings suggest that a disruption of the chemocline in 2000 due to very cold winters may have altered environmental niches and populations in subsequent years (5).</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">References</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1. Chapin, B., Denoyelles F., Gaham, D.W., Smith, V.H. “A deep maximum of green sulphur bacteria (‘Chlorochromatium aggregatum’) in a strongly stratified reservoir.” Freshwater Biology (2004) 49, 1337–1354.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2. Fröstl, J. M. and Overmann, J. 1998. Physiology and tactic response of the phototrophic consortium “Chlorochromatium aggregatum.” Arch. Microbiol. 169: 129-135.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3. Glaeser, J., Overmann, J. “Biogeography, Evolution, and Diversity of Epibionts in Phototrophic Consortia.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 70, No. 8. American Society for Microbiology. 4821-4830.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4. Kanzler BE, Pfannes KR, Vogl K, Overmann J. Molecular characterization of the nonphotosynthetic partner bacterium in the consortium </del>"<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Chlorochromatium aggregatum.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 71, No. 11. American Society for Microbiology. 7434-7441</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5. Mauro Tonolla, Raffaele Peduzzi, and Dittmar Hahn. “Long-Term Population Dynamics of Phototrophic Sulfur Bacteria in the Chemocline of Lake Cadagno, Switzerland.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 71, No. 7. American Society for Microbiology. 3554-3550.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6. Overmann, J. and van Gemerden, H. 2000. Microbial interactions involving sulfur bacteria</del>: <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">implications for the ecology and evolution of bacterial communities. FEMS Microbiol</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lett</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">24: 591-599</del>.</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">7. Tuschak, C., Glaeser, J. and Overmann, J. Specific detection of green sulfur bacteria by in situ hybridization with a fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probe. Arch. Microbiol. 171: 265-272. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">8. Vogl, K., Glaeser, J., Pfanees, K.R., Wanner, G., and Overmann, J. “Chlorobium chlorochromatii sp. nov., a symbiotic green sulfur bacterium isolated from the phototrophic consortium </del>"<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Chlorochromatium aggregatum".</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
</table>
T5kim
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlorobium_chlorochromatii&diff=17757&oldid=prev
T5kim: /* Current Research */
2007-06-05T12:08:15Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Current Research</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:08, 5 June 2007</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Enter summaries </del>of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">most recent </del>research <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">here</del>--<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">at least three required</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">One </ins>of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">current </ins>research <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">projects that were developed was to be able to detect green sulfur bacteria by using an oligodeoxynucleotide probe (GSB</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">532). The development of this probe allowed for the highly specific detection of green sulfur bacteria in their natural environment as well as rapid screening of natural bacterial communities. The probe GSB</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">532 allowed for the “phylogenetic affiliation of the epibionts in ''Chlorochromatium aggregatum'' and ''Pelochromatium roseum'' for the first time.”(7)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Another interesting research done on ''C. chlorochromatii'' is the diversity of epibionts involved in the phototrophic consortia. To date, there are seven different morphological types of such consortia and two immotile associations involving green sulfur bacteria are known. By using a culture-independent method, different types of phototrophic consortia were isolated by from fourteen freshwater environments, and partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of the green sulfur epibionts were determined. Nineteen different types of epibionts were detected in the different lakes whereas the epibionts within one geographic region were very similar. None of the epibiont 16S rRNA gene sequences have been detected so far in the green sulfur bacteria, suggesting that the interaction between epibionts and central bacteria is an obligate interaction. The present study thus demonstrates that there is great diversity and nonrandom geographical distribution of phototrophic consortia in the natural environment (3).</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Another interesting research that involved green sulfur bacteria was the population analysis obtained from the chemocline in Lake Cadagno, Switzerland. Purple sulfur bacteria were the numerically most prominent phototrophic sulfur bacteria in samples obtained from 1994 to 2001 and represented between 70 and 95% of the phototrophic sulfur bacteria. All populations of purple sulfur bacteria showed large fluctuations in time with populations belonging to the green sulfur bacteria. During the last 2 years of the analysis, there was a shift in dominance from purple sulfur bacteria to green sulfur bacteria in the chemocline. At this time, numbers of purple sulfur bacteria had decreased and those of green sulfur bacteria increased and ''C. clathratiforme'' represented about 95% of the phototrophic sulfur bacteria. This major change in community structure in the chemocline was accompanied by changes in the cloudiness of water sulfide concentrations, and light intensity. Overall, these findings suggest that a disruption of the chemocline in 2000 due to very cold winters may have altered environmental niches and populations in subsequent years (5).</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
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T5kim
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlorobium_chlorochromatii&diff=17748&oldid=prev
T5kim: /* Application to Biotechnology */
2007-06-05T12:04:30Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Application to Biotechnology</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:04, 5 June 2007</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Application to Biotechnology==</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
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T5kim