https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlorobium_ferrooxidans&feed=atom&action=historyChlorobium ferrooxidans - Revision history2024-03-28T18:05:52ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlorobium_ferrooxidans&diff=55108&oldid=prevBarichD at 18:52, 25 August 20102010-08-25T18:52:54Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:chlorobium.jpg|thumb|1000px|FIGURE 1. Typical shape and morphology of a bacteria in the genus ''Chlorobium'' (7).]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:chlorobium.jpg|thumb|1000px|FIGURE 1. Typical shape and morphology of a bacteria in the genus ''Chlorobium'' (7).]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Classification==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Classification==</div></td></tr>
</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlorobium_ferrooxidans&diff=53127&oldid=prevGiorda13: /* Description and Significance */2010-04-26T14:08:32Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Description and Significance</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:chlorob.JPG|thumb|600px|right|FIGURE 3. Photomicrograph of both strains of bacteria living in the co-culture. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A. </del>Strain KoFum grown with fumarate. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">B. </del>The binary <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mised </del>culture KoFox grown with ferrous carbonate (''arrow'' points at cell of KoFum)(1).]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:chlorob.JPG|thumb|600px|right|FIGURE 3. Photomicrograph of both strains of bacteria living in the co-culture. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a) </ins>Strain KoFum grown with fumarate. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> b) </ins>The binary <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mixed </ins>culture KoFox grown with ferrous carbonate (''arrow'' points at cell of KoFum)(1).]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
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</table>Giorda13https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlorobium_ferrooxidans&diff=53126&oldid=prevGiorda13: /* Classification */2010-04-26T14:05:02Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Classification</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Domain: Bacteria</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Domain: Bacteria</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Phylum: Chlorobi</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Phylum: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Chlorobi<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Class: Chlorobia</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Class: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Chlorobia<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Order: Chlorobiales</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Order: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Chlorobiales<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Family: Chlorobiaceae</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Family: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Chlorobiaceae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Genus: Chlorobium</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Genus: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Chlorobium<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Species: ferrooxidans (2)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Species: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>ferrooxidans<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>(2)</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/ NCBI] link to find]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Chlorobium ferrooxidans''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Chlorobium ferrooxidans''</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and Significance==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and Significance==</div></td></tr>
</table>Giorda13https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlorobium_ferrooxidans&diff=53125&oldid=prevGiorda13: /* Ecology and Pathogenesis */2010-04-26T14:03:50Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Ecology and Pathogenesis</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:03, 26 April 2010</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>17 FeCO3 + 29 H2O --> 17 FE(OH)3 + <C4H7O3> + 13 CO2 (1).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>17 FeCO3 + 29 H2O --> 17 FE(OH)3 + <C4H7O3> + 13 CO2 (1).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pathogenesis</del>==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Significance</ins>==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The bacterium discussed here lives in a co-culture which seems to suggest a symbiosis of some sort. The description according to Heising et. al, the paper responsible for the initial description of this organism, explained that the iron oxidizing strain (KoFox) was unable to be separated from the ''Geospirillum''-like chemoheterotrophic partner strian (KoFum). Compared to other green phototrophs (i.e. ''Chloroflexus aurantiacus,'' ''Chlorobium limicola,'' ''Pelodictyon phaeoclathratiforme,'') strain KoFox behaves atypically in not utilizing sulfide as a sole electron source (1). The oxidation of ferrous iron by phototrophic bacteria is a relatively novel phenomenon that has typically only been observed with phototrophic purple sulfur or non-sulfur bacteria (3,4,5). Oxidation of ferrous iron by Phototrophic bacteria has had implications in our understanding of early earth evolution. Banded iron formations (BIF's) (FIGURE 4) are Precambrian sedimentary deposits that generally consist of alternating layers of iron minerals and silica. BIFs have proved particularly useful to studies of the early earth due to their intimate coupling with oxygen concentration (9), however have remained enigmatic and debated among the scientific community regarding the mechanism surrounding their formation. Biological mechanisms can potentially account for the precipitation of iron out of solution in a variety of environments, ranging from an anoxygenic photic zone to an oxygenated sub-photic zone (9). However, the production of oxygen at depths anticipated for BIF deposition remains debated. Importantly, concentrations of nutrients (P) and trace metals (V, Mn, Co, Zn, and Mo) found in iron-rich BIF bands can easily support microbe populations capable of precipitating Hamersley-scale BIFs – even during periods of maximum iron precipitation (10). The question of when oxygen evolved on the planet and whether it was present in sufficient concentrations to be responsible for the deposition of these BIF's is still under debate. The finding of ''Chlorobium ferrooxidans'' and the observation of ferrous iron oxidation by a green anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria may fuel further speculations on the question of how banded iron formations originated. Green phototrophs represent a separate group within the Bacteria domain, this may be an indication that phototrophic ferrous iron oxidation was a widespread metabolic capacity in an early phase of evolution during the Precambrian era, as well as add to the argument that oxygen was not necessary for the formation of these early geologic formations (1,6).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The bacterium discussed here lives in a co-culture which seems to suggest a symbiosis of some sort. The description according to Heising et. al, the paper responsible for the initial description of this organism, explained that the iron oxidizing strain (KoFox) was unable to be separated from the ''Geospirillum''-like chemoheterotrophic partner strian (KoFum). Compared to other green phototrophs (i.e. ''Chloroflexus aurantiacus,'' ''Chlorobium limicola,'' ''Pelodictyon phaeoclathratiforme,'') strain KoFox behaves atypically in not utilizing sulfide as a sole electron source (1). The oxidation of ferrous iron by phototrophic bacteria is a relatively novel phenomenon that has typically only been observed with phototrophic purple sulfur or non-sulfur bacteria (3,4,5). Oxidation of ferrous iron by Phototrophic bacteria has had implications in our understanding of early earth evolution. Banded iron formations (BIF's) (FIGURE 4) are Precambrian sedimentary deposits that generally consist of alternating layers of iron minerals and silica. BIFs have proved particularly useful to studies of the early earth due to their intimate coupling with oxygen concentration (9), however have remained enigmatic and debated among the scientific community regarding the mechanism surrounding their formation. Biological mechanisms can potentially account for the precipitation of iron out of solution in a variety of environments, ranging from an anoxygenic photic zone to an oxygenated sub-photic zone (9). However, the production of oxygen at depths anticipated for BIF deposition remains debated. Importantly, concentrations of nutrients (P) and trace metals (V, Mn, Co, Zn, and Mo) found in iron-rich BIF bands can easily support microbe populations capable of precipitating Hamersley-scale BIFs – even during periods of maximum iron precipitation (10). The question of when oxygen evolved on the planet and whether it was present in sufficient concentrations to be responsible for the deposition of these BIF's is still under debate. The finding of ''Chlorobium ferrooxidans'' and the observation of ferrous iron oxidation by a green anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria may fuel further speculations on the question of how banded iron formations originated. Green phototrophs represent a separate group within the Bacteria domain, this may be an indication that phototrophic ferrous iron oxidation was a widespread metabolic capacity in an early phase of evolution during the Precambrian era, as well as add to the argument that oxygen was not necessary for the formation of these early geologic formations (1,6).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>Giorda13https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlorobium_ferrooxidans&diff=53124&oldid=prevGiorda13: /* Ecology and Pathogenesis */2010-04-26T14:02:44Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Ecology and Pathogenesis</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:02, 26 April 2010</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology and Pathogenesis==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology and Pathogenesis==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The bacterium discussed here lives in a co-culture which seems to suggest a symbiosis of some sort. The description according to Heising et. al, the paper responsible for the initial description of this organism, explained that the iron oxidizing strain (KoFox) was unable to be separated from the ''Geospirillum''-like chemoheterotrophic partner strian (KoFum). Compared to other green phototrophs (i.e. ''Chloroflexus aurantiacus,'' ''Chlorobium limicola,'' ''Pelodictyon phaeoclathratiforme,'') strain KoFox behaves atypically in not utilizing sulfide as a sole electron source (1). The oxidation of ferrous iron by phototrophic bacteria is a relatively novel phenomenon that has typically only been observed with phototrophic purple sulfur or non-sulfur bacteria (3,4,5). Oxidation of ferrous iron by Phototrophic bacteria has had implications in our understanding of early earth evolution. Banded iron formations (BIF's) (FIGURE 4) are Precambrian sedimentary deposits that generally consist of alternating layers of iron minerals and silica. BIFs have proved particularly useful to studies of the early earth due to their intimate coupling with oxygen concentration (9), however have remained enigmatic and debated among the scientific community regarding the mechanism surrounding their formation. Biological mechanisms can potentially account for the precipitation of iron out of solution in a variety of environments, ranging from an anoxygenic photic zone to an oxygenated sub-photic zone (9). However, the production of oxygen at depths anticipated for BIF deposition remains debated. Importantly, concentrations of nutrients (P) and trace metals (V, Mn, Co, Zn, and Mo) found in iron-rich BIF bands can easily support microbe populations capable of precipitating Hamersley-scale BIFs – even during periods of maximum iron precipitation (10). The question of when oxygen evolved on the planet and whether it was present in sufficient concentrations to be responsible for the deposition of these BIF's is still under debate. The finding of ''Chlorobium ferrooxidans'' and the observation of ferrous iron oxidation by a green anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria may fuel further speculations on the question of how banded iron formations originated. Green phototrophs represent a separate group within the Bacteria domain, this may be an indication that phototrophic ferrous iron oxidation was a widespread metabolic capacity in an early phase of evolution during the Precambrian era (1,6).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The bacterium discussed here lives in a co-culture which seems to suggest a symbiosis of some sort. The description according to Heising et. al, the paper responsible for the initial description of this organism, explained that the iron oxidizing strain (KoFox) was unable to be separated from the ''Geospirillum''-like chemoheterotrophic partner strian (KoFum). Compared to other green phototrophs (i.e. ''Chloroflexus aurantiacus,'' ''Chlorobium limicola,'' ''Pelodictyon phaeoclathratiforme,'') strain KoFox behaves atypically in not utilizing sulfide as a sole electron source (1). The oxidation of ferrous iron by phototrophic bacteria is a relatively novel phenomenon that has typically only been observed with phototrophic purple sulfur or non-sulfur bacteria (3,4,5). Oxidation of ferrous iron by Phototrophic bacteria has had implications in our understanding of early earth evolution. Banded iron formations (BIF's) (FIGURE 4) are Precambrian sedimentary deposits that generally consist of alternating layers of iron minerals and silica. BIFs have proved particularly useful to studies of the early earth due to their intimate coupling with oxygen concentration (9), however have remained enigmatic and debated among the scientific community regarding the mechanism surrounding their formation. Biological mechanisms can potentially account for the precipitation of iron out of solution in a variety of environments, ranging from an anoxygenic photic zone to an oxygenated sub-photic zone (9). However, the production of oxygen at depths anticipated for BIF deposition remains debated. Importantly, concentrations of nutrients (P) and trace metals (V, Mn, Co, Zn, and Mo) found in iron-rich BIF bands can easily support microbe populations capable of precipitating Hamersley-scale BIFs – even during periods of maximum iron precipitation (10). The question of when oxygen evolved on the planet and whether it was present in sufficient concentrations to be responsible for the deposition of these BIF's is still under debate. The finding of ''Chlorobium ferrooxidans'' and the observation of ferrous iron oxidation by a green anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria may fuel further speculations on the question of how banded iron formations originated. Green phototrophs represent a separate group within the Bacteria domain, this may be an indication that phototrophic ferrous iron oxidation was a widespread metabolic capacity in an early phase of evolution during the Precambrian era<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, as well as add to the argument that oxygen was not necessary for the formation of these early geologic formations </ins>(1,6).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Giorda13https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlorobium_ferrooxidans&diff=53119&oldid=prevGiorda13: /* Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle */2010-04-26T13:21:02Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:21, 26 April 2010</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The phototrophic bacterium (KoFox) is thought to obtain trace nutrients from the Geospirillium-like partner species (KoFum) while living together in a coculture. Selective enrichment from freshwater ditches and ponds has been achieved with optimal pH ranging from 6.3 - 7.1, and a temperature optimum between 22 - 25 C. Bacteriochlorophyll c is present in the organism and makes this bacterium strictly phototrophic with an affinity for dim light excluding light of 740 nm in wavelength. This strian (KoFox) differs from all ''Chlorobium'' strains in its lack of sulfide oxidation. Instead KoFox oxidizes ferrous iron to ferric iron hydroxides and uses a combination of iron and sunlight to reduce carbon dioxide for making and assimilating organic compounds. Hydrogen and acetate have been shown to increase the cell yield of the strain KoFox in the presence of ferrous iron. ''Chlorobium ferrooxidans'' has also been shown to have the capacity to use hydrogen as a sole electron source. The Oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron by KoFox in the presence of KoFum is coupled to biomass formation from Carbon dioxide according to the following equation: </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The phototrophic bacterium (KoFox) is thought to obtain trace nutrients from the Geospirillium-like partner species (KoFum) while living together in a coculture. Selective enrichment from freshwater ditches and ponds has been achieved with optimal pH ranging from 6.3 - 7.1, and a temperature optimum between 22 - 25 C. Bacteriochlorophyll c is present in the organism and makes this bacterium strictly phototrophic with an affinity for dim light excluding light of 740 nm in wavelength. This strian (KoFox) differs from all ''Chlorobium'' strains in its lack of sulfide oxidation. Instead KoFox oxidizes ferrous iron to ferric iron hydroxides and uses a combination of iron and sunlight to reduce carbon dioxide for making and assimilating organic compounds. Hydrogen and acetate have been shown to increase the cell yield of the strain KoFox in the presence of ferrous iron. ''Chlorobium ferrooxidans'' has also been shown to have the capacity to use hydrogen as a sole electron source<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Additionally, no assimilation of organic substances other than acetate have been found in ''C. ferrooxidans''</ins>. The Oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron by KoFox in the presence of KoFum is coupled to biomass formation from Carbon dioxide according to the following equation: </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>17 FeCO3 + 29 H2O --> 17 FE(OH)3 + <C4H7O3> + 13 CO2 (1).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>17 FeCO3 + 29 H2O --> 17 FE(OH)3 + <C4H7O3> + 13 CO2 (1).</div></td></tr>
</table>Giorda13https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlorobium_ferrooxidans&diff=53118&oldid=prevGiorda13: /* Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle */2010-04-26T13:18:51Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:18, 26 April 2010</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The phototrophic bacterium (KoFox) is thought to obtain trace nutrients from the Geospirillium-like partner species (KoFum) while living together in a coculture. Selective enrichment from freshwater ditches and ponds has been achieved with optimal pH ranging from 6.3-7.1, and a temperature optimum between 22-25 C. Bacteriochlorophyll c is present in the organism and makes this bacterium strictly phototrophic with an affinity for dim light excluding light of 740 nm in wavelength. This strian (KoFox) differs from all ''Chlorobium'' strains in its lack of sulfide oxidation. Instead KoFox oxidizes ferrous iron to ferric iron hydroxides and uses a combination of iron and sunlight to reduce carbon dioxide for making and assimilating organic compounds. Hydrogen and acetate have been shown to increase the cell yield of the strain KoFox in the presence of ferrous iron. ''Chlorobium ferrooxidans'' has also been shown to have the capacity to use hydrogen as a sole electron source. The Oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron by KoFox in the presence of KoFum is coupled to biomass formation from Carbon dioxide according to the following equation: </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The phototrophic bacterium (KoFox) is thought to obtain trace nutrients from the Geospirillium-like partner species (KoFum) while living together in a coculture. Selective enrichment from freshwater ditches and ponds has been achieved with optimal pH ranging from 6.3 - 7.1, and a temperature optimum between 22 - 25 C. Bacteriochlorophyll c is present in the organism and makes this bacterium strictly phototrophic with an affinity for dim light excluding light of 740 nm in wavelength. This strian (KoFox) differs from all ''Chlorobium'' strains in its lack of sulfide oxidation. Instead KoFox oxidizes ferrous iron to ferric iron hydroxides and uses a combination of iron and sunlight to reduce carbon dioxide for making and assimilating organic compounds. Hydrogen and acetate have been shown to increase the cell yield of the strain KoFox in the presence of ferrous iron. ''Chlorobium ferrooxidans'' has also been shown to have the capacity to use hydrogen as a sole electron source. The Oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron by KoFox in the presence of KoFum is coupled to biomass formation from Carbon dioxide according to the following equation: </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>17 FeCO3 + 29 H2O --> 17 FE(OH)3 + <C4H7O3> + 13 CO2 (1).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>17 FeCO3 + 29 H2O --> 17 FE(OH)3 + <C4H7O3> + 13 CO2 (1).</div></td></tr>
</table>Giorda13https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlorobium_ferrooxidans&diff=53117&oldid=prevGiorda13: /* Description and Significance */2010-04-26T13:18:27Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Description and Significance</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and Significance==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and Significance==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This green phototrophic bacterium is short, rod-shaped, approximately 0.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5x1</del>.0-1.5 μm in size, with rounded ends. The organism is nonmotile, gram negative, and nonsporeforming. ''Chlorobium ferrooxidans'' is strictly anaerobic. Originally isolated from shallow freshwater ditches, the phototrophic bacterium (strain KoFox) has only been isolated as a coculture with a strain identified as a member of the ε-subclass of the proteobacteria closely related to ''Geospirillum arsenophilum'' (KoFum). When grown in coculture, ''Chlorobium ferrooxidans'' oxidizes ferrous iron to ferric iron with stoichiometric formation of cell mass from carbon dioxide. This bacterium is important due to the fact that it is a novel green phototroph, related to other species of ''Chlorobium'' yet unique in regards to the oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron. This process by bacteria is a relatively novel phenomenon that has only been observed with phototrophic purple sulfur or non-sulfur bacteria (3, 4, 5). This observation in green phototrophic bacteria may indicate phototrophic ferrous iron oxidation was a widespread metabolic capacity in an early phase of evolution (1).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This green phototrophic bacterium is short, rod-shaped, approximately 0.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5 x 1</ins>.0-1.5 μm in size, with rounded ends. The organism is nonmotile, gram negative, and nonsporeforming. ''Chlorobium ferrooxidans'' is strictly anaerobic. Originally isolated from shallow freshwater ditches, the phototrophic bacterium (strain KoFox) has only been isolated as a coculture with a strain identified as a member of the ε-subclass of the proteobacteria closely related to ''Geospirillum arsenophilum'' (KoFum). When grown in coculture, ''Chlorobium ferrooxidans'' oxidizes ferrous iron to ferric iron with stoichiometric formation of cell mass from carbon dioxide. This bacterium is important due to the fact that it is a novel green phototroph, related to other species of ''Chlorobium'' yet unique in regards to the oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron. This process by bacteria is a relatively novel phenomenon that has only been observed with phototrophic purple sulfur or non-sulfur bacteria (3, 4, 5). This observation in green phototrophic bacteria may indicate phototrophic ferrous iron oxidation was a widespread metabolic capacity in an early phase of evolution (1).</div></td></tr>
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</table>Giorda13https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlorobium_ferrooxidans&diff=53116&oldid=prevGiorda13: /* Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle */2010-04-26T13:18:08Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The phototrophic bacterium (KoFox) is thought to obtain trace nutrients from the Geospirillium-like partner species (KoFum) while living together in a coculture. Bacteriochlorophyll c is present in the organism and makes this bacterium strictly phototrophic with an affinity for dim light excluding light of 740 nm in wavelength. This strian (KoFox) differs from all ''Chlorobium'' strains in its lack of sulfide oxidation. Instead KoFox oxidizes ferrous iron to ferric iron hydroxides and uses a combination of iron and sunlight to reduce carbon dioxide for making and assimilating organic compounds. Hydrogen and acetate have been shown to increase the cell yield of the strain KoFox in the presence of ferrous iron. ''Chlorobium ferrooxidans'' has also been shown to have the capacity to use hydrogen as a sole electron source. The Oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron by KoFox in the presence of KoFum is coupled to biomass formation from Carbon dioxide according to the following equation: </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The phototrophic bacterium (KoFox) is thought to obtain trace nutrients from the Geospirillium-like partner species (KoFum) while living together in a coculture<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Selective enrichment from freshwater ditches and ponds has been achieved with optimal pH ranging from 6.3-7.1, and a temperature optimum between 22-25 C</ins>. Bacteriochlorophyll c is present in the organism and makes this bacterium strictly phototrophic with an affinity for dim light excluding light of 740 nm in wavelength. This strian (KoFox) differs from all ''Chlorobium'' strains in its lack of sulfide oxidation. Instead KoFox oxidizes ferrous iron to ferric iron hydroxides and uses a combination of iron and sunlight to reduce carbon dioxide for making and assimilating organic compounds. Hydrogen and acetate have been shown to increase the cell yield of the strain KoFox in the presence of ferrous iron. ''Chlorobium ferrooxidans'' has also been shown to have the capacity to use hydrogen as a sole electron source. The Oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron by KoFox in the presence of KoFum is coupled to biomass formation from Carbon dioxide according to the following equation: </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>17 FeCO3 + 29 H2O --> 17 FE(OH)3 + <C4H7O3> + 13 CO2 (1).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>17 FeCO3 + 29 H2O --> 17 FE(OH)3 + <C4H7O3> + 13 CO2 (1).</div></td></tr>
</table>Giorda13https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Chlorobium_ferrooxidans&diff=53111&oldid=prevGiorda13: /* Ecology and Pathogenesis */2010-04-26T13:04:54Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Ecology and Pathogenesis</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology and Pathogenesis==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology and Pathogenesis==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The bacterium discussed here lives in a co-culture which seems to suggest a symbiosis of some sort. The description according to Heising et. al, the paper responsible for the initial description of this organism, explained that the iron oxidizing strain (KoFox) was unable to be separated from the ''Geospirillum''-like chemoheterotrophic partner strian (KoFum). Compared to other green phototrophs (i.e. ''Chloroflexus aurantiacus,'' ''Chlorobium limicola,'' ''Pelodictyon phaeoclathratiforme,'') strain KoFox behaves atypically in not utilizing sulfide as a sole electron source (1). The oxidation of ferrous iron by phototrophic bacteria is a relatively novel phenomenon that has typically only been observed with phototrophic purple sulfur or non-sulfur bacteria (3,4,5). Oxidation of ferrous iron by Phototrophic bacteria has had implications in our understanding of early earth evolution. Banded iron formations (BIF's) (FIGURE 4) are Precambrian sedimentary deposits that generally consist of alternating layers of iron minerals and silica. BIFs have proved particularly useful to studies of the early earth due to their intimate coupling with oxygen concentration (9), however have remained enigmatic and debated among the scientific community regarding the mechanism surrounding their formation. Biological mechanisms can potentially account for the precipitation of iron out of solution in a variety of environments, ranging from an anoxygenic photic zone to an oxygenated sub-photic zone (9). However, the production of oxygen at depths anticipated for BIF deposition remains debated. Importantly, concentrations of nutrients (P) and trace metals (V, Mn, Co, Zn, and Mo) found in iron-rich BIF bands can easily support microbe populations capable of precipitating Hamersley-scale BIFs – even during periods of maximum iron precipitation (10). The question of when oxygen evolved on the planet and whether it was present in sufficient concentrations to be responsible for the deposition of these BIF's is still under debate. The finding of ''Chlorobium ferrooxidans'' and the observation of ferrous iron oxidation by a green anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria may fuel further speculations on the question of how banded iron formations originated. Green phototrophs represent a separate group within the Bacteria domain, this may be an indication that phototrophic ferrous iron oxidation was a widespread metabolic capacity in an early phase of evolution during the Precambrian era(1,6).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The bacterium discussed here lives in a co-culture which seems to suggest a symbiosis of some sort. The description according to Heising et. al, the paper responsible for the initial description of this organism, explained that the iron oxidizing strain (KoFox) was unable to be separated from the ''Geospirillum''-like chemoheterotrophic partner strian (KoFum). Compared to other green phototrophs (i.e. ''Chloroflexus aurantiacus,'' ''Chlorobium limicola,'' ''Pelodictyon phaeoclathratiforme,'') strain KoFox behaves atypically in not utilizing sulfide as a sole electron source (1). The oxidation of ferrous iron by phototrophic bacteria is a relatively novel phenomenon that has typically only been observed with phototrophic purple sulfur or non-sulfur bacteria (3,4,5). Oxidation of ferrous iron by Phototrophic bacteria has had implications in our understanding of early earth evolution. Banded iron formations (BIF's) (FIGURE 4) are Precambrian sedimentary deposits that generally consist of alternating layers of iron minerals and silica. BIFs have proved particularly useful to studies of the early earth due to their intimate coupling with oxygen concentration (9), however have remained enigmatic and debated among the scientific community regarding the mechanism surrounding their formation. Biological mechanisms can potentially account for the precipitation of iron out of solution in a variety of environments, ranging from an anoxygenic photic zone to an oxygenated sub-photic zone (9). However, the production of oxygen at depths anticipated for BIF deposition remains debated. Importantly, concentrations of nutrients (P) and trace metals (V, Mn, Co, Zn, and Mo) found in iron-rich BIF bands can easily support microbe populations capable of precipitating Hamersley-scale BIFs – even during periods of maximum iron precipitation (10). The question of when oxygen evolved on the planet and whether it was present in sufficient concentrations to be responsible for the deposition of these BIF's is still under debate. The finding of ''Chlorobium ferrooxidans'' and the observation of ferrous iron oxidation by a green anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria may fuel further speculations on the question of how banded iron formations originated. Green phototrophs represent a separate group within the Bacteria domain, this may be an indication that phototrophic ferrous iron oxidation was a widespread metabolic capacity in an early phase of evolution during the Precambrian era (1,6).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Giorda13