https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Christensenella&feed=atom&action=historyChristensenella - Revision history2024-03-28T22:10:57ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Christensenella&diff=136494&oldid=prevSarahbal: /* 6. Ecology */2018-12-12T14:48:19Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">6. Ecology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=6. Ecology=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=6. Ecology=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>All known species of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenella” </del>are native to the digestive tract and have been isolated from human stool samples (3, 4, 5). Abundance of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenella” </del>in the gut microbiome depends on the genome of its host, as this genus shows high genetic heritability among related individuals (6).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>All known species of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">‘‘Christensenella’’ </ins>are native to the digestive tract and have been isolated from human stool samples (3, 4, 5). Abundance of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">‘‘Christensenella’’ </ins>in the gut microbiome depends on the genome of its host, as this genus shows high genetic heritability among related individuals (6).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“C</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">minuta” </del>is optimized for growth in the human digestive tract, with an optimal growth temperature of 37o-40o C (Range: 20-45o C) and an optimal pH of 7.5 (Range: 6.0 - 9.0) (3). Optimal salt concentration is roughly 1% NaCl solution. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“C</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">minuta” </del>is resistant to 20% bile (3).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">‘‘C</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">minuta’’ </ins>is optimized for growth in the human digestive tract, with an optimal growth temperature of 37o-40o C (Range: 20-45o C) and an optimal pH of 7.5 (Range: 6.0 - 9.0) (3). Optimal salt concentration is roughly 1% NaCl solution. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">‘‘C</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">minuta’’ </ins>is resistant to 20% bile (3).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Heritability</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Heritability</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenellaceae” </del>is a highly heritable family, meaning that similar levels of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenellaceae” </del>bacteria are found among related individuals, particularly twins. One study conducted at Cornell University found that microbial diversity is more similar among identical (monozygotic) compared to fraternal (dizygotic) twins, and among any twins than between two unrelated individuals (6). This effect is especially apparent for <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenellaceae”</del>, which is present from birth. Up to 20% of species in infant stool samples collected for the study were classified as <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenellaceae”</del>, which is a significantly higher proportion than observed in adult samples (6). As a result, the development of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenellaceae” </del>colonies in the gut is believed to be under the control of genes of the host individual. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenellaceae” </del>may therefore play a role in elucidating the effects of environmental conditions and genetic makeup on the composition of human gut microbiota and variation between individuals (6). This relationship has wide ranging implications for understanding the interdependence of genetics and the microbiome on obesity, gastrointestinal diseases and some genetic mechanisms of disease. Research into what human genes control the establishment of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenella” </del>is necessary to further characterize the nature and mechanisms of its relationship to its host’s genome (6).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">‘‘Christensenellaceae’’ </ins>is a highly heritable family, meaning that similar levels of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">‘‘Christensenellaceae’’ </ins>bacteria are found among related individuals, particularly twins. One study conducted at Cornell University found that microbial diversity is more similar among identical (monozygotic) compared to fraternal (dizygotic) twins, and among any twins than between two unrelated individuals (6). This effect is especially apparent for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">‘‘Christensenellaceae’’</ins>, which is present from birth. Up to 20% of species in infant stool samples collected for the study were classified as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">‘‘Christensenellaceae’’</ins>, which is a significantly higher proportion than observed in adult samples (6). As a result, the development of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">‘‘Christensenellaceae’’ </ins>colonies in the gut is believed to be under the control of genes of the host individual. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">‘‘Christensenellaceae’’ </ins>may therefore play a role in elucidating the effects of environmental conditions and genetic makeup on the composition of human gut microbiota and variation between individuals (6). This relationship has wide ranging implications for understanding the interdependence of genetics and the microbiome on obesity, gastrointestinal diseases and some genetic mechanisms of disease. Research into what human genes control the establishment of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">‘‘Christensenella’’ </ins>is necessary to further characterize the nature and mechanisms of its relationship to its host’s genome (6).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenellaceae” </del>plays a role in the microbial ecology of its host and the establishment of other species within the human gut microbiome. In the human gut, the abundance of other archaeal and bacterial species is strongly associated with the presence and abundance of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenellaceae” </del>bacteria (6). Like <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenellaceae”</del>, these organisms are highly heritable and may show similar linkage to the genetic makeup of the host individual. For this reason, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenellaceae” </del>has been proposed as a possible keystone species within the intestinal microbiome that facilitates the establishment of other microbial taxa (6).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">‘‘Christensenellaceae’’ </ins>plays a role in the microbial ecology of its host and the establishment of other species within the human gut microbiome. In the human gut, the abundance of other archaeal and bacterial species is strongly associated with the presence and abundance of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">‘‘Christensenellaceae’’ </ins>bacteria (6). Like <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">‘‘Christensenellaceae’’</ins>, these organisms are highly heritable and may show similar linkage to the genetic makeup of the host individual. For this reason, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">‘‘Christensenellaceae’’ </ins>has been proposed as a possible keystone species within the intestinal microbiome that facilitates the establishment of other microbial taxa (6).</div></td></tr>
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</table>Sarahbalhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Christensenella&diff=136493&oldid=prevSarahbal: /* 6. Ecology */2018-12-12T14:43:28Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">6. Ecology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Heritability</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Heritability</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Christensenellaceae” is a highly heritable family, meaning that similar levels of “Christensenellaceae” bacteria are found among related individuals, particularly twins. One study conducted at Cornell University found that microbial diversity is more similar among identical (monozygotic) compared to fraternal (dizygotic) twins, and among any twins than between two unrelated individuals (6). This effect is especially apparent for “Christensenellaceae”, which is present from birth. Up to 20% of species in infant stool samples collected for the study were classified as “Christensenellaceae”, which is a significantly higher proportion than observed in adult samples (6). As a result, the development of “Christensenellaceae” colonies in the gut is believed to be under the control of genes of the host individual. “Christensenellaceae” may therefore play a role in elucidating the effects of environmental conditions and genetic makeup on the composition of human gut microbiota and variation between individuals (6). This relationship has wide ranging implications for understanding the interdependence of genetics and the microbiome on obesity, gastrointestinal diseases and some genetic mechanisms of disease. Research into what human genes control the establishment of “Christensenella” is necessary to further characterize the nature and mechanisms of its relationship to its host’s genome (6).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Christensenellaceae” is a highly heritable family, meaning that similar levels of “Christensenellaceae” bacteria are found among related individuals, particularly twins. One study conducted at Cornell University found that microbial diversity is more similar among identical (monozygotic) compared to fraternal (dizygotic) twins, and among any twins than between two unrelated individuals (6). This effect is especially apparent for “Christensenellaceae”, which is present from birth. Up to 20% of species in infant stool samples collected for the study were classified as “Christensenellaceae”, which is a significantly higher proportion than observed in adult samples (6). As a result, the development of “Christensenellaceae” colonies in the gut is believed to be under the control of genes of the host individual. “Christensenellaceae” may therefore play a role in elucidating the effects of environmental conditions and genetic makeup on the composition of human gut microbiota and variation between individuals (6). This relationship has wide ranging implications for understanding the interdependence of genetics and the microbiome on obesity, gastrointestinal diseases and some genetic mechanisms of disease. Research into what human genes control the establishment of “Christensenella” is necessary to further characterize the nature and mechanisms of its relationship to its host’s genome (6).</div></td></tr>
</table>Sarahbalhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Christensenella&diff=136492&oldid=prevSarahbal: /* 6. Ecology */2018-12-12T14:43:20Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">6. Ecology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Heritability</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Heritability</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Christensenellaceae” is a highly heritable family, meaning that similar levels of “Christensenellaceae” bacteria are found among related individuals, particularly twins. One study conducted at Cornell University found that microbial diversity is more similar among identical (monozygotic) compared to fraternal (dizygotic) twins, and among any twins than between two unrelated individuals (6). This effect is especially apparent for “Christensenellaceae”, which is present from birth. Up to 20% of species in infant stool samples collected for the study were classified as “Christensenellaceae”, which is a significantly higher proportion than observed in adult samples (6). As a result, the development of “Christensenellaceae” colonies in the gut is believed to be under the control of genes of the host individual. “Christensenellaceae” may therefore play a role in elucidating the effects of environmental conditions and genetic makeup on the composition of human gut microbiota and variation between individuals (6). This relationship has wide ranging implications for understanding the interdependence of genetics and the microbiome on obesity, gastrointestinal diseases and some genetic mechanisms of disease. Research into what human genes control the establishment of “Christensenella” is necessary to further characterize the nature and mechanisms of its relationship to its host’s genome (6).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Christensenellaceae” is a highly heritable family, meaning that similar levels of “Christensenellaceae” bacteria are found among related individuals, particularly twins. One study conducted at Cornell University found that microbial diversity is more similar among identical (monozygotic) compared to fraternal (dizygotic) twins, and among any twins than between two unrelated individuals (6). This effect is especially apparent for “Christensenellaceae”, which is present from birth. Up to 20% of species in infant stool samples collected for the study were classified as “Christensenellaceae”, which is a significantly higher proportion than observed in adult samples (6). As a result, the development of “Christensenellaceae” colonies in the gut is believed to be under the control of genes of the host individual. “Christensenellaceae” may therefore play a role in elucidating the effects of environmental conditions and genetic makeup on the composition of human gut microbiota and variation between individuals (6). This relationship has wide ranging implications for understanding the interdependence of genetics and the microbiome on obesity, gastrointestinal diseases and some genetic mechanisms of disease. Research into what human genes control the establishment of “Christensenella” is necessary to further characterize the nature and mechanisms of its relationship to its host’s genome (6).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Christensenellaceae” plays a role in the microbial ecology of its host and the establishment of other species within the human gut microbiome. In the human gut, the abundance of other archaeal and bacterial species is strongly associated with the presence and abundance of “Christensenellaceae” bacteria (6). Like “Christensenellaceae”, these organisms are highly heritable and may show similar linkage to the genetic makeup of the host individual. For this reason, “Christensenellaceae” has been proposed as a possible keystone species within the intestinal microbiome that facilitates the establishment of other microbial taxa (6).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Christensenellaceae” plays a role in the microbial ecology of its host and the establishment of other species within the human gut microbiome. In the human gut, the abundance of other archaeal and bacterial species is strongly associated with the presence and abundance of “Christensenellaceae” bacteria (6). Like “Christensenellaceae”, these organisms are highly heritable and may show similar linkage to the genetic makeup of the host individual. For this reason, “Christensenellaceae” has been proposed as a possible keystone species within the intestinal microbiome that facilitates the establishment of other microbial taxa (6).</div></td></tr>
</table>Sarahbalhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Christensenella&diff=136491&oldid=prevSarahbal: /* 6. Ecology */2018-12-12T14:43:09Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">6. Ecology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Heritability'''</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Heritability</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Christensenellaceae” is a highly heritable family, meaning that similar levels of “Christensenellaceae” bacteria are found among related individuals, particularly twins. One study conducted at Cornell University found that microbial diversity is more similar among identical (monozygotic) compared to fraternal (dizygotic) twins, and among any twins than between two unrelated individuals (6). This effect is especially apparent for “Christensenellaceae”, which is present from birth. Up to 20% of species in infant stool samples collected for the study were classified as “Christensenellaceae”, which is a significantly higher proportion than observed in adult samples (6). As a result, the development of “Christensenellaceae” colonies in the gut is believed to be under the control of genes of the host individual. “Christensenellaceae” may therefore play a role in elucidating the effects of environmental conditions and genetic makeup on the composition of human gut microbiota and variation between individuals (6). This relationship has wide ranging implications for understanding the interdependence of genetics and the microbiome on obesity, gastrointestinal diseases and some genetic mechanisms of disease. Research into what human genes control the establishment of “Christensenella” is necessary to further characterize the nature and mechanisms of its relationship to its host’s genome (6).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Christensenellaceae” is a highly heritable family, meaning that similar levels of “Christensenellaceae” bacteria are found among related individuals, particularly twins. One study conducted at Cornell University found that microbial diversity is more similar among identical (monozygotic) compared to fraternal (dizygotic) twins, and among any twins than between two unrelated individuals (6). This effect is especially apparent for “Christensenellaceae”, which is present from birth. Up to 20% of species in infant stool samples collected for the study were classified as “Christensenellaceae”, which is a significantly higher proportion than observed in adult samples (6). As a result, the development of “Christensenellaceae” colonies in the gut is believed to be under the control of genes of the host individual. “Christensenellaceae” may therefore play a role in elucidating the effects of environmental conditions and genetic makeup on the composition of human gut microbiota and variation between individuals (6). This relationship has wide ranging implications for understanding the interdependence of genetics and the microbiome on obesity, gastrointestinal diseases and some genetic mechanisms of disease. Research into what human genes control the establishment of “Christensenella” is necessary to further characterize the nature and mechanisms of its relationship to its host’s genome (6).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Christensenellaceae” plays a role in the microbial ecology of its host and the establishment of other species within the human gut microbiome. In the human gut, the abundance of other archaeal and bacterial species is strongly associated with the presence and abundance of “Christensenellaceae” bacteria (6). Like “Christensenellaceae”, these organisms are highly heritable and may show similar linkage to the genetic makeup of the host individual. For this reason, “Christensenellaceae” has been proposed as a possible keystone species within the intestinal microbiome that facilitates the establishment of other microbial taxa (6).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Christensenellaceae” plays a role in the microbial ecology of its host and the establishment of other species within the human gut microbiome. In the human gut, the abundance of other archaeal and bacterial species is strongly associated with the presence and abundance of “Christensenellaceae” bacteria (6). Like “Christensenellaceae”, these organisms are highly heritable and may show similar linkage to the genetic makeup of the host individual. For this reason, “Christensenellaceae” has been proposed as a possible keystone species within the intestinal microbiome that facilitates the establishment of other microbial taxa (6).</div></td></tr>
</table>Sarahbalhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Christensenella&diff=136490&oldid=prevSarahbal: /* Heritability */2018-12-12T14:43:00Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Heritability</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==</del>Heritability<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Heritability<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Christensenellaceae” is a highly heritable family, meaning that similar levels of “Christensenellaceae” bacteria are found among related individuals, particularly twins. One study conducted at Cornell University found that microbial diversity is more similar among identical (monozygotic) compared to fraternal (dizygotic) twins, and among any twins than between two unrelated individuals (6). This effect is especially apparent for “Christensenellaceae”, which is present from birth. Up to 20% of species in infant stool samples collected for the study were classified as “Christensenellaceae”, which is a significantly higher proportion than observed in adult samples (6). As a result, the development of “Christensenellaceae” colonies in the gut is believed to be under the control of genes of the host individual. “Christensenellaceae” may therefore play a role in elucidating the effects of environmental conditions and genetic makeup on the composition of human gut microbiota and variation between individuals (6). This relationship has wide ranging implications for understanding the interdependence of genetics and the microbiome on obesity, gastrointestinal diseases and some genetic mechanisms of disease. Research into what human genes control the establishment of “Christensenella” is necessary to further characterize the nature and mechanisms of its relationship to its host’s genome (6).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Christensenellaceae” is a highly heritable family, meaning that similar levels of “Christensenellaceae” bacteria are found among related individuals, particularly twins. One study conducted at Cornell University found that microbial diversity is more similar among identical (monozygotic) compared to fraternal (dizygotic) twins, and among any twins than between two unrelated individuals (6). This effect is especially apparent for “Christensenellaceae”, which is present from birth. Up to 20% of species in infant stool samples collected for the study were classified as “Christensenellaceae”, which is a significantly higher proportion than observed in adult samples (6). As a result, the development of “Christensenellaceae” colonies in the gut is believed to be under the control of genes of the host individual. “Christensenellaceae” may therefore play a role in elucidating the effects of environmental conditions and genetic makeup on the composition of human gut microbiota and variation between individuals (6). This relationship has wide ranging implications for understanding the interdependence of genetics and the microbiome on obesity, gastrointestinal diseases and some genetic mechanisms of disease. Research into what human genes control the establishment of “Christensenella” is necessary to further characterize the nature and mechanisms of its relationship to its host’s genome (6).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Christensenellaceae” plays a role in the microbial ecology of its host and the establishment of other species within the human gut microbiome. In the human gut, the abundance of other archaeal and bacterial species is strongly associated with the presence and abundance of “Christensenellaceae” bacteria (6). Like “Christensenellaceae”, these organisms are highly heritable and may show similar linkage to the genetic makeup of the host individual. For this reason, “Christensenellaceae” has been proposed as a possible keystone species within the intestinal microbiome that facilitates the establishment of other microbial taxa (6).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Christensenellaceae” plays a role in the microbial ecology of its host and the establishment of other species within the human gut microbiome. In the human gut, the abundance of other archaeal and bacterial species is strongly associated with the presence and abundance of “Christensenellaceae” bacteria (6). Like “Christensenellaceae”, these organisms are highly heritable and may show similar linkage to the genetic makeup of the host individual. For this reason, “Christensenellaceae” has been proposed as a possible keystone species within the intestinal microbiome that facilitates the establishment of other microbial taxa (6).</div></td></tr>
</table>Sarahbalhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Christensenella&diff=136489&oldid=prevSarahbal: /* 6. Ecology */2018-12-12T14:42:37Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">6. Ecology</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:42, 12 December 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=6. Ecology=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=6. Ecology=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>All known species of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Christensenella </del>are native to the digestive tract and have been isolated from human stool samples (3, 4, 5). Abundance of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Christensenella </del>in the gut microbiome depends on the genome of its host, as this genus shows high genetic heritability among related individuals (6).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>All known species of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenella” </ins>are native to the digestive tract and have been isolated from human stool samples (3, 4, 5). Abundance of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenella” </ins>in the gut microbiome depends on the genome of its host, as this genus shows high genetic heritability among related individuals (6).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">minuta </del>is optimized for growth in the human digestive tract, with an optimal growth temperature of 37o-40o C (Range: 20-45o C) and an optimal pH of 7.5 (Range: 6.0 - 9.0) (3). Optimal salt concentration is roughly 1% NaCl solution. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">minuta </del>is resistant to 20% bile (3).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“C</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">minuta” </ins>is optimized for growth in the human digestive tract, with an optimal growth temperature of 37o-40o C (Range: 20-45o C) and an optimal pH of 7.5 (Range: 6.0 - 9.0) (3). Optimal salt concentration is roughly 1% NaCl solution. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“C</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">minuta” </ins>is resistant to 20% bile (3).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Heritability</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Christensenellaceae </del>is a highly heritable family, meaning that similar levels of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Christensenellaceae </del>bacteria are found among related individuals, particularly twins. One study conducted at Cornell University found that microbial diversity is more similar among identical (monozygotic) compared to fraternal (dizygotic) twins, and among any twins than between two unrelated individuals (6). This effect is especially apparent for <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Christensenellaceae</del>, which is present from birth. Up to 20% of species in infant stool samples collected for the study were classified as <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Christensenellaceae</del>, which is a significantly higher proportion than observed in adult samples (6). As a result, the development of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Christensenellaceae </del>colonies in the gut is believed to be under the control of genes of the host individual. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Christensenellaceae </del>may therefore play a role in elucidating the effects of environmental conditions and genetic makeup on the composition of human gut microbiota and variation between individuals (6). This relationship has wide ranging implications for understanding the interdependence of genetics and the microbiome on obesity, gastrointestinal diseases and some genetic mechanisms of disease. Research into what human genes control the establishment of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Christensenella </del>is necessary to further characterize the nature and mechanisms of its relationship to its host’s genome (6).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Christensenellaceae </del>plays a role in the microbial ecology of its host and the establishment of other species within the human gut microbiome. In the human gut, the abundance of other archaeal and bacterial species is strongly associated with the presence and abundance of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Christensenellaceae </del>bacteria (6). Like <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Christensenellaceae</del>, these organisms are highly heritable and may show similar linkage to the genetic makeup of the host individual. For this reason, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Christensenellaceae </del>has been proposed as a possible keystone species within the intestinal microbiome that facilitates the establishment of other microbial taxa (6).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==</ins>Heritability<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenellaceae” </ins>is a highly heritable family, meaning that similar levels of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenellaceae” </ins>bacteria are found among related individuals, particularly twins. One study conducted at Cornell University found that microbial diversity is more similar among identical (monozygotic) compared to fraternal (dizygotic) twins, and among any twins than between two unrelated individuals (6). This effect is especially apparent for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenellaceae”</ins>, which is present from birth. Up to 20% of species in infant stool samples collected for the study were classified as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenellaceae”</ins>, which is a significantly higher proportion than observed in adult samples (6). As a result, the development of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenellaceae” </ins>colonies in the gut is believed to be under the control of genes of the host individual. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenellaceae” </ins>may therefore play a role in elucidating the effects of environmental conditions and genetic makeup on the composition of human gut microbiota and variation between individuals (6). This relationship has wide ranging implications for understanding the interdependence of genetics and the microbiome on obesity, gastrointestinal diseases and some genetic mechanisms of disease. Research into what human genes control the establishment of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenella” </ins>is necessary to further characterize the nature and mechanisms of its relationship to its host’s genome (6).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenellaceae” </ins>plays a role in the microbial ecology of its host and the establishment of other species within the human gut microbiome. In the human gut, the abundance of other archaeal and bacterial species is strongly associated with the presence and abundance of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenellaceae” </ins>bacteria (6). Like <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenellaceae”</ins>, these organisms are highly heritable and may show similar linkage to the genetic makeup of the host individual. For this reason, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Christensenellaceae” </ins>has been proposed as a possible keystone species within the intestinal microbiome that facilitates the establishment of other microbial taxa (6).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=7. Pathology=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=7. Pathology=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Associations with Obesity</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Associations with Obesity</div></td></tr>
</table>Sarahbalhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Christensenella&diff=136488&oldid=prevSarahbal: /* 4. Cell structure */2018-12-12T14:38:37Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">4. Cell structure</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=4. Cell structure=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=4. Cell structure=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bacteria of the Christensenella genus are short, non-motile and rod-shaped (bacillar). Single cells typically measure approx. 0.3 m x 0.8-1.9 m (3, 4, 5). C. minuta has tapered ends and may also appear in pairs with a more rounded coccobacillary shape (7). When cultured, Christensenella form circular yellow-beige colonies of 0.1-0.2 mm in diameter with a point-like appearance. Members of this genus do not form endospores (3, 4, 5).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bacteria of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Christensenella<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>genus are short, non-motile and rod-shaped (bacillar). Single cells typically measure approx. 0.3 m x 0.8-1.9 m (3, 4, 5). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. minuta<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>has tapered ends and may also appear in pairs with a more rounded coccobacillary shape (7). When cultured, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Christensenella<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>form circular yellow-beige colonies of 0.1-0.2 mm in diameter with a point-like appearance. Members of this genus do not form endospores (3, 4, 5).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although Christensenella species are Gram-negative, isolates within this genus display variable Gram staining properties (7). Christensenella species were originally determined to be Gram-negative on account of the negative Gram stain observed in the initial isolate of C. minuta YIT 12065 (3). However, a Gram-positive bacterial species of similar morphology later isolated from human blood showed a 99.9% sequence similarity with C. minuta, suggesting that both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains may exist within Christensenella and the C. minuta species (7). This variable dyeing phenomenon has also been observed among species of the order Bacillales, which similarly shows Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and Gram-variable staining. Although Christensenella is considered a Gram-negative genus, inconsistent Gram staining properties may therefore contribute to the misclassification of member species (7). LL-diaminopimelic acid, a cell wall component typically found in Gram positive bacteria, has also been identified in the cell wall of C. minuta, although this molecule has been previously observed in the cell walls of several other Gram-negative bacteria in the order Clostridiales. The cell wall of C. minuta is enriched in alanine, serine, and glutamic acid residues (3).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Christensenella<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>species are Gram-negative, isolates within this genus display variable Gram staining properties (7). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Christensenella<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>species were originally determined to be Gram-negative on account of the negative Gram stain observed in the initial isolate of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. minuta<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>YIT 12065 (3). However, a Gram-positive bacterial species of similar morphology later isolated from human blood showed a 99.9% sequence similarity with <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. minuta<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>, suggesting that both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains may exist within <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Christensenella<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>and the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. minuta<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>species (7). This variable dyeing phenomenon has also been observed among species of the order <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Bacillales<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>, which similarly shows Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and Gram-variable staining. Although <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Christensenella<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is considered a Gram-negative genus, inconsistent Gram staining properties may therefore contribute to the misclassification of member species (7). LL-diaminopimelic acid, a cell wall component typically found in Gram positive bacteria, has also been identified in the cell wall of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. minuta<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>, although this molecule has been previously observed in the cell walls of several other Gram-negative bacteria in the order <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Clostridiales<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>. The cell wall of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. minuta<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is enriched in alanine, serine, and glutamic acid residues (3).</div></td></tr>
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</table>Sarahbalhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Christensenella&diff=136487&oldid=prevSarahbal: /* 3. Genome structure */2018-12-12T14:36:41Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">3. Genome structure</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=3. Genome structure=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=3. Genome structure=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The genomes of three known species and one unidentified strain of Christensenella have been sequenced to various assembly levels (4, 5, 10). C. massiliensis is the only species within this genus with a completely sequenced genome of 2.56 million base pairs (Mbp), 2,515 genes and 2,428 protein coding genes (5). The remaining species and strains of Christensenella have not been sequenced beyond the scaffold level (4, 10).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The genomes of three known species and one unidentified strain of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Christensenella<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>have been sequenced to various assembly levels (4, 5, 10). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. massiliensis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is the only species within this genus with a completely sequenced genome of 2.56 million base pairs (Mbp), 2,515 genes and 2,428 protein coding genes (5). The remaining species and strains of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Christensenella<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>have not been sequenced beyond the scaffold level (4, 10).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The genomes of taxa within the Christensenella genus are approximately 2.56 to 3.03 million base pairs (Mbp) in length and contain between 2,500 and 2,900 genes encoding between 2,403 and 2,766 proteins (4, 5, 10). Approximately 79.7% of the genome of C. minuta is comprised of functional genes (10), encoding transcription factors as well as proteins for polysaccharide biosynthesis, translation and molecular transport (1, 2). Non-coding regions of the genome are associated with tRNA, rRNA and other RNA constructs as well as several pseudogenes. Genomic GC content within this genus ranges from 50.4 to 52.1% (4, 5, 10).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The genomes of taxa within the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Christensenella<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>genus are approximately 2.56 to 3.03 million base pairs (Mbp) in length and contain between 2,500 and 2,900 genes encoding between 2,403 and 2,766 proteins (4, 5, 10). Approximately 79.7% of the genome of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. minuta<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is comprised of functional genes (10), encoding transcription factors as well as proteins for polysaccharide biosynthesis, translation and molecular transport (1, 2). Non-coding regions of the genome are associated with tRNA, rRNA and other RNA constructs as well as several pseudogenes. Genomic GC content within this genus ranges from 50.4 to 52.1% (4, 5, 10).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As the first organism to be discovered in the Christensenella genus and the wider Christensenellaceae family, C. minuta Strain YIT 12065 is considered the founding strain of these two taxa and has served as the primary reference strain for classifying new species of Christensenella (3). Since the discovery of Strain YIT 12065, the Christensenella genus has grown to include the species C. timonensis and C. massiliensis (4, 5), which show 97.4% and 97.5% sequence similarity, respectively, with C. minuta via 16s rRNA sequencing (3, 4, 5). This degree of genetic divergence sufficiently supports their classification as novel species of Christensenella (3, 4, 5). Close relatives of Christensenella species include Caldicoprobacter oshimai (86.9% genetic concordance), Tindallia californiensis (86.3% concordance) and Clostridium ganghwense (86.1% concordance) as determined by 16s rRNA sequencing (1).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As the first organism to be discovered in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Christensenella<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>genus and the wider <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Christensenellaceae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>family, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. minuta<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>Strain YIT 12065 is considered the founding strain of these two taxa and has served as the primary reference strain for classifying new species of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Christensenella<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>(3). Since the discovery of Strain YIT 12065, the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Christensenella<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>genus has grown to include the species <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. timonensis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. massiliensis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>(4, 5), which show 97.4% and 97.5% sequence similarity, respectively, with <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. minuta<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>via 16s rRNA sequencing (3, 4, 5). This degree of genetic divergence sufficiently supports their classification as novel species of Christensenella (3, 4, 5). Close relatives of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Christensenella<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>species include <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Caldicoprobacter oshimai<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>(86.9% genetic concordance), <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Tindallia californiensis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>(86.3% concordance) and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Clostridium ganghwense<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>(86.1% concordance) as determined by 16s rRNA sequencing (1).</div></td></tr>
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</table>Sarahbalhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Christensenella&diff=136476&oldid=prevSarahbal at 20:08, 10 December 20182018-12-10T20:08:22Z<p></p>
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</table>Sarahbalhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Christensenella&diff=136475&oldid=prevSarahbal: /* 2. Description and significance */2018-12-10T20:07:13Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">2. Description and significance</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=2. Description and significance=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=2. Description and significance=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Christensenella'' is a Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic genus of bacteria first discovered in the human gut (3). Species within this genus are bacillar (rod-shaped), non-motile and non-spore forming (3, 4, 5). ''Christensenella minuta'', ''Christensenella timonensis'', and ''Christensenella massiliensis'' are currently the only known species of ''Christensenella'', all of which were isolated from human stool samples (3, 4, 5). C. minuta was first recognized as a new taxon in 2012, after a Japanese study of the human microbiome isolated a previously uncharacterized bacterial strain from a sample of human stool (3).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Christensenella'' is a Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic genus of bacteria first discovered in the human gut (3). Species within this genus are bacillar (rod-shaped), non-motile and non-spore forming (3, 4, 5). ''Christensenella minuta'', ''Christensenella timonensis'', and ''Christensenella massiliensis'' are currently the only known species of ''Christensenella'', all of which were isolated from human stool samples (3, 4, 5). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. minuta<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>was first recognized as a new taxon in 2012, after a Japanese study of the human microbiome isolated a previously uncharacterized bacterial strain from a sample of human stool (3<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">).</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''Christensenella'' in the human gut microbiome is associated with several health-promoting effects, and is believed to be strongly influenced by the genetic makeup of its host (6). As a result, it has been the focus of recent research investigating the relationship of host genetics to the development of the gut microbiome and associated implications for GI health. The presence or absence of ''Christensenella'' is thought to impact an individual’s risk of obesity. Associations with lean body type, lower BMI and reduced gain of fat tissue have highlighted possible future therapeutic uses of ''Christensenella'' (7, 8). In particular, ''C. minuta'' has been studied in obesity prevention and as a weight-loss aid (6). ''Christensenella'' is also believed to act as a keystone species (7) in the human gut, forming relationships with other bacteria which have the potential to advance scientific understanding of the role of the human gut microbiome in gastrointestinal disease (3). However, more evidence is needed in order to confirm ''Christensenella'' as a keystone species and to fully understand the structure of its genome. ''C. minuta'' is highly heritable among twins, suggesting that the human microbiome is controlled by host genetics which then indirectly influence the development of obesity and other gastrointestinal diseases through microbial pathways (6). Development of therapeutic applications for ''Christensenella'' is an area of active research (9), as are the mechanisms underlying its effects on BMI and understanding of the specific genetic elements that control its colonization of the GI tract (6</ins>).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Christensenella in the human gut microbiome is associated with several health-promoting effects, and is believed to be strongly influenced by the genetic makeup of its host (6). As a result, it has been the focus of recent research investigating the relationship of host genetics to the development of the gut microbiome and associated implications for GI health. The presence or absence of Christensenella is thought to impact an individual’s risk of obesity. Associations with lean body type, lower BMI and reduced gain of fat tissue have highlighted possible future therapeutic uses of Christensenella (7, 8). In particular, C. minuta has been studied in obesity prevention and as a weight-loss aid (6). Christensenella is also believed to act as a keystone species (7) in the human gut, forming relationships with other bacteria which have the potential to advance scientific understanding of the role of the human gut microbiome in gastrointestinal disease (3). However, more evidence is needed in order to confirm Christensenella as a keystone species and to fully understand the structure of its genome. C. minuta is highly heritable among twins, suggesting that the human microbiome is controlled by host genetics which then indirectly influence the development of obesity and other gastrointestinal diseases through microbial pathways (6). Development of therapeutic applications for Christensenella is an area of active research (9), as are the mechanisms underlying its effects on BMI and understanding of the specific genetic elements that control its colonization of the GI tract (6).</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=3. Genome structure=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=3. Genome structure=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The genomes of three known species and one unidentified strain of Christensenella have been sequenced to various assembly levels (4, 5, 10). C. massiliensis is the only species within this genus with a completely sequenced genome of 2.56 million base pairs (Mbp), 2,515 genes and 2,428 protein coding genes (5). The remaining species and strains of Christensenella have not been sequenced beyond the scaffold level (4, 10).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The genomes of three known species and one unidentified strain of Christensenella have been sequenced to various assembly levels (4, 5, 10). C. massiliensis is the only species within this genus with a completely sequenced genome of 2.56 million base pairs (Mbp), 2,515 genes and 2,428 protein coding genes (5). The remaining species and strains of Christensenella have not been sequenced beyond the scaffold level (4, 10).</div></td></tr>
</table>Sarahbal