https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Clostridium_sordellii&feed=atom&action=historyClostridium sordellii - Revision history2024-03-29T08:08:59ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Clostridium_sordellii&diff=119605&oldid=prevBarichD at 14:29, 11 February 20162016-02-11T14:29:54Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File: c. sordellii.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining image of <i>Clostridium difficile</i> at 100x magnification. From: cid.oxfordjournals.org [http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/11/1436/F2.large.jpg]]] </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File: c. sordellii.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining image of <i>Clostridium difficile</i> at 100x magnification. From: cid.oxfordjournals.org [http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/11/1436/F2.large.jpg]]] </div></td></tr>
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</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Clostridium_sordellii&diff=105086&oldid=prevCaitlyn.E.Baukal-1: /* Host Immune Response */2014-07-28T07:26:14Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Host Immune Response</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 07:26, 28 July 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Host Immune Response==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Host Immune Response==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The innate immune recognition and response to <i>Clostridium sordellii </i>has not been extensively researched except for the cytokine production in the presence of this pathogen. One study of <i>C. sordellii</i> utilized Human Embryonic Kidney 293 (HEK-293) cells that were transfected with genes for TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6 alone and in combination <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>3<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. The HEK-293 cells were also transfected with ELAM-1-dependent luciferase reporter system, MD2, and CD14 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>3<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. Then, LPS-free organisms were added as positive TLR4 agonists into the experiment, along with <i>C. sordellii</i> bacteria <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>3<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measured cytokines produced from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) that were stimulated in parallel. ELISA showed a significant production of TNF-alpha, mimicking the innate immune system’s inflammation response in the presence of <i>C. sordellii</i> bacteria <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>3<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. Cytokine production in an overlying medium was measured by protein microarray which revealed TNF-alpha and IL-6 were the cytokines most produced, followed by IL-1Beta, IL-10, and GM-CSF, respectively <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>3<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. The adaptive immune response for <i>C. sordellii</i> has not been extensively researched.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The innate immune recognition and response to <i>Clostridium sordellii </i>has not been extensively researched except for the cytokine production in the presence of this pathogen. One study of <i>C. sordellii</i> utilized Human Embryonic Kidney 293 (HEK-293) cells that were transfected with genes for TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6 alone and in combination <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>3<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. The HEK-293 cells were also transfected with ELAM-1-dependent luciferase reporter system, MD2, and CD14 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>3<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. Then, LPS-free organisms were added as positive TLR4 agonists into the experiment, along with <i>C. sordellii</i> bacteria <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>3<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measured cytokines produced from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) that were stimulated in parallel. ELISA showed a significant production of TNF-alpha, mimicking the innate immune system’s inflammation response in the presence of <i>C. sordellii</i> bacteria <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>3<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. Cytokine production in an overlying medium was measured by protein microarray which revealed TNF-alpha and IL-6 were the cytokines most produced, followed by IL-1Beta, IL-10, and GM-CSF, respectively <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>3<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. The adaptive immune response for <i>C. sordellii</i> has not been extensively researched.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Caitlyn.E.Baukal-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Clostridium_sordellii&diff=105085&oldid=prevCaitlyn.E.Baukal-1: /* Prevention */2014-07-28T07:20:36Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Prevention</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Prevention==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Prevention==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Prevention of a <i>Clostridium sordellii infection </i> is difficult with so little known about the transmission of the disease. Studies conducted by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have not determined that medications taken for medical abortions or the instruments utilized during these procedures are causative agents for the infection <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>2<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are working with the FDA to identify more cases of <i>C. sordellii </i>infections and evaluate existing data to determine the common source of the disease. Once the source is identified health care providers and the public can become educated on how to prevent <i>C. sordellii </i>infections. The CDCs main focus for research on this bacterium is women who are having gynecological procedures or natural childbirth <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>2<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. Understanding the source of disease in these cases can lead to a better understanding of <i>C. sordellii </i> infections in other cases of surgery and trauma to the soft tissue. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Prevention of a <i>Clostridium sordellii infection </i> is difficult with so little known about the transmission of the disease. Studies conducted by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have not determined that medications taken for medical abortions or the instruments utilized during these procedures are causative agents for the infection <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>2<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are working with the FDA to identify more cases of <i>C. sordellii </i>infections and evaluate existing data to determine the common source of the disease. Once the source is identified health care providers and the public can become educated on how to prevent <i>C. sordellii </i>infections. The CDCs main focus for research on this bacterium is women who are having gynecological procedures or natural childbirth <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>2<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. Understanding the source of disease in these cases can lead to a better understanding of <i>C. sordellii </i> infections in other cases of surgery and trauma to the soft tissue.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Host Immune Response==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Host Immune Response==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The innate immune recognition and response to <i>Clostridium sordellii </i>has not been extensively researched except for the cytokine production in the presence of this pathogen. One study of <i>C. sordellii</i> utilized Human Embryonic Kidney 293 (HEK-293) cells that were transfected with genes for TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6 alone and in combination (3). The HEK-293 cells were also transfected with ELAM-1-dependent luciferase reporter system, MD2, and CD14 (3). Then, LPS-free organisms were added as positive TLR4 agonists into the experiment, along with <i>C. sordellii</i> bacteria (3). An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measured cytokines produced from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) that were stimulated in parallel. ELISA showed a significant production of TNF-alpha, mimicking the innate immune system’s inflammation response in the presence of <i>C. sordellii</i> bacteria (3). Cytokine production in an overlying medium was measured by protein microarray which revealed TNF-alpha and IL-6 were the cytokines most produced, followed by IL-1Beta, IL-10, and GM-CSF, respectively (3). The adaptive immune response for <i>C. sordellii</i> has not been extensively researched.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The innate immune recognition and response to <i>Clostridium sordellii </i>has not been extensively researched except for the cytokine production in the presence of this pathogen. One study of <i>C. sordellii</i> utilized Human Embryonic Kidney 293 (HEK-293) cells that were transfected with genes for TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6 alone and in combination (3). The HEK-293 cells were also transfected with ELAM-1-dependent luciferase reporter system, MD2, and CD14 (3). Then, LPS-free organisms were added as positive TLR4 agonists into the experiment, along with <i>C. sordellii</i> bacteria (3). An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measured cytokines produced from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) that were stimulated in parallel. ELISA showed a significant production of TNF-alpha, mimicking the innate immune system’s inflammation response in the presence of <i>C. sordellii</i> bacteria (3). Cytokine production in an overlying medium was measured by protein microarray which revealed TNF-alpha and IL-6 were the cytokines most produced, followed by IL-1Beta, IL-10, and GM-CSF, respectively (3). The adaptive immune response for <i>C. sordellii</i> has not been extensively researched.</div></td></tr>
</table>Caitlyn.E.Baukal-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Clostridium_sordellii&diff=105084&oldid=prevCaitlyn.E.Baukal-1: /* Treatment */2014-07-28T07:19:58Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Treatment</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:antibiotics.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Antibiotics used for treatment of <i>C. sordellii</i> From: family-medicine.info [http://family-medicine.info/antibiotics/]]] </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:antibiotics.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Antibiotics used for treatment of <i>C. sordellii</i> From: family-medicine.info [http://family-medicine.info/antibiotics/]]] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There is limited information regarding successful treatment of <i>Clostridium sordellii </i>infections because many cases are fatal. Health care providers have yet to find a successful treatment that clears the bacterial infection while avoiding patient mortality. The acute onset of symptoms and death occurs before many diagnostic tests have been performed. <i>C. sordellii </i>can be treated with antibiotics, but many hospital laboratories do not perform antimicrobial susceptibility tests on anaerobes <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. Previous studies suggest that, similar to most Clostridia species, <i>C. sordellii </i>is susceptible to beta-lactam, clindamycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol drugs, while resistant to aminoglycosides and sulfonamides <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. Intravenous fluids are used to treat patients with symptoms of tachycardia and hypotension. Removal of necrotic tissue is important to reduce buildup of toxins and diagnosis of disease <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. Other treatments for <i>C. sordellii </i> include plasma injections, vasopressors, steroids, morphine, atropine and supplemental oxygen <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>3<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There is limited information regarding successful treatment of <i>Clostridium sordellii </i>infections because many cases are fatal. Health care providers have yet to find a successful treatment that clears the bacterial infection while avoiding patient mortality. The acute onset of symptoms and death occurs before many diagnostic tests have been performed. <i>C. sordellii </i>can be treated with antibiotics, but many hospital laboratories do not perform antimicrobial susceptibility tests on anaerobes <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. Previous studies suggest that, similar to most Clostridia species, <i>C. sordellii </i>is susceptible to beta-lactam, clindamycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol drugs, while resistant to aminoglycosides and sulfonamides <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. Intravenous fluids are used to treat patients with symptoms of tachycardia and hypotension. Removal of necrotic tissue is important to reduce buildup of toxins and diagnosis of disease <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. Other treatments for <i>C. sordellii </i> include plasma injections, vasopressors, steroids, morphine, atropine and supplemental oxygen <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>3<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Prevention==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Prevention==</div></td></tr>
</table>Caitlyn.E.Baukal-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Clostridium_sordellii&diff=105083&oldid=prevCaitlyn.E.Baukal-1: /* Diagnosis */2014-07-28T07:19:01Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Diagnosis</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Diagnosis==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Diagnosis==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Early diagnosis of <i>Clostridium sordellii </i>infection is problematic because the symptoms are broad and present in many other diseases—sometimes they do not even appear in infected hosts <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. Diagnostic tests for <i>C. sordellii </i>are not aggressively pursued, even after childbirth or gynecological procedures, because the local infection does not appear until hours after the disease has progressed <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. Earlier diagnosis among injection drug users is more common than in other cases of infection, however, because of the apparent swelling, pain and redness at the site of injection <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. These patients have surgical intervention at the dermis of the skin in order to obtain specimens for culture and Gram stain <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. CT and MRI scans may also be conducted to investigate swelling of infected areas. The early diagnosis of injection drug users strongly correlates with a lower mortality rate of those infected with <i>C. sordellii</i>. Health care providers should suspect a <i>C. sordellii </i>infection in patients who present with early disease symptoms, but are afebrile <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>.Generally, vigorous diagnostic tests are pursued when patients have hypotension and tachycardia <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. When hypotension develops, physicians may order complete blood cell counts which disclose leukemoid reaction and hematocrit levels <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. <i>C. sordellii </i>infections are systematic; therefore, liver function value tests are necessary to know the levels of bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. Diagnostic tests for the heart, kidney, lung, and other organ functions may also be performed to check the extent of the spread of <i>C. sordellii </i>throughout the body.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Early diagnosis of <i>Clostridium sordellii </i>infection is problematic because the symptoms are broad and present in many other diseases—sometimes they do not even appear in infected hosts <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. Diagnostic tests for <i>C. sordellii </i>are not aggressively pursued, even after childbirth or gynecological procedures, because the local infection does not appear until hours after the disease has progressed <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. Earlier diagnosis among injection drug users is more common than in other cases of infection, however, because of the apparent swelling, pain and redness at the site of injection <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. These patients have surgical intervention at the dermis of the skin in order to obtain specimens for culture and Gram stain <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. CT and MRI scans may also be conducted to investigate swelling of infected areas. The early diagnosis of injection drug users strongly correlates with a lower mortality rate of those infected with <i>C. sordellii</i>. Health care providers should suspect a <i>C. sordellii </i>infection in patients who present with early disease symptoms, but are afebrile <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>.Generally, vigorous diagnostic tests are pursued when patients have hypotension and tachycardia <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. When hypotension develops, physicians may order complete blood cell counts which disclose leukemoid reaction and hematocrit levels <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. <i>C. sordellii </i>infections are systematic; therefore, liver function value tests are necessary to know the levels of bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. Diagnostic tests for the heart, kidney, lung, and other organ functions may also be performed to check the extent of the spread of <i>C. sordellii </i>throughout the body.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Treatment==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Treatment==</div></td></tr>
</table>Caitlyn.E.Baukal-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Clostridium_sordellii&diff=105082&oldid=prevCaitlyn.E.Baukal-1: /* Clinical features */2014-07-28T07:15:02Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Clinical features</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 07:15, 28 July 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Clinical features==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Clinical features==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Early Symptoms===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Early Symptoms===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Early symptoms of <i>Clostridium sordellii </i>include symptoms of vomiting, nausea, diarrhea and occasional abdominal pain without fever <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>2<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. All of these indicators can occur in women after childbirth, spontaneous abortion, or medical abortion, so further testing is needed to conclude the source of the symptoms. Additional clinical features of <i>C. sordellii </i>infections, listed most to least prevalent include: septic shock, mild infection site pain, leukemoid reaction, afebrile, tachycardia, hemoconcentration, tissue or visceral edema, reduced serum protein, metabolic acidosis, decreased platelet count and RBCs and WBCs in urine <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>3<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. These symptoms are characteristic signs leading to more serious symptoms that manifest in <i>C. sordellii infections</i>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Early symptoms of <i>Clostridium sordellii </i>include symptoms of vomiting, nausea, diarrhea and occasional abdominal pain without fever <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>2<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. All of these indicators can occur in women after childbirth, spontaneous abortion, or medical abortion, so further testing is needed to conclude the source of the symptoms. Additional clinical features of <i>C. sordellii </i>infections, listed most to least prevalent include: septic shock, mild infection site pain, leukemoid reaction, afebrile, tachycardia, hemoconcentration, tissue or visceral edema, reduced serum protein, metabolic acidosis, decreased platelet count and RBCs and WBCs in urine <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>3<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. These symptoms are characteristic signs leading to more serious symptoms that manifest in <i>C. sordellii infections</i>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Late Symptoms===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Late Symptoms===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Severe cases of <i>Clostridium sordellii </i>infections are extremely rare, but deadly. The progression from early to late symptoms is usually rapid, occurring within hours after the first signs of any illness <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. In women, the <i>C. sordellii </i>infection can develop into <i>Clostridium sordellii </i>Toxic Shock Sydrome (CSTS), which is associated with gynecological procedures, childbirth and abortion <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>5<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. CSTS is an acute illness that often manifests in previously healthy persons <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>5<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. The symptoms of this syndrome are edema, effusion, intense leukocytosis and hemoconcentration and eventually multi-organ failure <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>5<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. In males, <i>C. sordellii </i>infections occur after trauma or surgery on the soft-tissue of the body <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. Soft-tissue edema and collections of fluid in the peritoneal cavities and pleural spaces ensues <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. Severe necroses, along with interstitial hemorrhage and neutrophilic infiltrates, have appeared in histopathologic examinations of deceased patients with this disease<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. From 1927-2006, 43 patients were reported in medical databases to have contracted <i>C. sordellii </i>infections with a mortality rate of 100% <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. Tachycardia and hypotension were strong indicators of subsequent mortality <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Severe cases of <i>Clostridium sordellii </i>infections are extremely rare, but deadly. The progression from early to late symptoms is usually rapid, occurring within hours after the first signs of any illness <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. In women, the <i>C. sordellii </i>infection can develop into <i>Clostridium sordellii </i>Toxic Shock Sydrome (CSTS), which is associated with gynecological procedures, childbirth and abortion <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>5<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. CSTS is an acute illness that often manifests in previously healthy persons <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>5<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. The symptoms of this syndrome are edema, effusion, intense leukocytosis and hemoconcentration and eventually multi-organ failure <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>5<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. In males, <i>C. sordellii </i>infections occur after trauma or surgery on the soft-tissue of the body <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. Soft-tissue edema and collections of fluid in the peritoneal cavities and pleural spaces ensues <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. Severe necroses, along with interstitial hemorrhage and neutrophilic infiltrates, have appeared in histopathologic examinations of deceased patients with this disease <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. From 1927-2006, 43 patients were reported in medical databases to have contracted <i>C. sordellii </i>infections with a mortality rate of 100% <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. Tachycardia and hypotension were strong indicators of subsequent mortality <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Diagnosis==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Diagnosis==</div></td></tr>
</table>Caitlyn.E.Baukal-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Clostridium_sordellii&diff=105081&oldid=prevCaitlyn.E.Baukal-1: /* Pathogenesis */2014-07-28T07:12:44Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Pathogenesis</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 07:12, 28 July 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathogenesis==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathogenesis==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Transmission===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Transmission===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The mechanism of transmission for <i>Clostridium sordellii </i>between person to person or person to environment is not known <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>2<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. There are no known zoonotic Clostridium species, meaning they cannot transmit directly from animal to human <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>5<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. Some microbiologists hypothesize that the bacteria can travel from person to person and from contaminated surfaces to person in a similar manner to other Clostridium species, although there has yet to be a study confirming this to be true for <i>C. sordellii</i>. In general, Clostridium species are transmitted through contaminated wound sites and discontinuities in the gastrointestinal tract <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>5<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. An outbreak in California revealed that black tar heroin (BTH) was able to carry <i>C. sordellii </i>and transmit itself into injection drug users (IDU) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>4<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. Along with IDU, <i>C. sordelli </i>infections have been associated with medically induced abortions, minor traumas and surgeries, spontaneous abortions and normal childbirth—the tools used in these operations are not found to carry <i>C. sordellii </i>on their surfaces <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. A major theme in these cases is transmission via the mucosal surfaces of the urogenital tracts in males and females, yet there are still uncommon cases of transmission through other surfaces of the body.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The mechanism of transmission for <i>Clostridium sordellii </i>between person to person or person to environment is not known <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>2<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. There are no known zoonotic Clostridium species, meaning they cannot transmit directly from animal to human <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>5<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. Some microbiologists hypothesize that the bacteria can travel from person to person and from contaminated surfaces to person in a similar manner to other Clostridium species, although there has yet to be a study confirming this to be true for <i>C. sordellii</i>. In general, Clostridium species are transmitted through contaminated wound sites and discontinuities in the gastrointestinal tract <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>5<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. An outbreak in California revealed that black tar heroin (BTH) was able to carry <i>C. sordellii </i>and transmit itself into injection drug users (IDU) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>4<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. Along with IDU, <i>C. sordelli </i>infections have been associated with medically induced abortions, minor traumas and surgeries, spontaneous abortions and normal childbirth—the tools used in these operations are not found to carry <i>C. sordellii </i>on their surfaces <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. A major theme in these cases is transmission via the mucosal surfaces of the urogenital tracts in males and females, yet there are still uncommon cases of transmission through other surfaces of the body.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Lethal dose, Incubation, Colonization===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Lethal dose, Incubation, Colonization===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A study published by The American Journal of Pathology investigated the effects of <i>Clostridium sordellii </i> in mice. The lethal dose (MLD)/kg for mice were determined to be 150ng <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>6<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. This information does not conclude the lethal dose in humans; however, it reveals that toxins produced by <i>C. sordellii </i> are more lethal than in any other <i>Clostridium </i>spp., besides <i>C. botulinum </i> and <i>C. tetani </i> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>6<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. The exact infectious dose is unknown. In <i>Clostridium </i> species the average incubation is 6 hours to 3 days <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(5)</del>. Numerous case studies suggest that the incubation of <i>C. sordellii </i> after infection is 1 to 5 days <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(1,3)</del>. Around the 5th or 6th day of infection the microorganism is fatal to the host. Colonization of <i>C. sordellii </i>occurs in the urogenital tract of females and lacerated soft-tissue of both male and females <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">,</del>2<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">,</del>4<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. Toxins released by the bacteria can affect many organs of the body including the heart, lungs, and kidneys <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">,</del>6<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A study published by The American Journal of Pathology investigated the effects of <i>Clostridium sordellii </i> in mice. The lethal dose (MLD)/kg for mice were determined to be 150ng <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>6<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. This information does not conclude the lethal dose in humans; however, it reveals that toxins produced by <i>C. sordellii </i> are more lethal than in any other <i>Clostridium </i>spp., besides <i>C. botulinum </i> and <i>C. tetani </i> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>6<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. The exact infectious dose is unknown. In <i>Clostridium </i> species the average incubation is 6 hours to 3 days <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[6]]]</ins>. Numerous case studies suggest that the incubation of <i>C. sordellii </i> after infection is 1 to 5 days <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[5][6]]]</ins>. Around the 5th or 6th day of infection the microorganism is fatal to the host. Colonization of <i>C. sordellii </i>occurs in the urogenital tract of females and lacerated soft-tissue of both male and females <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">][</ins>2<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">][</ins>4<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. Toxins released by the bacteria can affect many organs of the body including the heart, lungs, and kidneys <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">][</ins>6<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Epidemiology===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Epidemiology===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Pregnant woman.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Most susceptible population. From: www.oblp.co.uk [http://www.oblp.co.uk/pregnancy]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Pregnant woman.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Most susceptible population. From: www.oblp.co.uk [http://www.oblp.co.uk/pregnancy]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The populations most susceptible to <i>Clostridium sordellii </i>infections are women nearing the end of pregnancy, whether that concludes in live birth, medical abortion, or miscarriage <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>2<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. 5-10% of non-pregnant women have <i>Clostridium </i>species isolated from their vaginal secretions, whereas possibly 29% of women possess bacterial colonization of this genera after abortion <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>2<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. Microbiologists and health care providers continue to investigate the exact percentage of <i>C. sordellii </i> colonization in the vaginal and rectal areas of the body. An infection with this bacteria is rare and underreported because many health care providers are unaware that their patients have this disease. Over a 79 year period, Index Medicus, Pubmed, and Medline databases reported 43 patients with <i>C. sordellii </i> infections <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. 63% of cases occurred in women, with 35% associated with normal childbirth, 22% with medically induced abortions, and 9% with miscarriage <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. 37% of cases occurred in males and were associated with surgical procedures or trauma to soft tissue <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. 100% of these cases ended in mortality, however, only two of the patients were exclusively infected with <i>C. sordellii </i> bacteria <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. In general, diseases from <i>Clostridium </i>spp. occur globally and are found in many environments, such as soil, feces, sewage, and marine sediments <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>5<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. People with previous medical conditions, elderly, children, and injection drug users have a heightened risk of developing infection. <i>C. sordellii </i> becterial infections are most common in animals and has caused outbreaks of enterotoxemia, intermittent cases of necrotic and hemorrhagic enteritis, and toxic infections <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>6<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The populations most susceptible to <i>Clostridium sordellii </i>infections are women nearing the end of pregnancy, whether that concludes in live birth, medical abortion, or miscarriage <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>2<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. 5-10% of non-pregnant women have <i>Clostridium </i>species isolated from their vaginal secretions, whereas possibly 29% of women possess bacterial colonization of this genera after abortion <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>2<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. Microbiologists and health care providers continue to investigate the exact percentage of <i>C. sordellii </i> colonization in the vaginal and rectal areas of the body. An infection with this bacteria is rare and underreported because many health care providers are unaware that their patients have this disease. Over a 79 year period, Index Medicus, Pubmed, and Medline databases reported 43 patients with <i>C. sordellii </i> infections <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. 63% of cases occurred in women, with 35% associated with normal childbirth, 22% with medically induced abortions, and 9% with miscarriage <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. 37% of cases occurred in males and were associated with surgical procedures or trauma to soft tissue <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. 100% of these cases ended in mortality, however, only two of the patients were exclusively infected with <i>C. sordellii </i> bacteria <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. In general, diseases from <i>Clostridium </i>spp. occur globally and are found in many environments, such as soil, feces, sewage, and marine sediments <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>5<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. People with previous medical conditions, elderly, children, and injection drug users have a heightened risk of developing infection. <i>C. sordellii </i> becterial infections are most common in animals and has caused outbreaks of enterotoxemia, intermittent cases of necrotic and hemorrhagic enteritis, and toxic infections <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>6<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Virulence Factors===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Virulence Factors===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Clostridium sordellii </i> produces numerous virulence factors: lethal toxin (TcsL), hemorrhagic toxin (HT), phospholipases, extracellular proteases, hemlysins, DNase, and cytotoxin <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>6<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. Of these 7, TcsL and HT are the major virulence factors that are the most lethal to hosts <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. TcsL, part of the family of large clostridial cytotoxins, contains three functional domains: C-terminal, involved in cell surface recognition, a hydrophobic segment, facilitating translocation into the cytosol of the N-terminal part across the endosomal membrane, and N-terminal, possessing the enzymatic site and promoting intracellular activity <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>6<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. TcsL inhibits signaling proteins Rac, Cdc42, Ras, and Rap in host cells and catalyzes the glucosylation of small GTPases from UDP-glucose <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">,</del>6<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. HT, like TcsL, inhibits signaling proteins Rac and Cdc42, and also inhibits signaling protein Rho <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. The functions of the additional toxins produced by <i>C. sordellii </i>are as follows: hemolysin, chlosterol-dependent hemolysin, neuraminidase, cleaves sialic acids from sialoglycoconjugates, phospholipase C, hydrolyses lecithin, DNase, potential degeneration of host cell nuclei, hyaluronidase, splits hyaluronic acid which increases permeability, and collagenase, hydrolyzes collagen and gelatin <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Clostridium sordellii </i> produces numerous virulence factors: lethal toxin (TcsL), hemorrhagic toxin (HT), phospholipases, extracellular proteases, hemlysins, DNase, and cytotoxin <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>6<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. Of these 7, TcsL and HT are the major virulence factors that are the most lethal to hosts <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. TcsL, part of the family of large clostridial cytotoxins, contains three functional domains: C-terminal, involved in cell surface recognition, a hydrophobic segment, facilitating translocation into the cytosol of the N-terminal part across the endosomal membrane, and N-terminal, possessing the enzymatic site and promoting intracellular activity <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>6<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. TcsL inhibits signaling proteins Rac, Cdc42, Ras, and Rap in host cells and catalyzes the glucosylation of small GTPases from UDP-glucose <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">][</ins>6<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. HT, like TcsL, inhibits signaling proteins Rac and Cdc42, and also inhibits signaling protein Rho <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. The functions of the additional toxins produced by <i>C. sordellii </i>are as follows: hemolysin, chlosterol-dependent hemolysin, neuraminidase, cleaves sialic acids from sialoglycoconjugates, phospholipase C, hydrolyses lecithin, DNase, potential degeneration of host cell nuclei, hyaluronidase, splits hyaluronic acid which increases permeability, and collagenase, hydrolyzes collagen and gelatin <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Clinical features==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Clinical features==</div></td></tr>
</table>Caitlyn.E.Baukal-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Clostridium_sordellii&diff=105080&oldid=prevCaitlyn.E.Baukal-1: /* Description */2014-07-28T07:07:07Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Description</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 07:07, 28 July 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Description===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Description===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Clostridium sordelli </i> is a gram positive, spore-forming, anaerobic rod [[#References|[1]]]. This bacterium was first discovered by Alfredo Sordelli in 1922 who named it <i>Bacillus oedematis </i> because of the distinct edematous characteristics it causes in cases of infection [[#References|[1]]]. In 1927 the organism was renamed <i>Bacillus sordellii </i> and two years later it became classified as <i>Clostridium sordellii</i>, as it is almost indistinguishable from <i>Clostridium oedematoides </i><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. Previous research on this organism can be found under these former species names. <i>Clostridium sordelli </i>is a virulent strain of <i>Clostridium bifermentans </i>that causes pneumonia, endocarditis, arthritis, peritonitits, myonecrosis, bacteremia and sepsis in humans in more serious strains of the disease [[#References|[1][2]]]. The most published manifestations of this infection are those causing severe toxic shock syndrome in association with gynecological complications in women [[#References|[2]]]. However, cases of <i>C. sordelli </i>infections are recorded equally among men and women [[#References|[3]]]. This microorganism is only found in 0.5% of human intestines, but more commonly isolated from soil [[#References|[1]]]. There are various treatments for this disease, some being more effective than others, ranging from antibiotic to supplemental oxygen usage [[#References|[3]]]. Two notable virulence factors, Lethal Toxin (LT) and Hemorrhagic Toxin (HT), aid in the pathogenicity of the organism [[#References|[3]]]. The method of transmission of <i>Clostridium sordellii </i>is unknown [[#References|[1]]]. Microbiologists and health professionals continue to work in conjunction to prevent the spread of these bacteria during gynecological procedures, non-gynecological procedures and in cases involving injury to soft tissues [[#References|[2]]]. Illicit drug users are especially susceptible to <i> C. sordellii </i> infections and certain drugs have shown more apt to transmit the bacterium [[#References|[4]]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Clostridium sordelli </i> is a gram positive, spore-forming, anaerobic rod [[#References|[1]]]. This bacterium was first discovered by Alfredo Sordelli in 1922 who named it <i>Bacillus oedematis </i> because of the distinct edematous characteristics it causes in cases of infection [[#References|[1]]]. In 1927 the organism was renamed <i>Bacillus sordellii </i> and two years later it became classified as <i>Clostridium sordellii</i>, as it is almost indistinguishable from <i>Clostridium oedematoides </i><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. Previous research on this organism can be found under these former species names. <i>Clostridium sordelli </i>is a virulent strain of <i>Clostridium bifermentans </i>that causes pneumonia, endocarditis, arthritis, peritonitits, myonecrosis, bacteremia and sepsis in humans in more serious strains of the disease [[#References|[1][2]]]. The most published manifestations of this infection are those causing severe toxic shock syndrome in association with gynecological complications in women [[#References|[2]]]. However, cases of <i>C. sordelli </i>infections are recorded equally among men and women [[#References|[3]]]. This microorganism is only found in 0.5% of human intestines, but more commonly isolated from soil [[#References|[1]]]. There are various treatments for this disease, some being more effective than others, ranging from antibiotic to supplemental oxygen usage [[#References|[3]]]. Two notable virulence factors, Lethal Toxin (LT) and Hemorrhagic Toxin (HT), aid in the pathogenicity of the organism [[#References|[3]]]. The method of transmission of <i>Clostridium sordellii </i>is unknown [[#References|[1]]]. Microbiologists and health professionals continue to work in conjunction to prevent the spread of these bacteria during gynecological procedures, non-gynecological procedures and in cases involving injury to soft tissues [[#References|[2]]]. Illicit drug users are especially susceptible to <i> C. sordellii </i> infections and certain drugs have shown more apt to transmit the bacterium [[#References|[4]]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathogenesis==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathogenesis==</div></td></tr>
</table>Caitlyn.E.Baukal-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Clostridium_sordellii&diff=105079&oldid=prevCaitlyn.E.Baukal-1: /* Description */2014-07-28T07:06:30Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Description</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 07:06, 28 July 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Description===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Description===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Clostridium sordelli </i> is a gram positive, spore-forming, anaerobic rod <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. This bacterium was first discovered by Alfredo Sordelli in 1922 who named it <i>Bacillus oedematis </i> because of the distinct edematous characteristics it causes in cases of infection <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. In 1927 the organism was renamed <i>Bacillus sordellii </i> and two years later it became classified as <i>Clostridium sordellii</i>, as it is almost indistinguishable from <i>Clostridium oedematoides </i>(1). Previous research on this organism can be found under these former species names. <i>Clostridium sordelli </i>is a virulent strain of <i>Clostridium bifermentans </i>that causes pneumonia, endocarditis, arthritis, peritonitits, myonecrosis, bacteremia and sepsis in humans in more serious strains of the disease <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>2<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. The most published manifestations of this infection are those causing severe toxic shock syndrome in association with gynecological complications in women <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>2<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. However, cases of <i>C. sordelli </i>infections are recorded equally among men and women <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>3<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. This microorganism is only found in 0.5% of human intestines, but more commonly isolated from soil <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. There are various treatments for this disease, some being more effective than others, ranging from antibiotic to supplemental oxygen usage <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>3<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. Two notable virulence factors, Lethal Toxin (LT) and Hemorrhagic Toxin (HT), aid in the pathogenicity of the organism <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>3<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. The method of transmission of <i>Clostridium sordellii </i>is unknown <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>1<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. Microbiologists and health professionals continue to work in conjunction to prevent the spread of these bacteria during gynecological procedures, non-gynecological procedures and in cases involving injury to soft tissues <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>2<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. Illicit drug users are especially susceptible to <i> C. sordellii </i> infections and certain drugs have shown more apt to transmit the bacterium <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>4<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Clostridium sordelli </i> is a gram positive, spore-forming, anaerobic rod <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. This bacterium was first discovered by Alfredo Sordelli in 1922 who named it <i>Bacillus oedematis </i> because of the distinct edematous characteristics it causes in cases of infection <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. In 1927 the organism was renamed <i>Bacillus sordellii </i> and two years later it became classified as <i>Clostridium sordellii</i>, as it is almost indistinguishable from <i>Clostridium oedematoides </i>(1). Previous research on this organism can be found under these former species names. <i>Clostridium sordelli </i>is a virulent strain of <i>Clostridium bifermentans </i>that causes pneumonia, endocarditis, arthritis, peritonitits, myonecrosis, bacteremia and sepsis in humans in more serious strains of the disease <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">][</ins>2<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. The most published manifestations of this infection are those causing severe toxic shock syndrome in association with gynecological complications in women <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>2<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. However, cases of <i>C. sordelli </i>infections are recorded equally among men and women <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>3<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. This microorganism is only found in 0.5% of human intestines, but more commonly isolated from soil <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. There are various treatments for this disease, some being more effective than others, ranging from antibiotic to supplemental oxygen usage <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>3<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. Two notable virulence factors, Lethal Toxin (LT) and Hemorrhagic Toxin (HT), aid in the pathogenicity of the organism <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>3<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. The method of transmission of <i>Clostridium sordellii </i>is unknown <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. Microbiologists and health professionals continue to work in conjunction to prevent the spread of these bacteria during gynecological procedures, non-gynecological procedures and in cases involving injury to soft tissues <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>2<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>. Illicit drug users are especially susceptible to <i> C. sordellii </i> infections and certain drugs have shown more apt to transmit the bacterium <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[</ins>4<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]]</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathogenesis==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathogenesis==</div></td></tr>
</table>Caitlyn.E.Baukal-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Clostridium_sordellii&diff=105077&oldid=prevCaitlyn.E.Baukal-1: /* Treatment */2014-07-28T07:03:34Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Treatment</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 07:03, 28 July 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Treatment==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Treatment==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:antibiotics.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gif</del>|400px|thumb|right|Antibiotics used for treatment of <i>C. sordellii</i> From: family-medicine.info [http://family-medicine.info/antibiotics/]]] </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:antibiotics.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jpg</ins>|400px|thumb|right|Antibiotics used for treatment of <i>C. sordellii</i> From: family-medicine.info [http://family-medicine.info/antibiotics/]]] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There is limited information regarding successful treatment of <i>Clostridium sordellii </i>infections because many cases are fatal. Health care providers have yet to find a successful treatment that clears the bacterial infection while avoiding patient mortality. The acute onset of symptoms and death occurs before many diagnostic tests have been performed. <i>C. sordellii </i>can be treated with antibiotics, but many hospital laboratories do not perform antimicrobial susceptibility tests on anaerobes (1). Previous studies suggest that, similar to most Clostridia species, <i>C. sordellii </i>is susceptible to beta-lactam, clindamycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol drugs, while resistant to aminoglycosides and sulfonamides (1). Intravenous fluids are used to treat patients with symptoms of tachycardia and hypotension. Removal of necrotic tissue is important to reduce buildup of toxins and diagnosis of disease (1). Other treatments for <i>C. sordellii </i> include plasma injections, vasopressors, steroids, morphine, atropine and supplemental oxygen (3).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There is limited information regarding successful treatment of <i>Clostridium sordellii </i>infections because many cases are fatal. Health care providers have yet to find a successful treatment that clears the bacterial infection while avoiding patient mortality. The acute onset of symptoms and death occurs before many diagnostic tests have been performed. <i>C. sordellii </i>can be treated with antibiotics, but many hospital laboratories do not perform antimicrobial susceptibility tests on anaerobes (1). Previous studies suggest that, similar to most Clostridia species, <i>C. sordellii </i>is susceptible to beta-lactam, clindamycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol drugs, while resistant to aminoglycosides and sulfonamides (1). Intravenous fluids are used to treat patients with symptoms of tachycardia and hypotension. Removal of necrotic tissue is important to reduce buildup of toxins and diagnosis of disease (1). Other treatments for <i>C. sordellii </i> include plasma injections, vasopressors, steroids, morphine, atropine and supplemental oxygen (3).</div></td></tr>
</table>Caitlyn.E.Baukal-1