https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Coral_bleaching_and_climate_change&feed=atom&action=historyCoral bleaching and climate change - Revision history2024-03-29T10:32:31ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Coral_bleaching_and_climate_change&diff=91960&oldid=prevBarichD at 16:01, 13 August 20132013-08-13T16:01:07Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Uncurated<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{</ins>Uncurated<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coral bleaching is a loss of pigment in corals that is due to the loss of the symbiotic microbe zooxanthellae, and the photosynthetic products they provide (Knowlton, 2001).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coral bleaching is a loss of pigment in corals that is due to the loss of the symbiotic microbe zooxanthellae, and the photosynthetic products they provide (Knowlton, 2001).</div></td></tr>
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</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Coral_bleaching_and_climate_change&diff=91959&oldid=prevBarichD at 16:00, 13 August 20132013-08-13T16:00:45Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coral bleaching is a loss of pigment in corals that is due to the loss of the symbiotic microbe zooxanthellae, and the photosynthetic products they provide (Knowlton, 2001).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coral bleaching is a loss of pigment in corals that is due to the loss of the symbiotic microbe zooxanthellae, and the photosynthetic products they provide (Knowlton, 2001).</div></td></tr>
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</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Coral_bleaching_and_climate_change&diff=81983&oldid=prevKendall.Kritzik.13: /* Climate Change and Coral Bleaching */2013-04-18T03:13:08Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Climate Change and Coral Bleaching</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Heat stress on zooxanthellae===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Heat stress on zooxanthellae===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>One particular study explored the effects of heat stress on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photochemistry photochemistry] of zooxanthellae. They wanted to determine the mechanism that damages zooxanthellae during heat stress, and ultimately causes coral bleaching. The study was conducted <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">at One-Tree Island Research Station </del>on the coral ''Stylophora pistillata''. Branches of the coral were taken and placed in tanks in both natural light and UV screened light that ranged from 28 to 34°C. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> A second experiment was conducted at 28 and 33°C with varying levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance irradiance] </del>(Jones, ''et al.'', 2002).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>One particular study explored the effects of heat stress on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photochemistry photochemistry] of zooxanthellae. They wanted to determine the mechanism that damages zooxanthellae during heat stress, and ultimately causes coral bleaching. The study was conducted on the coral ''Stylophora pistillata''. Branches of the coral were taken and placed in tanks in both natural light and UV screened light that ranged from 28 to 34°C. (Jones, ''et al.'', 2002).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After the first experiment took place, the zooxanthellae within the corals were counted. The results of the study showed that, when the corals were screened from UV light, no bleaching occurred, but there was a notable decrease in the amount of zooxanthellae present in the 34°C corals compared to the control corals. There was a significant decrease in the rate of respiration in the corals at 32 and 34°C, as well as an increase in nonphotochemical quenching at 34°C. Corals exposed to natural light at 34°C waters had a significant decrease in zooxanthellae numbers. Like in the UV screened corals, the respiration rate was decreased in the corals at 34°C. Corals in the 34°C waters also experienced an increase in nonphotochemical quenching, while photochemical quenching remained constant (Jones, ''et al.'', 2002).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>After the first experiment took place, the zooxanthellae within the corals were counted. The results of the study showed that, when the corals were screened from UV light, no bleaching occurred, but there was a notable decrease in the amount of zooxanthellae present in the 34°C corals compared to the control corals. There was a significant decrease in the rate of respiration in the corals at 32 and 34°C, as well as an increase in nonphotochemical quenching at 34°C. Corals exposed to natural light at 34°C waters had a significant decrease in zooxanthellae numbers. Like in the UV screened corals, the respiration rate was decreased in the corals at 34°C. Corals in the 34°C waters also experienced an increase in nonphotochemical quenching, while photochemical quenching remained constant (Jones, ''et al.'', 2002).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In the </del>second experiment<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>corals that were at cooler temperatures such as at 28°C had higher rates of respiration than the corals at 33°C. Corals that were illuminated by the light had lower rates of respiration than the shaded corals at both 28 and 33°C.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A </ins>second experiment <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was conducted that looked at corals in 28°C and 33°C waters with varying levels of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance irradiance]. The researchers found that the </ins>corals that were at cooler temperatures such as at 28°C had higher rates of respiration than the corals at 33°C. Corals that were illuminated by the light had lower rates of respiration than the shaded corals at both 28 and 33°C.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These findings showed that early in heat stress, Photosystem II is damaged. This is a secondary effect of damage done to the electron flow in the very first steps of the Calvin cycle. Three responses towards heat stress were observed in the zooxanthellae: an increase in the nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll that was unaccompanied by a significant decrease of photochemical quenching, a decrease in the quantum yield of Photosystem II, and a decrease in photosynthetic oxygen (Jones, ''et al.'', 2002). The collapse of the quenching system in heat stressed zooxanthellae corresponds with many other studies, including those that examined heat stress in leaves (Schreiber and Bilger, 1987). Because this was seen as a response to low levels of oxygen, the researchers believed that the oxygen dependent MAP-cycle was the mechanism for energizing the thylakoid. Low oxygen levels also decrease respiration, which changes the ratios of ATP/ADP and NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+. These changing ratios were believed to be the reason for decreases in the respiration rate (Jones, ''et al.'', 2002).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These findings showed that early in heat stress, Photosystem II is damaged. This is a secondary effect of damage done to the electron flow in the very first steps of the Calvin cycle. Three responses towards heat stress were observed in the zooxanthellae: an increase in the nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll that was unaccompanied by a significant decrease of photochemical quenching, a decrease in the quantum yield of Photosystem II, and a decrease in photosynthetic oxygen (Jones, ''et al.'', 2002). The collapse of the quenching system in heat stressed zooxanthellae corresponds with many other studies, including those that examined heat stress in leaves (Schreiber and Bilger, 1987). Because this was seen as a response to low levels of oxygen, the researchers believed that the oxygen dependent MAP-cycle was the mechanism for energizing the thylakoid. Low oxygen levels also decrease respiration, which changes the ratios of ATP/ADP and NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+. These changing ratios were believed to be the reason for decreases in the respiration rate (Jones, ''et al.'', 2002).</div></td></tr>
</table>Kendall.Kritzik.13https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Coral_bleaching_and_climate_change&diff=81667&oldid=prevKendall.Kritzik.13: /* Coral Death */2013-04-16T17:25:45Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Coral Death</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If the environment is not suitable for coral recovery, then bleached coral often end up dying. One example of this took place in the Ryukyus Islands in Japan in 1998. That summer, there was a major bleaching event, and most of the corals in the outer reef had died by September. By October, the corals were unable to recover, and therefore died, leaving behind calcium carbonate skeletons. The skeletons then became the home of algae, which grew to form mats on the skeletal structures. Unlike in the outer reef, the corals near the moat did not experience major coral bleaching, and therefore did not become overrun by algal mats (Shibuno, et al., 2000).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If the environment is not suitable for coral recovery, then bleached coral often end up dying. One example of this took place in the Ryukyus Islands in Japan in 1998. That summer, there was a major bleaching event, and most of the corals in the outer reef had died by September. By October, the corals were unable to recover, and therefore died, leaving behind calcium carbonate skeletons. The skeletons then became the home of algae, which grew to form mats on the skeletal structures. Unlike in the outer reef, the corals near the moat did not experience major coral bleaching, and therefore did not become overrun by algal mats (Shibuno, et al., 2000).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If bleaching events lead to the death of corals, then not only do we see a tremendous decrease in coral reefs, but we also see a huge change in the fish assemblages and populations on that reef. In the study at the Ryukyus Islands, the death of the corals on the outer reef led to a huge change in the types of fish that were present. The number of fish per transect did not change, however the number of species and the diversity of species greatly decreased. The number of coral-polyp feeders dwindled, while the number of herbivores greatly increased. These changes were due to the fact that much of the coral that had been bleached had later died and was overrun by algal mats. This decreased the food source for the coral polyp feeders, while increasing the food source for herbivores, leading to a change in the numbers of species that were present at the outer reef (Shibuno, et al.,<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1998</del>). A similar study was conducted in 2007 in Seychelles in order to see if marine protected areas (MPAs) were effective at speeding up the recovery of coral reefs post bleaching, and if this was enough to protect the fish assemblages within reef areas. After the bleaching event, it was seen that, while there was little to no change in the numbers of larger fish, there was a great decrease in smaller fish. This was due to the decrease in coral cover, which meant a decrease in protection and food. In the long term, this would decrease the recruitment of fish to the reef, which could have negative effects for both the reef and for humans. The reef would experience greater stress from algal cover with a decrease in herbivores in the coming years, which could lead to further bleaching and coral death. For humans, decreases in recruitment of many fish can change the fishing business, making reef fish harder to find on the market (Graham, et al., 2007).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If bleaching events lead to the death of corals, then not only do we see a tremendous decrease in coral reefs, but we also see a huge change in the fish assemblages and populations on that reef. In the study at the Ryukyus Islands, the death of the corals on the outer reef led to a huge change in the types of fish that were present. The number of fish per transect did not change, however the number of species and the diversity of species greatly decreased. The number of coral-polyp feeders dwindled, while the number of herbivores greatly increased. These changes were due to the fact that much of the coral that had been bleached had later died and was overrun by algal mats. This decreased the food source for the coral polyp feeders, while increasing the food source for herbivores, leading to a change in the numbers of species that were present at the outer reef (Shibuno, et al.,<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2000</ins>). A similar study was conducted in 2007 in Seychelles in order to see if marine protected areas (MPAs) were effective at speeding up the recovery of coral reefs post bleaching, and if this was enough to protect the fish assemblages within reef areas. After the bleaching event, it was seen that, while there was little to no change in the numbers of larger fish, there was a great decrease in smaller fish. This was due to the decrease in coral cover, which meant a decrease in protection and food. In the long term, this would decrease the recruitment of fish to the reef, which could have negative effects for both the reef and for humans. The reef would experience greater stress from algal cover with a decrease in herbivores in the coming years, which could lead to further bleaching and coral death. For humans, decreases in recruitment of many fish can change the fishing business, making reef fish harder to find on the market (Graham, et al., 2007).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td></tr>
</table>Kendall.Kritzik.13https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Coral_bleaching_and_climate_change&diff=80966&oldid=prevKendall.Kritzik.13 at 04:13, 9 April 20132013-04-09T04:13:12Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coral bleaching is a loss of pigment in corals that is due to the loss of the symbiotic microbe zooxanthellae, and the photosynthetic products they provide (Knowlton, 2001).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coral bleaching is a loss of pigment in corals that is due to the loss of the symbiotic microbe zooxanthellae, and the photosynthetic products they provide (Knowlton, 2001).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:Zoox 1.jpg|300px|thumb|right|The microbe zooxanthellae that lives symbiotically with coral polyps. Found at http://coris.noaa.gov/about/biology/]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td></tr>
</table>Kendall.Kritzik.13https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Coral_bleaching_and_climate_change&diff=80963&oldid=prevKendall.Kritzik.13: /* Conclusion */2013-04-09T04:04:15Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Conclusion</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Bleach_Watch.gif|300 px|thumb|right|Map of bleaching probabilities around Australia on March 18, 2013. Found at http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/satellite/baa/index.html. Maps are updated <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">daily</del>.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Bleach_Watch.gif|300 px|thumb|right|Map of bleaching probabilities around Australia on March 18, 2013. Found at http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/satellite/baa/index.html. Maps are updated <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">twice a week</ins>.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coral bleaching has become very common and detrimental to reef environments. Elevated water temperatures and radiation are due to increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (Marimuthu, 2013). Increases in greenhouse gases is mostly due to human influences (Brown, 1997). In 2001, a study had noted that the diversity of coral species had decreased in the last fifteen years by 25%, and that this decrease was mostly due to increased human activity, which increased the stress for the corals (Knowlton, 2001).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coral bleaching has become very common and detrimental to reef environments. Elevated water temperatures and radiation are due to increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (Marimuthu, 2013). Increases in greenhouse gases is mostly due to human influences (Brown, 1997). In 2001, a study had noted that the diversity of coral species had decreased in the last fifteen years by 25%, and that this decrease was mostly due to increased human activity, which increased the stress for the corals (Knowlton, 2001).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2011, the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network released a report on the statuses of the coral reefs in the Pacific. While currently the reefs are looking healthy and strong, the long term outlook for coral health is poor. This means that many conservation efforts are needed in order to keep the reefs from going into decline. There are a number of threats that could severely damage corals in a short time. These threats include storms, outbreaks of coral predators like the crown of thorns or ''Drupella'', overfishing, and coral bleaching due to climate change (GCRMN, 2011 and Knowlton, 2001). Of these threats, the most troubling for the coral reefs is coral bleaching due to climate change. These threats are already common in most countries around the Pacific, and are only expected to increase in the next twenty years. While some previously damaged reefs have shown recovery, like in the South Andaman Islands, other reefs show signs of long-term decline (GCRMN, 2011 and Marimuthu, 2013). The NOAA provides up-to-date information on the health of coral reefs worldwide, and provides maps like the one on the right with information oh bleaching probabilities due to thermal stress. These maps are updated <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">daily</del>. (NOAA, 2013). Because there is very little data available on how corals could survive warming sea temperatures, it is hard to know how the reefs will respond to the pressures of climate change (Knowlton, 2001).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2011, the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network released a report on the statuses of the coral reefs in the Pacific. While currently the reefs are looking healthy and strong, the long term outlook for coral health is poor. This means that many conservation efforts are needed in order to keep the reefs from going into decline. There are a number of threats that could severely damage corals in a short time. These threats include storms, outbreaks of coral predators like the crown of thorns or ''Drupella'', overfishing, and coral bleaching due to climate change (GCRMN, 2011 and Knowlton, 2001). Of these threats, the most troubling for the coral reefs is coral bleaching due to climate change. These threats are already common in most countries around the Pacific, and are only expected to increase in the next twenty years. While some previously damaged reefs have shown recovery, like in the South Andaman Islands, other reefs show signs of long-term decline (GCRMN, 2011 and Marimuthu, 2013). The NOAA provides up-to-date information on the health of coral reefs worldwide, and provides maps like the one on the right with information oh bleaching probabilities due to thermal stress. These maps are updated <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">twice a week</ins>. (NOAA, 2013). Because there is very little data available on how corals could survive warming sea temperatures, it is hard to know how the reefs will respond to the pressures of climate change (Knowlton, 2001).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Not all hope is lost for the survival of coral reefs. Because the biggest threat to the health of coral reefs is coral bleaching due to climate change, the number one priority for reef preservation is to attack climate change at its source: human influence. Carbon dioxide emissions and other greenhouse gases are main contributors to recent climate change. By minimizing these emissions, the rate that the climate changes will start to slow, which will give the coral reefs a better chance at survival (GCRMN, 2001).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Not all hope is lost for the survival of coral reefs. Because the biggest threat to the health of coral reefs is coral bleaching due to climate change, the number one priority for reef preservation is to attack climate change at its source: human influence. Carbon dioxide emissions and other greenhouse gases are main contributors to recent climate change. By minimizing these emissions, the rate that the climate changes will start to slow, which will give the coral reefs a better chance at survival (GCRMN, 2001).</div></td></tr>
</table>Kendall.Kritzik.13https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Coral_bleaching_and_climate_change&diff=80962&oldid=prevKendall.Kritzik.13: /* References */2013-04-09T04:03:20Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11802-013-2014-2 Marimuthu, N., Wilson, J.J., Vinithkumar, N.V., and Kirubagaran, R. "Coral reef recovery status in south Andaman Islands after the bleaching event 2010". ''Journal of Ocean University of China''. 2013. Volume 12, Issue 1. p. 91-96.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11802-013-2014-2 Marimuthu, N., Wilson, J.J., Vinithkumar, N.V., and Kirubagaran, R. "Coral reef recovery status in south Andaman Islands after the bleaching event 2010". ''Journal of Ocean University of China''. 2013. Volume 12, Issue 1. p. 91-96.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-540-69775-6_8?LI=true McClanahan, T.R., Weil, E., Cortés, J., Baird, A.H., and Ateweberhan, M. "Consequences of coral bleaching for sessile reef organisms". ''Ecological Studies''. 2009. Volume 205. p. 121-138.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-540-69775-6_8?LI=true McClanahan, T.R., Weil, E., Cortés, J., Baird, A.H., and Ateweberhan, M. "Consequences of coral bleaching for sessile reef organisms". ''Ecological Studies''. 2009. Volume 205. p. 121-138.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br>[http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/satellite/baa/index.html NOAA Coral Reef Watch. "Bleaching Area Alert". ''NOAA Satellite and Information Service''. 2013.]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>[http://snf.fra.affrc.go.jp/seika/wwwsupl/supl1.htm Shibuno, T., Abe, O., Hashimoto, K., and Takada, Y. "Effects of coral bleaching on the benthos and fish community in Urasoko Bay, Ishigaki Island". 2000.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>[http://snf.fra.affrc.go.jp/seika/wwwsupl/supl1.htm Shibuno, T., Abe, O., Hashimoto, K., and Takada, Y. "Effects of coral bleaching on the benthos and fish community in Urasoko Bay, Ishigaki Island". 2000.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>[http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19890727861.html Schreiber, U. and Bilger W. "Rapid assessment of stress effects on plant leaves by chlorophyll fluorescence measurement". In: ''Plant Response to Stress''. 1987. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. p. 27-53.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>[http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19890727861.html Schreiber, U. and Bilger W. "Rapid assessment of stress effects on plant leaves by chlorophyll fluorescence measurement". In: ''Plant Response to Stress''. 1987. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. p. 27-53.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>[http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1759/20122942.full.pdf+html Sorek, M. Yacobi, Y.Z., Roopin, M., Berman-Frank, I., and Levy, O. "Photosynthetic circadian rhythmicity patterns of <i>Symbiodium<i/> the coral endosymbiotic algae". ''Proc. R. Soc. B'' 2013. Volume 280, Number 1759. p. 1-9.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>[http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/280/1759/20122942.full.pdf+html Sorek, M. Yacobi, Y.Z., Roopin, M., Berman-Frank, I., and Levy, O. "Photosynthetic circadian rhythmicity patterns of <i>Symbiodium<i/> the coral endosymbiotic algae". ''Proc. R. Soc. B'' 2013. Volume 280, Number 1759. p. 1-9.]</div></td></tr>
</table>Kendall.Kritzik.13https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Coral_bleaching_and_climate_change&diff=80961&oldid=prevKendall.Kritzik.13: /* Conclusion */2013-04-09T03:58:36Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Conclusion</span></span></p>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:Bleach_Watch.gif|300 px|thumb|right|Map of bleaching probabilities around Australia on March 18, 2013. Found at http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/satellite/baa/index.html. Maps are updated daily.]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coral bleaching has become very common and detrimental to reef environments. Elevated water temperatures and radiation are due to increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (Marimuthu, 2013). Increases in greenhouse gases is mostly due to human influences (Brown, 1997). In 2001, a study had noted that the diversity of coral species had decreased in the last fifteen years by 25%, and that this decrease was mostly due to increased human activity, which increased the stress for the corals (Knowlton, 2001).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coral bleaching has become very common and detrimental to reef environments. Elevated water temperatures and radiation are due to increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (Marimuthu, 2013). Increases in greenhouse gases is mostly due to human influences (Brown, 1997). In 2001, a study had noted that the diversity of coral species had decreased in the last fifteen years by 25%, and that this decrease was mostly due to increased human activity, which increased the stress for the corals (Knowlton, 2001).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2011, the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network released a report on the statuses of the coral reefs in the Pacific. While currently the reefs are looking healthy and strong, the long term outlook for coral health is poor. This means that many conservation efforts are needed in order to keep the reefs from going into decline. There are a number of threats that could severely damage corals in a short time. These threats include storms, outbreaks of coral predators like the crown of thorns or ''Drupella'', overfishing, and coral bleaching due to climate change (GCRMN, 2011 and Knowlton, 2001). Of these threats, the most troubling for the coral reefs is coral bleaching due to climate change. These threats are already common in most countries around the Pacific, and are only expected to increase in the next twenty years. While some previously damaged reefs have shown recovery, like in the South Andaman Islands, other reefs show signs of long-term decline (GCRMN, 2011 and Marimuthu, 2013). Because there is very little data available on how corals could survive warming sea temperatures, it is hard to know how the reefs will respond to the pressures of climate change (Knowlton, 2001).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2011, the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network released a report on the statuses of the coral reefs in the Pacific. While currently the reefs are looking healthy and strong, the long term outlook for coral health is poor. This means that many conservation efforts are needed in order to keep the reefs from going into decline. There are a number of threats that could severely damage corals in a short time. These threats include storms, outbreaks of coral predators like the crown of thorns or ''Drupella'', overfishing, and coral bleaching due to climate change (GCRMN, 2011 and Knowlton, 2001). Of these threats, the most troubling for the coral reefs is coral bleaching due to climate change. These threats are already common in most countries around the Pacific, and are only expected to increase in the next twenty years. While some previously damaged reefs have shown recovery, like in the South Andaman Islands, other reefs show signs of long-term decline (GCRMN, 2011 and Marimuthu<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, 2013). The NOAA provides up-to-date information on the health of coral reefs worldwide, and provides maps like the one on the right with information oh bleaching probabilities due to thermal stress. These maps are updated daily. (NOAA</ins>, 2013). Because there is very little data available on how corals could survive warming sea temperatures, it is hard to know how the reefs will respond to the pressures of climate change (Knowlton, 2001).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Not all hope is lost for the survival of coral reefs. Because the biggest threat to the health of coral reefs is coral bleaching due to climate change, the number one priority for reef preservation is to attack climate change at its source: human influence. Carbon dioxide emissions and other greenhouse gases are main contributors to recent climate change. By minimizing these emissions, the rate that the climate changes will start to slow, which will give the coral reefs a better chance at survival (GCRMN, 2001).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Not all hope is lost for the survival of coral reefs. Because the biggest threat to the health of coral reefs is coral bleaching due to climate change, the number one priority for reef preservation is to attack climate change at its source: human influence. Carbon dioxide emissions and other greenhouse gases are main contributors to recent climate change. By minimizing these emissions, the rate that the climate changes will start to slow, which will give the coral reefs a better chance at survival (GCRMN, 2001).</div></td></tr>
</table>Kendall.Kritzik.13https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Coral_bleaching_and_climate_change&diff=80884&oldid=prevKendall.Kritzik.13: /* Heat Resistance in Zooxanthellae */2013-04-08T16:02:09Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Heat Resistance in Zooxanthellae</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Zooxanthellae clades===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Zooxanthellae clades===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are eight different clades of zooxanthellae that are labelled A through H<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, and there are </del>multiple species <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that belong to each clade</del>. Studies have shown that there are different tolerances for heat within each clade. Zooxanthellae that belong to clade D are known to be the most heat tolerant. In 2006, a study was conducted on ''Acropora millepora'' in order to determine the level of heat tolerance for the two types of zooxanthellae that are found within the polyps: types C and D (Berklemans and van Oppen, 2006).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:Zooxanthellae_clade_tree.jpeg|300px|thumb|right|Cladogram depicting the different types of zooxanthellae. From http://kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/ps1_2.html.]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are eight different clades of zooxanthellae that are labelled A through H <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as seen in the figure to the right. Each clade of zooxanthellae contains </ins>multiple species. Studies have shown that there are different tolerances for heat within each clade. Zooxanthellae that belong to clade D are known to be the most heat tolerant. In 2006, a study was conducted on ''Acropora millepora'' in order to determine the level of heat tolerance for the two types of zooxanthellae that are found within the polyps: types C and D (Berklemans and van Oppen, 2006).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The researchers transplanted corals from North Keppel Island and Davies Reef to Magnetic Island, which had a warmer climate. The corals were tested for zooxanthellae type using the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcriber spacer 1 during the transplant, and before running temperature experiments. Cuttings from native and transplanted corals were placed in tanks of 27.5, 30, 31, and 32°C for 15 days. The quality of the zooxanthellae was measured through the flourescence yield.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The researchers transplanted corals from North Keppel Island and Davies Reef to Magnetic Island, which had a warmer climate. The corals were tested for zooxanthellae type using the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcriber spacer 1 during the transplant, and before running temperature experiments. Cuttings from native and transplanted corals were placed in tanks of 27.5, 30, 31, and 32°C for 15 days. The quality of the zooxanthellae was measured through the flourescence yield.</div></td></tr>
</table>Kendall.Kritzik.13https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Coral_bleaching_and_climate_change&diff=80882&oldid=prevKendall.Kritzik.13: /* Coral bleaching */2013-04-08T15:54:23Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Coral bleaching</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Coral_Bleaching_Before_After.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Photo of coral before and after a bleaching event. Picture from http://unfcccecosingapore.wordpress.com/2010/11/06/climate-problems-underwater/.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Coral_Bleaching_Before_After.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Photo of coral before and after a bleaching event. Picture from http://unfcccecosingapore.wordpress.com/2010/11/06/climate-problems-underwater/.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coral bleaching is the reduction of photosynthetic pigment that is due to either the death or expulsion of zooxanthellae from the coral polyps. After bleaching, a coral may continue to live, however growth and reproduction rates are decreased significantly. Bleaching can be due to a number of factors including increased water temperatures, increased radiation, disease, and changing sea levels (Knowlton, 2001). There are three mechanisms that are thought to account for the loss of zooxanthellae during coral bleaching. These mechanisms are: the zooxanthellae within the coral are degraded, the coral expels the zooxanthellae through exocytosis, and the coral releases endodermal cells that contain the zooxanthellae (Brown, 1997). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coral bleaching is the reduction of photosynthetic pigment that is due to either the death or expulsion of zooxanthellae from the coral polyps<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. As seen in the figure to the right, bleached corals turn white or pale yellow</ins>. After bleaching, a coral may continue to live, however growth and reproduction rates are decreased significantly. Bleaching can be due to a number of factors including increased water temperatures, increased radiation, disease, and changing sea levels (Knowlton, 2001). There are three mechanisms that are thought to account for the loss of zooxanthellae during coral bleaching. These mechanisms are: the zooxanthellae within the coral are degraded, the coral expels the zooxanthellae through exocytosis, and the coral releases endodermal cells that contain the zooxanthellae (Brown, 1997). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The survival of corals are important, because they provide the base of a major type of marine ecosystem. Specifically, corals provide food and shelter for many types of reef fish, which in turn recruit larger carnivores to the ecosystem. This makes the continuation of coral reefs very important for balancing the food chain in these ecosystems, which in turn makes coral bleaching that much more detrimental (Graham, et al., 2007).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The survival of corals are important, because they provide the base of a major type of marine ecosystem. Specifically, corals provide food and shelter for many types of reef fish, which in turn recruit larger carnivores to the ecosystem. This makes the continuation of coral reefs very important for balancing the food chain in these ecosystems, which in turn makes coral bleaching that much more detrimental (Graham, et al., 2007).</div></td></tr>
</table>Kendall.Kritzik.13