https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Cryptococcus_neoformans&feed=atom&action=history
Cryptococcus neoformans - Revision history
2024-03-29T00:55:11Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
MediaWiki 1.39.6
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Cryptococcus_neoformans&diff=119608&oldid=prev
BarichD at 14:33, 11 February 2016
2016-02-11T14:33:36Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:cneoindiaink.jpg|thumb|300px|right|India ink stain of Cryptococcus neosporans showing the presence of a capsule. From: http://sequence-www.stanford.edu/group/C.neoformans/]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:cneoindiaink.jpg|thumb|300px|right|India ink stain of Cryptococcus neosporans showing the presence of a capsule. From: http://sequence-www.stanford.edu/group/C.neoformans/]]</div></td></tr>
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BarichD
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Cryptococcus_neoformans&diff=116636&oldid=prev
BarichD at 18:58, 12 October 2015
2015-10-12T18:58:11Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Pages edited by students of Tyrrell Conway at the University of Oklahoma]][[Image:OULOGOBIANCO.JPEG|thumb|230px|left|University of Oklahoma Study Abroad Microbiology in Arezzo, Italy[http://cas.ou.edu/study-abroad/]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Pages edited by students of Tyrrell Conway at the University of Oklahoma]][[Image:OULOGOBIANCO.JPEG|thumb|230px|left|University of Oklahoma Study Abroad Microbiology in Arezzo, Italy[http://cas.ou.edu/study-abroad/]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:cneoindiaink.jpg|thumb|300px|right|India ink stain of Cryptococcus neosporans showing the presence of a capsule. From: http://sequence-www.stanford.edu/group/C.neoformans/]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:cneoindiaink.jpg|thumb|300px|right|India ink stain of Cryptococcus neosporans showing the presence of a capsule. From: http://sequence-www.stanford.edu/group/C.neoformans/]]</div></td></tr>
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BarichD
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Cryptococcus_neoformans&diff=116076&oldid=prev
Christopher.T.Vu-1: /* Paracellular route */
2015-07-29T07:58:02Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Paracellular route</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Paracellular route====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Paracellular route====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It has been suggested that, following </del>sequestration in cerebral capillaries, damage to endothelium is caused by changes in cryptococcal capsule structure and cell size. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It has also been demonstrated that </del>''C. neoformans'' can utilize the host plasminogen system to enhance degradation and invasion of tissues and penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Studies have linked the importance of cryptococcal urease to CNS invasion.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Following </ins>sequestration in cerebral capillaries, damage to endothelium is caused by changes in cryptococcal capsule structure and cell size. ''C. neoformans'' can <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">also </ins>utilize the host plasminogen system to enhance degradation and invasion of tissues and penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Studies have linked the importance of cryptococcal urease to CNS invasion.</div></td></tr>
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Christopher.T.Vu-1
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Cryptococcus_neoformans&diff=116075&oldid=prev
Christopher.T.Vu-1: /* Epidemiology */
2015-07-29T07:56:57Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Epidemiology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Epidemiology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Epidemiology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:hivcryptoneo.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Global burden of HIV-related cryptococcal meningitis. From: http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/cryptococcosis-neoformans/statistics.html]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:hivcryptoneo.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Global burden of HIV-related cryptococcal meningitis. From: http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/cryptococcosis-neoformans/statistics.html]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A close correlation between the occurrence of ''C. neoformans'' and pigeon droppings has been shown [[#References|[5]]]. ''C. neoformans var. grubii'' has a worldwide distribution with the most cases being reported in the United States and Australia, while ''C. neoformans var. neoformans'' is is mostly restricted to France, Italy, and Denmark [[#References|[6]]]. Among immmunocompetent individuals, groups at risk are the elderly and those using corticosteroids [[#References|[5]]]. In the United States, only 25% of infections are reported among immunocompetent individuals [[#References|[4]]]. Among HIV/AIDS patients, it is estimated that approximately 957,900 cases occur each year, resulting in nearly 625,000 deaths [[#References|[3]]]. Worldwide, 7-10% of patients with AIDS are affected [[#References|[3]]]. AIDS-associated cryptococcosis accounts for 50% of cryptococcal infections reported worldwide, usually occurring in HIV patients when their CD4 lymphocyte count falls below 200/mm3. In sub-Saharan Africa, the mortality rate is estimated to be between 50-70% . In developed countries such as the United States where therapy is available, the mortality rate is as low as 12% [[#References|[3]]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A close correlation between the occurrence of ''C. neoformans'' and pigeon droppings has been shown [[#References|[5]]]. ''C. neoformans var. grubii'' has a worldwide distribution with the most cases being reported in the United States and Australia, while ''C. neoformans var. neoformans'' is is mostly restricted to France, Italy, and Denmark [[#References|[6]]]. Among immmunocompetent individuals, groups at risk are the elderly and those using corticosteroids [[#References|[5]]]. In the United States, only 25% of infections are reported <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as symptomatic </ins>among immunocompetent individuals [[#References|[4]]]. Among HIV/AIDS patients, it is estimated that approximately 957,900 cases occur each year, resulting in nearly 625,000 deaths [[#References|[3]]]. Worldwide, 7-10% of patients with AIDS are affected [[#References|[3]]]. AIDS-associated cryptococcosis accounts for 50% of cryptococcal infections reported worldwide, usually occurring in HIV patients when their CD4 lymphocyte count falls below 200/mm3. In sub-Saharan Africa, the mortality rate is estimated to be between 50-70% . In developed countries such as the United States where therapy is available, the mortality rate is as low as 12% [[#References|[3]]].</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Clinical features==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Clinical features==</div></td></tr>
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Christopher.T.Vu-1
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Cryptococcus_neoformans&diff=116074&oldid=prev
Christopher.T.Vu-1: /* References */
2015-07-28T21:59:42Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. '''Karkowska-Kuleta, J, Rapala-Kozik, M, Kozik, A.''' 2009. ''Fungi pathogenic to humans: Molecular bases of virulence of ''Candida albicans'', ''Cryptococcus neoformans'' and ''Aspergillus fumigatus''. Acta Biochimica Polonica''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. '''Karkowska-Kuleta, J, Rapala-Kozik, M, Kozik, A.''' 2009. ''Fungi pathogenic to humans: Molecular bases of virulence of ''Candida albicans'', ''Cryptococcus neoformans'' and ''Aspergillus fumigatus''. Acta Biochimica Polonica''</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>3. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http</del>:<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">//www</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2013/675213/</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>3. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Cogliati M.''' 2013. ''Global Molecular Epidemiology of ''Cryptococcus neoformans'' and ''Cryptococcus gattii''</ins>: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">An Atlas of the Molecular Types</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' Scientifica</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>4. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http://www</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">medscape</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">com/viewarticle/727725</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>4. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Olszewski MA, Zhang Y, Huffnagle GB</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' 2010</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''Mechanisms of Cryptococcal Virulence and Persistence.'' Future Microbiology</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>5. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http://digital</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">library</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">okstate</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">edu/oas/oas_pdf/v45/p277_281</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pdf</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>5. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Lonian RD</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' 1965</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''The Effects of Steroids on the Virulence of ''Cryptococcus neoformans''</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''Oklahoma State University</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>6. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http://www</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mycology.adelaide.edu</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">au/Fungal_Descriptions/Yeasts/Cryptococcus/C_neoformans</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">html</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>6. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''The University of Adelaide</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' ''''Cryptococcus neoformans</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''' Mycology Online</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>7. http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/cryptococcosis-neoformans/</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>7. http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/cryptococcosis-neoformans/</div></td></tr>
</table>
Christopher.T.Vu-1
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Cryptococcus_neoformans&diff=116073&oldid=prev
Christopher.T.Vu-1: /* References */
2015-07-28T21:53:31Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:53, 28 July 2015</td>
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<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 97:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1. '''Okagaki LH, Strain AK, Nielsen JN, Charlier C, Baltes NJ, et al.''' 2010. ''Cryptococcal Cell Morphology Affects Host Cell Interactions and Pathogenicity.'' PLoS Pathog</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1. '''Okagaki LH, Strain AK, Nielsen JN, Charlier C, Baltes NJ, et al.''' 2010. ''Cryptococcal Cell Morphology Affects Host Cell Interactions and Pathogenicity.'' PLoS Pathog</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http://www.phac</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">aspc</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gc</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/cryptococcus-eng</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">php</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Karkowska-Kuleta, J, Rapala</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Kozik, M, Kozik, A</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' 2009</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''Fungi pathogenic to humans: Molecular bases of virulence of ''Candida albicans'', ''Cryptococcus neoformans'' and ''Aspergillus fumigatus''</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Acta Biochimica Polonica''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>3. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2013/675213/</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>3. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2013/675213/</div></td></tr>
</table>
Christopher.T.Vu-1
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Cryptococcus_neoformans&diff=116072&oldid=prev
Christopher.T.Vu-1: /* References */
2015-07-28T21:51:59Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:51, 28 July 2015</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http://journals</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">plos</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">org/plospathogens/article?id=10</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1371/journal.ppat.1000953</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Okagaki LH, Strain AK, Nielsen JN, Charlier C, Baltes NJ, et al</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' 2010</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''Cryptococcal Cell Morphology Affects Host Cell Interactions and Pathogenicity</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' PLoS Pathog</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/cryptococcus-eng.php</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/cryptococcus-eng.php</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>10. http://ec.asm.org/content/9/6/835.full</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>10. http://ec.asm.org/content/9/6/835.full</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>11. '''Rhodes <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">J. C.</del>, Wicker <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L. S.</del>, Urba <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">W. J.</del>.''' 1980. ''Genetic control of susceptibility to ''Cryptococcus neoformans'' in mice.'' Infect. Immun.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>11. '''Rhodes <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">JC</ins>, Wicker <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">LS</ins>, Urba <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">WJ</ins>.''' 1980. ''Genetic control of susceptibility to ''Cryptococcus neoformans'' in mice.'' Infect. Immun.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>12. '''Kechichian <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">T. B.</del>, Shea J<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</del>, Del Poeta M<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</del>.''' 2007. ''Depletion of alveolar macrophages decreases the dissemination of a glucosylceramide-deficient mutant of ''Cryptococcus neoformans'' in immunodeficient mice.'' Infect. Immun.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>12. '''Kechichian <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">TB</ins>, Shea J, Del Poeta M.''' 2007. ''Depletion of alveolar macrophages decreases the dissemination of a glucosylceramide-deficient mutant of ''Cryptococcus neoformans'' in immunodeficient mice.'' Infect. Immun.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Created by Chris Vu, student of Tyrell Conway at the University of Oklahoma.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Created by Chris Vu, student of Tyrell Conway at the University of Oklahoma.</div></td></tr>
</table>
Christopher.T.Vu-1
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Cryptococcus_neoformans&diff=116071&oldid=prev
Christopher.T.Vu-1 at 21:49, 28 July 2015
2015-07-28T21:49:19Z
<p></p>
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<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:49, 28 July 2015</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Complement===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Complement===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The complement system leads to inflammation and recruitment of phagocytic effector cells as well as the formation of the membrane attack complex. Animal model systems and human patients have demonstrated the importance of the complement system [[#References|[10]]]. Guinea pigs treated with cobra venom to deplete complement components had shorter survival time, and mice deficient in C5 are more susceptible to infection and succumb three times quicker than C5 positive mice. The survival time of C4-deficient guinea pigs is similar to that of normal guinea pigs, suggesting that the C4-independent alternative pathway is a viable response to infection. The lectin pathway of the complement system is dependent on capsulation of ''Cryptococcus neoformans'' as the capsule inhibits the binding of mannan-binding lectin.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The complement system leads to inflammation and recruitment of phagocytic effector cells as well as the formation of the membrane attack complex. Animal model systems and human patients have demonstrated the importance of the complement system [[#References|[10]]]. Guinea pigs treated with cobra venom to deplete complement components had shorter survival time, and mice deficient in C5 are more susceptible to infection and succumb three times quicker than C5 positive mice <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[11]]]</ins>. The survival time of C4-deficient guinea pigs is similar to that of normal guinea pigs, suggesting that the C4-independent alternative pathway is a viable response to infection. The lectin pathway of the complement system is dependent on capsulation of ''Cryptococcus neoformans'' as the capsule inhibits the binding of mannan-binding lectin.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Phagocytic effector cells===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Phagocytic effector cells===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As the first line of defense against infection in the bloodstream, the complement system achieves certain preparations for further response through opsonization and phagocytic effector cell recruitment. In humans, neutrophils and macrophages are recruited for phagocytosis. Phagocytosis is triggered through direct contact with conserved pathogenic structures such as components of the cryptococcal capsule or through indirect recognition of antibody-opsonized cells. Dendritic cells function as major antigen-presenting cells and also initiate cell-mediated immunity. T-cell response by dendritic cells is much more efficient than by alveolar or peritoneal macrophages. At the site of infection, the number of neutrophil granulocytes increases as well. Oxidative bursts by neutrophils also act to remove the infection, although these bursts also damage surrounding host cells. Considering the still low number of neutrophils present at the site of infection, it is possible that neutrophils provide more of a regulatory rather than antimicrobial role. Recent studies, however, have suggested that macrophages may actually be harmful in infections as ''C. neoformans'' has developed several exploitative mechanisms to utilize macrophages [[#References|[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">11</del>]]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As the first line of defense against infection in the bloodstream, the complement system achieves certain preparations for further response through opsonization and phagocytic effector cell recruitment. In humans, neutrophils and macrophages are recruited for phagocytosis. Phagocytosis is triggered through direct contact with conserved pathogenic structures such as components of the cryptococcal capsule or through indirect recognition of antibody-opsonized cells. Dendritic cells function as major antigen-presenting cells and also initiate cell-mediated immunity. T-cell response by dendritic cells is much more efficient than by alveolar or peritoneal macrophages. At the site of infection, the number of neutrophil granulocytes increases as well. Oxidative bursts by neutrophils also act to remove the infection, although these bursts also damage surrounding host cells. Considering the still low number of neutrophils present at the site of infection, it is possible that neutrophils provide more of a regulatory rather than antimicrobial role. Recent studies, however, have suggested that macrophages may actually be harmful in infections as ''C. neoformans'' has developed several exploitative mechanisms to utilize macrophages [[#References|[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">12</ins>]]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Cell-mediated immunity===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Cell-mediated immunity===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Individuals with HIV, leukemia, lymphoma, or on extensive corticosteroid treatment all belong to the group at highest risk for symptomatic cryptococcal infections. The common feature of each of these groups is a defect in cell-mediated immunity, demonstrating its significance in combating the infection. Cell-mediated immunity refers to the killing of pathogens through direct killing via cytotoxic effects or indirect killing via NK cells and T lymphocytes. NK, CD4+, and CD8+ cells all act against the infection, and the secretion of granulysin and perforin are effective in cryptococcal permeabilization and lysis. In HIV patients, the low CD4+ count prevents secretion of these molecules.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Individuals with HIV, leukemia, lymphoma, or on extensive corticosteroid treatment all belong to the group at highest risk for symptomatic cryptococcal infections <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[3]]]</ins>. The common feature of each of these groups is a defect in cell-mediated immunity, demonstrating its significance in combating the infection. Cell-mediated immunity refers to the killing of pathogens through direct killing via cytotoxic effects or indirect killing via NK cells and T lymphocytes. NK, CD4+, and CD8+ cells all act against the infection, and the secretion of granulysin and perforin are effective in cryptococcal permeabilization and lysis. In HIV patients, the low CD4+ count prevents secretion of these molecules.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>10. http://ec.asm.org/content/9/6/835.full</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>10. http://ec.asm.org/content/9/6/835.full</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>11. '''Kechichian T. B., Shea J., Del Poeta M..''' 2007. ''Depletion of alveolar macrophages decreases the dissemination of a glucosylceramide-deficient mutant of ''Cryptococcus neoformans'' in immunodeficient mice.'' Infect. Immun.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>11<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. '''Rhodes J. C., Wicker L. S., Urba W. J..''' 1980. ''Genetic control of susceptibility to ''Cryptococcus neoformans'' in mice.'' Infect. Immun.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">12</ins>. '''Kechichian T. B., Shea J., Del Poeta M..''' 2007. ''Depletion of alveolar macrophages decreases the dissemination of a glucosylceramide-deficient mutant of ''Cryptococcus neoformans'' in immunodeficient mice.'' Infect. Immun.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Created by Chris Vu, student of Tyrell Conway at the University of Oklahoma.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Created by Chris Vu, student of Tyrell Conway at the University of Oklahoma.</div></td></tr>
</table>
Christopher.T.Vu-1
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Cryptococcus_neoformans&diff=116070&oldid=prev
Christopher.T.Vu-1: /* Host immune response */
2015-07-28T21:46:29Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Host immune response</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:46, 28 July 2015</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Host immune response==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Host immune response==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Despite interaction with contaminated areas, most immunocompetent individuals are able to contain the fungus or maintain the yeast in latent state. Besides barriers such as skin and nasal mucosa, a variety of innate factors are able to interfere with the establishment of infection. Human serum and saliva has been shown to exhibit anticryptococcal activity [[#References|[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5000</del>]]]. However, the complement system and phagocytes are the main responses to infection.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Despite interaction with contaminated areas, most immunocompetent individuals are able to contain the fungus or maintain the yeast in latent state. Besides barriers such as skin and nasal mucosa, a variety of innate factors are able to interfere with the establishment of infection. Human serum and saliva has been shown to exhibit anticryptococcal activity [[#References|[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10</ins>]]]. However, the complement system and phagocytes are the main responses to infection.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Complement===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Complement===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The complement system leads to inflammation and recruitment of phagocytic effector cells as well as the formation of the membrane attack complex. Animal model systems and human patients have demonstrated the importance of the complement system. Guinea pigs treated with cobra venom to deplete complement components had shorter survival time, and mice deficient in C5 are more susceptible to infection and succumb three times quicker than C5 positive mice. The survival time of C4-deficient guinea pigs is similar to that of normal guinea pigs, suggesting that the C4-independent alternative pathway is a viable response to infection. The lectin pathway of the complement system is dependent on capsulation of ''Cryptococcus neoformans'' as the capsule inhibits the binding of mannan-binding lectin.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The complement system leads to inflammation and recruitment of phagocytic effector cells as well as the formation of the membrane attack complex. Animal model systems and human patients have demonstrated the importance of the complement system <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[10]]]</ins>. Guinea pigs treated with cobra venom to deplete complement components had shorter survival time, and mice deficient in C5 are more susceptible to infection and succumb three times quicker than C5 positive mice. The survival time of C4-deficient guinea pigs is similar to that of normal guinea pigs, suggesting that the C4-independent alternative pathway is a viable response to infection. The lectin pathway of the complement system is dependent on capsulation of ''Cryptococcus neoformans'' as the capsule inhibits the binding of mannan-binding lectin.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Phagocytic effector cells===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Phagocytic effector cells===</div></td></tr>
</table>
Christopher.T.Vu-1
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Cryptococcus_neoformans&diff=116069&oldid=prev
Christopher.T.Vu-1 at 21:45, 28 July 2015
2015-07-28T21:45:23Z
<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:45, 28 July 2015</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Epidemiology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Epidemiology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:hivcryptoneo.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Global burden of HIV-related cryptococcal meningitis. From: http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/cryptococcosis-neoformans/statistics.html]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:hivcryptoneo.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Global burden of HIV-related cryptococcal meningitis. From: http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/cryptococcosis-neoformans/statistics.html]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A close correlation between the occurrence of ''C. neoformans'' and pigeon droppings has been shown [[#References|[5]]]. ''C. neoformans var. grubii'' has a worldwide distribution with the most cases being reported in the United States and Australia, while ''C. neoformans var. neoformans'' is is mostly restricted to France, Italy, and Denmark [[#References|[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1500</del>]]]. Among immmunocompetent individuals, groups at risk are the elderly and those using corticosteroids [[#References|[5]]]. In the United States, only 25% of infections are reported among immunocompetent individuals [[#References|[4]]]. Among HIV/AIDS patients, it is estimated that approximately 957,900 cases occur each year, resulting in nearly 625,000 deaths [[#References|[3]]]. Worldwide, 7-10% of patients with AIDS are affected [[#References|[3]]]. AIDS-associated cryptococcosis accounts for 50% of cryptococcal infections reported worldwide, usually occurring in HIV patients when their CD4 lymphocyte count falls below 200/mm3. In sub-Saharan Africa, the mortality rate is estimated to be between 50-70% . In developed countries such as the United States where therapy is available, the mortality rate is as low as 12% [[#References|[3]]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A close correlation between the occurrence of ''C. neoformans'' and pigeon droppings has been shown [[#References|[5]]]. ''C. neoformans var. grubii'' has a worldwide distribution with the most cases being reported in the United States and Australia, while ''C. neoformans var. neoformans'' is is mostly restricted to France, Italy, and Denmark [[#References|[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6</ins>]]]. Among immmunocompetent individuals, groups at risk are the elderly and those using corticosteroids [[#References|[5]]]. In the United States, only 25% of infections are reported among immunocompetent individuals [[#References|[4]]]. Among HIV/AIDS patients, it is estimated that approximately 957,900 cases occur each year, resulting in nearly 625,000 deaths [[#References|[3]]]. Worldwide, 7-10% of patients with AIDS are affected [[#References|[3]]]. AIDS-associated cryptococcosis accounts for 50% of cryptococcal infections reported worldwide, usually occurring in HIV patients when their CD4 lymphocyte count falls below 200/mm3. In sub-Saharan Africa, the mortality rate is estimated to be between 50-70% . In developed countries such as the United States where therapy is available, the mortality rate is as low as 12% [[#References|[3]]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Clinical features==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Clinical features==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Cryptococcus neoformans'' most often infects the lungs or the central nervous system, but it can also affect other parts of the body as well [[#References|[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3000</del>]]]. Symptoms are dependent on which area of the body is infected. In immunocompetent individuals, infections are usually asymptomatic and do not spread past the lungs.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Cryptococcus neoformans'' most often infects the lungs or the central nervous system, but it can also affect other parts of the body as well [[#References|[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">7</ins>]]]. Symptoms are dependent on which area of the body is infected. In immunocompetent individuals, infections are usually asymptomatic and do not spread past the lungs.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Lungs===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Lungs===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l69">Line 69:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 69:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Central nervous system===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Central nervous system===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Cryptococcal meningitis is the result of an infection spreading past the blood-brain barrier, allowing access to the central nervous system. Cryptococcal meningitis is a serious illness, commonly associated with swelling and irritation of the brain and spinal cord. Neurological symptoms do not typically occur until days or weeks after infection and include fever, hallucinations, headache, confusion, nausea and vomiting, light sensitivity, stiff neck, and blurred vision [[#References|[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4500</del>]]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Cryptococcal meningitis is the result of an infection spreading past the blood-brain barrier, allowing access to the central nervous system. Cryptococcal meningitis is a serious illness, commonly associated with swelling and irritation of the brain and spinal cord. Neurological symptoms do not typically occur until days or weeks after infection and include fever, hallucinations, headache, confusion, nausea and vomiting, light sensitivity, stiff neck, and blurred vision [[#References|[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">8</ins>]]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Diagnosis==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Diagnosis==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Diagnostic features are difficult to distinguish, as visible findings such as skin, pulmonary, or bone lesions seen on X-ray are also characteristic of histoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis, and tuberculosis. A CT scan or MRI of the brain may show areas of possible infection, although many other diseases present similar findings as well. Serological testing of spinal fluid may be used if the patient is suspected to have an infection. Definitive diagnosis depends on isolation of the fungus from the patient's tissue or bodily fluids or identification from tissue biopsy samples. Further analysis, such as PCR, may distinguish whether the infection is caused by ''C. neoformans'' or ''C. gattii'' [[#Reference|[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2750</del>]]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Diagnostic features are difficult to distinguish, as visible findings such as skin, pulmonary, or bone lesions seen on X-ray are also characteristic of histoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis, and tuberculosis. A CT scan or MRI of the brain may show areas of possible infection, although many other diseases present similar findings as well. Serological testing of spinal fluid may be used if the patient is suspected to have an infection. Definitive diagnosis depends on isolation of the fungus from the patient's tissue or bodily fluids or identification from tissue biopsy samples. Further analysis, such as PCR, may distinguish whether the infection is caused by ''C. neoformans'' or ''C. gattii'' [[#Reference|[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9</ins>]]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If the infection progresses to meningitis, more diagnostic features are present. These include faster heart rate, fever, mental state changes, and stiff neck. If meningitis is suspected, a lumbar puncture is an important test for removal of a sample of cerebrospinal fluid for further inspection.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If the infection progresses to meningitis, more diagnostic features are present. These include faster heart rate, fever, mental state changes, and stiff neck. If meningitis is suspected, a lumbar puncture is an important test for removal of a sample of cerebrospinal fluid for further inspection.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Treatment==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Treatment==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In healthy individuals, treatment is usually not necessary. Still, it is recommended to receive check-ups for up to monitor any spreading of the infection. If there are lung lesions or the disease spreads, antifungals such as fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole may be prescribed to clear the infection. Patients with severe lung infections or infections of the central nervous system are recommended to take amphotericin B in combination with flucytosine. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove fungal growths (cryptococcomonas) [[#Reference|[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3000</del>]]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In healthy individuals, treatment is usually not necessary. Still, it is recommended to receive check-ups for up to monitor any spreading of the infection. If there are lung lesions or the disease spreads, antifungals such as fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole may be prescribed to clear the infection. Patients with severe lung infections or infections of the central nervous system are recommended to take amphotericin B in combination with flucytosine. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove fungal growths (cryptococcomonas) [[#Reference|[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">7</ins>]]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Prevention==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Prevention==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l105">Line 105:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 105:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>5. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/oas/oas_pdf/v45/p277_281.pdf</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>5. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/oas/oas_pdf/v45/p277_281.pdf</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10</del>. http://<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ec</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">asm</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">org</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">content</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">835</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">full</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6</ins>. http://<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">www.mycology.adelaide</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">edu</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">au</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fungal_Descriptions</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Yeasts</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Cryptococcus</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C_neoformans</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">html</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">11</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Kechichian T</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">B</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, Shea J., Del Poeta M..''' 2007. ''Depletion of alveolar macrophages decreases the dissemination of a glucosylceramide</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">deficient mutant of ''Cryptococcus </del>neoformans<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' in immunodeficient mice.'' Infect. Immun.</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">7</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http://www</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cdc</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gov/fungal/diseases/cryptococcosis</ins>-neoformans<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">/</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">8. http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/cryptococcosis/overview.html</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1500</del>. http://www.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mycology</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Yeasts</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Cryptococcus</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C_neoformans</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">html</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9</ins>. http://www.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">emedicinehealth</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">com</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cryptococcosis</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">article_em</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">htm</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2750</del>. http://<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">www</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">emedicinehealth</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">com</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cryptococcosis</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">article_em</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">htm</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10</ins>. http://<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ec</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">asm</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">org</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">content</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9/6/835</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">full</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3000</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http://www</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cdc</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gov/fungal/diseases/cryptococcosis</del>-neoformans<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">/</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">11</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Kechichian T</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">B</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, Shea J., Del Poeta M..''' 2007. ''Depletion of alveolar macrophages decreases the dissemination of a glucosylceramide</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">deficient mutant of ''Cryptococcus </ins>neoformans<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' in immunodeficient mice</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' Infect</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Immun</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4500. http://www</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nytimes</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">com/health/guides/disease/cryptococcosis/overview</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">html</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Created by Chris Vu, student of Tyrell Conway at the University of Oklahoma.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Created by Chris Vu, student of Tyrell Conway at the University of Oklahoma.</div></td></tr>
</table>
Christopher.T.Vu-1