https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Cryptosporidium_parvum&feed=atom&action=historyCryptosporidium parvum - Revision history2024-03-29T06:44:54ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Cryptosporidium_parvum&diff=54982&oldid=prevBarichD at 03:17, 20 August 20102010-08-20T03:17:19Z<p></p>
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</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Cryptosporidium_parvum&diff=26808&oldid=prevBuschurk at 15:16, 1 November 20072007-11-01T15:16:45Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The complete genome of ''C. parvum'' has been sequenced and compared to other apicomplexans. The information below is obtained from the shotgun sequencing of the Iowa "type II" isolate of ''C. parvum''. ''C. parvum'''s genome contains eight linear chromosomes with a total of 9.1Mb of DNA sequence. Its genome is relatively compact when compared to the genome of ''Plasmodium falciparum'' with 23 Mb of sequence in 14 chromosomes. ''C. parvum'''s genome has shorter intergenic regions, fewer introns, and fewer genes which contributes to its compactness (2). The sub-telomeric regions of the ''C. parvum'' genome do not have the clusters of large antigenically diverse protein families that are found in Plasmodium (5). It is estimated that ''C. parvum'' contains 3807 protein encoding genes, much less than the estimated 5300 genes of Plasmodium. This is due to the absences apicoplast and mitochondrial genome and having fewer genes encoding for metabolic functions and variant surface proteins. The breakdowns of the genes are as follows. The mean gene length excluding introns is 1795bp, the percent of coding DNA is 75.3%, the percent of genes with introns is 5%, the mean length of intergenic regions is 566bp, and the gene density is 2382 bp per gene. And there is a 30% GC content in the genome, and 23.9% GC content in the intergenic regions. There are 45 tRNA genes, six 5S rRNA genes, and five 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rRNA units (2).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The complete genome of ''C. parvum'' has been sequenced and compared to other apicomplexans. The information below is obtained from the shotgun sequencing of the Iowa "type II" isolate of ''C. parvum''. ''C. parvum'' 's genome contains eight linear chromosomes with a total of 9.1Mb of DNA sequence. Its genome is relatively compact when compared to the genome of ''Plasmodium falciparum'' with 23 Mb of sequence in 14 chromosomes. ''C. parvum'''s genome has shorter intergenic regions, fewer introns, and fewer genes which contributes to its compactness (2). The sub-telomeric regions of the ''C. parvum'' genome do not have the clusters of large antigenically diverse protein families that are found in Plasmodium (5). It is estimated that ''C. parvum'' contains 3807 protein encoding genes, much less than the estimated 5300 genes of Plasmodium. This is due to the absences apicoplast and mitochondrial genome and having fewer genes encoding for metabolic functions and variant surface proteins. The breakdowns of the genes are as follows. The mean gene length excluding introns is 1795bp, the percent of coding DNA is 75.3%, the percent of genes with introns is 5%, the mean length of intergenic regions is 566bp, and the gene density is 2382 bp per gene. And there is a 30% GC content in the genome, and 23.9% GC content in the intergenic regions. There are 45 tRNA genes, six 5S rRNA genes, and five 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rRNA units (2).</div></td></tr>
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</table>Buschurkhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Cryptosporidium_parvum&diff=26807&oldid=prevBuschurk at 15:15, 1 November 20072007-11-01T15:15:28Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The complete genome of ''C. parvum'' has been sequenced and compared to other apicomplexans. The information below is obtained from the shotgun sequencing of the Iowa "type II" isolate of ''C. parvum''. ''C. parvum'''s genome contains eight linear chromosomes with a total of 9.1Mb of DNA sequence. Its genome is relatively compact when compared to the genome of Plasmodium falciparum with 23 Mb of sequence in 14 chromosomes. C. parvum's genome has shorter intergenic regions, fewer introns, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">less </del>genes which contributes to its compactness (2). The sub-telomeric regions of the C. parvum genome do not have the clusters of large antigenically diverse protein families that are found in Plasmodium (5). It is estimated that C. parvum contains 3807 protein encoding genes, much less than the estimated 5300 genes of Plasmodium. This is due to the absences apicoplast and mitochondrial genome and having fewer genes encoding for metabolic functions and variant surface proteins. The breakdowns of the genes are as <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">follow</del>. The mean gene length excluding introns is 1795bp, the percent of coding DNA<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>75.3%, the percent of genes with introns<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>5%, the mean length of intergenic regions<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>566bp, the gene density<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>2382 bp per gene. And there is a 30% GC content in the genome, and 23.9% GC content in the intergenic regions. There are 45 tRNA genes, six 5S rRNA genes, and five 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rRNA units (2).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The complete genome of ''C. parvum'' has been sequenced and compared to other apicomplexans. The information below is obtained from the shotgun sequencing of the Iowa "type II" isolate of ''C. parvum''. ''C. parvum'''s genome contains eight linear chromosomes with a total of 9.1Mb of DNA sequence. Its genome is relatively compact when compared to the genome of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Plasmodium falciparum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>with 23 Mb of sequence in 14 chromosomes. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>'s genome has shorter intergenic regions, fewer introns, and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fewer </ins>genes which contributes to its compactness (2). The sub-telomeric regions of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>genome do not have the clusters of large antigenically diverse protein families that are found in Plasmodium (5). It is estimated that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>contains 3807 protein encoding genes, much less than the estimated 5300 genes of Plasmodium. This is due to the absences apicoplast and mitochondrial genome and having fewer genes encoding for metabolic functions and variant surface proteins. The breakdowns of the genes are as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">follows</ins>. The mean gene length excluding introns is 1795bp, the percent of coding DNA <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is </ins>75.3%, the percent of genes with introns <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is </ins>5%, the mean length of intergenic regions <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is </ins>566bp, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </ins>the gene density <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is </ins>2382 bp per gene. And there is a 30% GC content in the genome, and 23.9% GC content in the intergenic regions. There are 45 tRNA genes, six 5S rRNA genes, and five 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rRNA units (2).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>C. parvum relies on the host for many nutrients (5). C. parvum metabolism is very streamlined when compared to Plasmodium. The absence of mitochondria genes suggests that this parasite relies on glycolysis as the source of energy production. C. parvum is capable of taking up and catabolizing monosugars such as glucose and fructose. They can also synthesize and cabtabolize polysaccharides such a trehalose and amylopectin. As an anaerobic organism, it needs to conserve its ATP usage. It uses a pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase. There are various end products to C. parvum's glycolysis which includes lactate, acetate, and ethanol. Ethanol is likely to be produced through two independent pathways. The first is from the combination of pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase. The second way is from acetyl-CoA with a bifunctional dehydrogenase (adhE) that has acetaldehyde and alcohol dehydrogenase activities (2). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>relies on the host for many nutrients (5). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>metabolism is very streamlined when compared to Plasmodium. The absence of mitochondria genes suggests that this parasite relies on glycolysis as the source of energy production. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is capable of taking up and catabolizing monosugars such as glucose and fructose. They can also synthesize and cabtabolize polysaccharides such a trehalose and amylopectin. As an anaerobic organism, it needs to conserve its ATP usage. It uses a pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase. There are various end products to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>'s glycolysis which includes lactate, acetate, and ethanol. Ethanol is likely to be produced through two independent pathways. The first is from the combination of pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase. The second way is from acetyl-CoA with a bifunctional dehydrogenase (adhE) that has acetaldehyde and alcohol dehydrogenase activities (2). </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Modular fatty acid synthase (CpFAS1), polyketide synthase homolog (CpPKsI), and several fatty acyl-CoA synthase, and fatty acyl elongase are found. This suggests that C. parvum may participate in fatty acid metabolism. However, there are no enzymes of the fatty acid oxidative pathway except 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dhydrogenase which indicates that fatty acid is most likely not an energy source (2). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Modular fatty acid synthase (CpFAS1), polyketide synthase homolog (CpPKsI), and several fatty acyl-CoA synthase, and fatty acyl elongase are found. This suggests that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>may participate in fatty acid metabolism. However, there are no enzymes of the fatty acid oxidative pathway except 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dhydrogenase which indicates that fatty acid is most likely not an energy source (2). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>C. parvum has a simplified purine metabolism. It has only retained an adenosine kinase and enzymes that catalyzed the conversion of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) to inosine, xanthosine, and guanosine 5'-monophosphates (IMP,XMP, and GMP). And unlike other apicomplexans, C. parvum <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rely </del>on adenosine for purine salvage. Also, they rely on pyrimidine salvage. The parasite has generally lost <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">their </del>ability to synthesize amino acids de novo, but does retain the ability to convert select amino acids. They appear to rely on amino acid uptake from the host by using a set of amino acid transporters (2).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>has a simplified purine metabolism. It has only retained an adenosine kinase and enzymes that catalyzed the conversion of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) to inosine, xanthosine, and guanosine 5'-monophosphates (IMP,XMP, and GMP). And unlike other apicomplexans, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' relies </ins>on adenosine for purine salvage. Also, they rely on pyrimidine salvage. The parasite has generally lost <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">its </ins>ability to synthesize amino acids de novo, but does retain the ability to convert select amino acids. They appear to rely on amino acid uptake from the host by using a set of amino acid transporters (2).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When the parasite is ingested, C. parvum resides in the columnar brush border epithelial cells. It is an intracellular parasite since <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in </del>lives inside the host cell membrane, but it is extracytoplasmic because it lives on the surface of the intestinal epithelium. This particular niche is thought to allow the parasite to be able to evade the immune surveillance while being able to take advantage of the solutes transported across the host microvillus membrane. It has been found that C. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Parvum </del>has up to 9 genes that encode for families of putative sugar transporters and 11 genes that code for amino acid transporter (2).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When the parasite is ingested, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>resides in the columnar brush border epithelial cells. It is an intracellular parasite since <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it </ins>lives inside the host cell membrane, but it is extracytoplasmic because it lives on the surface of the intestinal epithelium. This particular niche is thought to allow the parasite to be able to evade the immune surveillance while being able to take advantage of the solutes transported across the host microvillus membrane. It has been found that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">parvum'' </ins>has up to 9 genes that encode for families of putative sugar transporters and 11 genes that code for amino acid transporter (2).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>C. parvum is responsible for intestinal, tracheal, and pulmonary cryptosporidiosis. Often transmissions occur by the ingestion of contaminated public water supplies, making transmissions common in places such as water parks and public pools. The most common symptom is severe diarrhea, but in cases of pulmonary and tracheal cryptosporidiosis coughing and fever can also be seen (9). For the most part, the diarrhea is self limiting. However, immuno-compromised individuals can develop uncontrollable diarrhea leading to severe dehydration that is potentially fatal (2). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is responsible for intestinal, tracheal, and pulmonary cryptosporidiosis. Often transmissions occur by the ingestion of contaminated public water supplies, making transmissions common in places such as water parks and public pools. The most common symptom is severe diarrhea, but in cases of pulmonary and tracheal cryptosporidiosis coughing and fever can also be seen (9). For the most part, the diarrhea is self limiting. However, immuno-compromised individuals can develop uncontrollable diarrhea leading to severe dehydration that is potentially fatal (2). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>C. parvum is cystforming apicomplexans which mean it forms oocysts as part of its life cycle. Oocysts are highly resistant to environmental stresses. It is resistant to conventional chlorine treatment of the community water supplies which makes prevention of cryptosporidiosis difficult. The oocysts are shed from the infected host in their feces, and the feces can contaminate both water and food. The disease is transmitted through the feces oral route which means that the disease is obtained through the ingestion of contaminated water or food. Researchers have been unable to successfully culture the parasite continuously in the lab which makes the studying of this organism difficult. Also, the parasite cannot be genetically manipulated causing further limitations in the studies of the organism. (2) </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is cystforming apicomplexans which mean it forms oocysts as part of its life cycle. Oocysts are highly resistant to environmental stresses. It is resistant to conventional chlorine treatment of the community water supplies which makes prevention of cryptosporidiosis difficult. The oocysts are shed from the infected host in their feces, and the feces can contaminate both water and food. The disease is transmitted through the feces oral route which means that the disease is obtained through the ingestion of contaminated water or food. Researchers have been unable to successfully culture the parasite continuously in the lab which makes the studying of this organism difficult. Also, the parasite cannot be genetically manipulated causing further limitations in the studies of the organism. (2) </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another important aspect of the pathology of C. parvum has to do with its cell divisions. Apicomplexans undergo many different types of cell division. The life cycle consists of an intracellular, asexual phase of multiplication followed by the differentiation of gametes, fertilization, meiosis and the release of infectious oocysts in the gut lumen (6). One of the unique aspects of their life cycle is merogony. During this stage of the lifecycle, the parasite replicates its DNA several hundred times before splitting into hundreds of daughters cells simultaneously. This process is important to apicomplexan pathogenesis, and it means that large number of parasites can be generated in just one cell cycle (3). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another important aspect of the pathology of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>has to do with its cell divisions. Apicomplexans undergo many different types of cell division. The life cycle consists of an intracellular, asexual phase of multiplication followed by the differentiation of gametes, fertilization, meiosis and the release of infectious oocysts in the gut lumen (6). One of the unique aspects of their life cycle is merogony. During this stage of the lifecycle, the parasite replicates its DNA several hundred times before splitting into hundreds of daughters cells simultaneously. This process is important to apicomplexan pathogenesis, and it means that large number of parasites can be generated in just one cell cycle (3). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Some <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">researches have </del>been done using antibodies as a possible treatment. Passive antibody therapy has been looked into as a possible treatment for cryptosporidiosis since antimicrobial drugs in immuno-compromised hosts are ineffective. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> And </del>AIDS patients are extremely vulnerable to this disease. One of the benefits of the antibody therapy is that for cryptosporidiosis, the antigens can be taken orally unlike other disease where a systemic administration is required (4).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Some <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">research has </ins>been done using antibodies as a possible treatment. Passive antibody therapy has been looked into as a possible treatment for cryptosporidiosis since antimicrobial drugs in immuno-compromised hosts are ineffective. AIDS patients are extremely vulnerable to this disease. One of the benefits of the antibody therapy is that for cryptosporidiosis, the antigens can be taken orally unlike other disease where a systemic administration is required (4).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As mentioned earlier, the research on C. parvum has been greatly hindered due to unsuccessful lab culturing of the parasite. There have continuing efforts to try and understand the reason behind this problem and to search for the best conditions to culture C. parvum. It has recently been shown that C. parvum preferentially infects dividing cells. In an experiment where C. parvum was grown on monolayer cells, a high percentage of cells in the S/G2/M phases of the cell cycle were infected. In one experiment, while 6.2% of the total monolayer cells were infected, 43.8% of the cells in S/G2/M phases from the same sample were infected. Other experiments yield similar results. These data are applicable only to in vitro growth of the parasite because similar conclusions were not reached when examining natural infections. Natural infections were not limited to the small intestine dividing cells that are located in the crypts. Host cell mitotic cycle might not be the primary limitation of C. parvum <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">grown</del>, and further studies needs to be done to find methods to achieve continuous asexual multiplication (6). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As mentioned earlier, the research on <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>has been greatly hindered due to unsuccessful lab culturing of the parasite. There have continuing efforts to try and understand the reason behind this problem and to search for the best conditions to culture <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>. It has recently been shown that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>preferentially infects dividing cells. In an experiment where <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>was grown on monolayer cells, a high percentage of cells in the S/G2/M phases of the cell cycle were infected. In one experiment, while 6.2% of the total monolayer cells were infected, 43.8% of the cells in S/G2/M phases from the same sample were infected. Other experiments yield similar results. These data are applicable only to in vitro growth of the parasite because similar conclusions were not reached when examining natural infections. Natural infections were not limited to the small intestine dividing cells that are located in the crypts. Host cell mitotic cycle might not be the primary limitation of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' growth</ins>, and further studies needs to be done to find methods to achieve continuous asexual multiplication (6). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another important aspect of studying C. parvum is being able to quickly identify it. C. parvum, one of the fifteen Cryptosporidium species, is closely related to C. hominis. It is important to be able to identify the parasites from each other at the species level in clinical samples. Being able to track the species with ease is crucial for epidemiologic investigations. Although the most reliable way to differentiate C. parvum and C. hominis is through sequencing, it is very time consuming. A new Luminex-based assay has been tested, and it has proven to be rather effective. The assay uses species specific probes linked to carboxylated Luminex microspheres that hybridize to a Cryptosporidium sp. microsatellite-2 region. The two species differ in this region by one nucleotide substitution. This rapid assay is both cost effective and reliable. And it works with as few as 10 oocysts per 300 microliters of stools. This new assay could help to better track the spread of diseases and provide epidemiologic information (8). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another important aspect of studying <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is being able to quickly identify it. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>, one of the fifteen Cryptosporidium species, is closely related to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. hominis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>. It is important to be able to identify the parasites from each other at the species level in clinical samples. Being able to track the species with ease is crucial for epidemiologic investigations. Although the most reliable way to differentiate <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. hominis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is through sequencing, it is very time consuming. A new Luminex-based assay has been tested, and it has proven to be rather effective. The assay uses species specific probes linked to carboxylated Luminex microspheres that hybridize to a Cryptosporidium sp. microsatellite-2 region. The two species differ in this region by one nucleotide substitution. This rapid assay is both cost effective and reliable. And it works with as few as 10 oocysts per 300 microliters of stools. This new assay could help to better track the spread of diseases and provide epidemiologic information (8). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Besides being able to further study the parasite, efforts </del>have been put forth in trying to prevent cryptosporidiosis by disinfecting water supplies. Conventional chemical disinfectants such as chlorine or ozone are impractical due to the disinfection byproducts. Alternative water treatment methods have been investigated. Catalyzed-solar radiation is being tested as a way of eliminating C. parvum spores. In the study, Bacillus subtitlis spores were used in place of C. parvum oocysts. It was shown that 1.5 hours of exposure to close to 1 sun-intensity solar radiation with 5mM ferrous ion and 70mM hydrogen peroxide decreased the spore viability by 49 percent. The study of solar photocatalysis could be potentially useful in disinfecting water supplies especially in rural and underdeveloped areas (10).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Efforts </ins>have been put forth in trying to prevent cryptosporidiosis by disinfecting water supplies. Conventional chemical disinfectants such as chlorine or ozone are impractical due to the disinfection byproducts. Alternative water treatment methods have been investigated. Catalyzed-solar radiation is being tested as a way of eliminating <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>spores. In the study, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Bacillus subtitlis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>spores were used in place of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>oocysts. It was shown that 1.5 hours of exposure to close to 1 sun-intensity solar radiation with 5mM ferrous ion and 70mM hydrogen peroxide decreased the spore viability by 49 percent. The study of solar photocatalysis could be potentially useful in disinfecting water supplies especially in rural and underdeveloped areas (10).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] Angela Wang</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] Angela Wang</div></td></tr>
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</table>Buschurkhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Cryptosporidium_parvum&diff=26806&oldid=prevBuschurk at 15:02, 1 November 20072007-11-01T15:02:31Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and significance==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and significance==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Cryptosporidium parvum is part of the phylum Apicomplexa which contains many important parasites such as Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, Babesia, Cyclospora, Isopora, and Eimeria. C. parvum is an eukaryotic intracellular pathogen that infects both humans and livestock causing the disease cryptosporidiosis (2). The parasite is a serious global health concern. It is especially a problem in underdeveloped regions of the world where sanitation is an issue (6). This parasite is also particularly dangerous to children and immuno-deficient patients. Transmission is common through ingestion of contaminated water sources. The disease has the potential to infect on a large scale. In 1993, 400,000 people in Milwaukee were ill from drinking water contaminated with this parasite (7). Important epidemiological studies have been done on the species. However, while extensive researches have been done on this particular parasite, no known cure is currently available for cryptosporidiosis (2). Ever since the Milwaukee incident, extra consideration has been given to control and prevent cryptosporidiosis outbreak (7).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Cryptosporidium parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is part of the phylum Apicomplexa which contains many important parasites such as Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, Babesia, Cyclospora, Isopora, and Eimeria. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is an eukaryotic intracellular pathogen that infects both humans and livestock causing the disease cryptosporidiosis (2). The parasite is a serious global health concern. It is especially a problem in underdeveloped regions of the world where sanitation is an issue (6). This parasite is also particularly dangerous to children and immuno-deficient patients. Transmission is common through ingestion of contaminated water sources. The disease has the potential to infect on a large scale. In 1993, 400,000 people in Milwaukee were ill from drinking water contaminated with this parasite (7). Important epidemiological studies have been done on the species. However, while extensive researches have been done on this particular parasite, no known cure is currently available for cryptosporidiosis (2). Ever since the Milwaukee incident, extra consideration has been given to control and prevent cryptosporidiosis outbreak (7).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis are two closely related pathogens. They are among the 15 species in genus Cryptosporidium that cause intestinal diseases in human and animals. C. parvum and C. hominis were previously known as C. parvum genotype 1 and C. parvum genotype 2, respectively. However, it is now understood that the two species have different transmission cycles and invade a different range of hosts. (8) The genomic sequences of C. hominis and C. parvum show that they only have 3-5% divergence and no large insertions, deletions or rearrangement. The similarity between the two suggests that their phenotypic differences are caused by polymorphism in coding regions and differences in gene regulation (1).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Cryptosporidium parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Cryptosporidium hominis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>are two closely related pathogens. They are among the 15 species in genus Cryptosporidium that cause intestinal diseases in human and animals. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. hominis <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>were previously known as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>genotype 1 and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>genotype 2, respectively. However, it is now understood that the two species have different transmission cycles and invade a different range of hosts. (8) The genomic sequences of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. hominis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>show that they only have 3-5% divergence and no large insertions, deletions or rearrangement. The similarity between the two suggests that their phenotypic differences are caused by polymorphism in coding regions and differences in gene regulation (1).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The complete genome of C. parvum has been sequenced and compared to other apicomplexans. The information below is obtained from the shotgun sequencing of the Iowa "type II" isolate of C. parvum. C. parvum's genome contains eight linear chromosomes with a total of 9.1Mb of DNA sequence. Its genome is relatively compact when compared to the genome of Plasmodium falciparum with 23 Mb of sequence in 14 chromosomes. C. parvum's genome has shorter intergenic regions, fewer introns, and less genes which contributes to its compactness (2). The sub-telomeric regions of the C. parvum genome do not have the clusters of large antigenically diverse protein families that are found in Plasmodium (5). It is estimated that C. parvum contains 3807 protein encoding genes, much less than the estimated 5300 genes of Plasmodium. This is due to the absences apicoplast and mitochondrial genome and having fewer genes encoding for metabolic functions and variant surface proteins. The breakdowns of the genes are as follow. The mean gene length excluding introns is 1795bp, the percent of coding DNA, 75.3%, the percent of genes with introns, 5%, the mean length of intergenic regions, 566bp, the gene density, 2382 bp per gene. And there is a 30% GC content in the genome, and 23.9% GC content in the intergenic regions. There are 45 tRNA genes, six 5S rRNA genes, and five 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rRNA units (2).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The complete genome of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>has been sequenced and compared to other apicomplexans. The information below is obtained from the shotgun sequencing of the Iowa "type II" isolate of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>C. parvum<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>'s genome contains eight linear chromosomes with a total of 9.1Mb of DNA sequence. Its genome is relatively compact when compared to the genome of Plasmodium falciparum with 23 Mb of sequence in 14 chromosomes. C. parvum's genome has shorter intergenic regions, fewer introns, and less genes which contributes to its compactness (2). The sub-telomeric regions of the C. parvum genome do not have the clusters of large antigenically diverse protein families that are found in Plasmodium (5). It is estimated that C. parvum contains 3807 protein encoding genes, much less than the estimated 5300 genes of Plasmodium. This is due to the absences apicoplast and mitochondrial genome and having fewer genes encoding for metabolic functions and variant surface proteins. The breakdowns of the genes are as follow. The mean gene length excluding introns is 1795bp, the percent of coding DNA, 75.3%, the percent of genes with introns, 5%, the mean length of intergenic regions, 566bp, the gene density, 2382 bp per gene. And there is a 30% GC content in the genome, and 23.9% GC content in the intergenic regions. There are 45 tRNA genes, six 5S rRNA genes, and five 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rRNA units (2).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td></tr>
</table>Buschurkhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Cryptosporidium_parvum&diff=25443&oldid=prevYhwang: /* Cell structure and metabolism */2007-08-29T18:55:06Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Cell structure and metabolism</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>C. parvum relies on the host for many nutrients (5). C. parvum metabolism is very streamlined when compared to Plasmodium. The absence of mitochondria genes <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">suggest </del>that this parasite relies on glycolysis as the source of energy production. C. parvum is capable of taking up and catabolizing monosugars such as glucose and fructose. They can also synthesize and cabtabolize polysaccharides such a trehalose and amylopectin. As an anaerobic organism, it needs to conserve its ATP usage. It uses a pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase. There are various end products to C. parvum's glycolysis which includes lactate, acetate, and ethanol. Ethanol is likely to be produced through two independent pathways. The first is from the combination of pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase. The second way is from acetyl-CoA with a bifunctional dehydrogenase (adhE) that has acetaldehyde and alcohol dehydrogenase activities (2). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>C. parvum relies on the host for many nutrients (5). C. parvum metabolism is very streamlined when compared to Plasmodium. The absence of mitochondria genes <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">suggests </ins>that this parasite relies on glycolysis as the source of energy production. C. parvum is capable of taking up and catabolizing monosugars such as glucose and fructose. They can also synthesize and cabtabolize polysaccharides such a trehalose and amylopectin. As an anaerobic organism, it needs to conserve its ATP usage. It uses a pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase. There are various end products to C. parvum's glycolysis which includes lactate, acetate, and ethanol. Ethanol is likely to be produced through two independent pathways. The first is from the combination of pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase. The second way is from acetyl-CoA with a bifunctional dehydrogenase (adhE) that has acetaldehyde and alcohol dehydrogenase activities (2). </div></td></tr>
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</table>Yhwanghttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Cryptosporidium_parvum&diff=25414&oldid=prevYhwang: /* Current Research */2007-08-29T18:50:30Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Current Research</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Besides being able to further study the parasite, efforts have been put forth in trying to prevent <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Cryptosporidiosis </del>by disinfecting water supplies. Conventional chemical disinfectants such as chlorine or ozone are impractical due to the disinfection <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">by products</del>. Alternative water treatment methods have been investigated. Catalyzed-solar radiation is being tested as a way of eliminating C. parvum spores. In the study, Bacillus subtitlis spores were used in place of C. parvum oocysts. It was shown 1.5 hours of exposure to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">similar </del>to 1 sun-intensity solar radiation with 5mM ferrous ion and 70mM hydrogen peroxide <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">decrease </del>the spore viability by 49 percent. The study solar photocatalysis could be potentially useful in disinfecting water supplies especially in rural and underdeveloped areas (10).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Besides being able to further study the parasite, efforts have been put forth in trying to prevent <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cryptosporidiosis </ins>by disinfecting water supplies. Conventional chemical disinfectants such as chlorine or ozone are impractical due to the disinfection <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">byproducts</ins>. Alternative water treatment methods have been investigated. Catalyzed-solar radiation is being tested as a way of eliminating C. parvum spores. In the study, Bacillus subtitlis spores were used in place of C. parvum oocysts. It was shown <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that </ins>1.5 hours of exposure to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">close </ins>to 1 sun-intensity solar radiation with 5mM ferrous ion and 70mM hydrogen peroxide <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">decreased </ins>the spore viability by 49 percent. The study <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of </ins>solar photocatalysis could be potentially useful in disinfecting water supplies especially in rural and underdeveloped areas (10).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Yhwanghttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Cryptosporidium_parvum&diff=25356&oldid=prevYhwang: /* Current Research */2007-08-29T18:42:02Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Current Research</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As mentioned earlier, the research on C. parvum has been greatly hindered due to unsuccessful lab culturing of the parasite. There have continuing efforts to try and understand the reason behind this problem and to search for the best conditions to culture C. parvum. It has recently been shown that C. parvum preferentially infects dividing cells. In an experiment where C. parvum was grown on monolayer cells, a high percentage of cells in the S/G2/M phases of the cell cycle were infected. In one experiment, while 6.2% of the total monolayer cells were infected, 43.8% of the cells in S/G2/M phases from the same sample were infected. Other experiments yield similar results. These data are applicable only to in vitro growth of the parasite<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>because similar conclusions were not reached when examining natural infections. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The </del>infections were not limited to the small intestine dividing cells that are located in the crypts. Host cell mitotic cycle might not be the primary limitation of C. parvum grown, and further studies needs to be done to find methods to achieve continuous asexual multiplication (6). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As mentioned earlier, the research on C. parvum has been greatly hindered due to unsuccessful lab culturing of the parasite. There have continuing efforts to try and understand the reason behind this problem and to search for the best conditions to culture C. parvum. It has recently been shown that C. parvum preferentially infects dividing cells. In an experiment where C. parvum was grown on monolayer cells, a high percentage of cells in the S/G2/M phases of the cell cycle were infected. In one experiment, while 6.2% of the total monolayer cells were infected, 43.8% of the cells in S/G2/M phases from the same sample were infected. Other experiments yield similar results. These data are applicable only to in vitro growth of the parasite because similar conclusions were not reached when examining natural infections. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Natural </ins>infections were not limited to the small intestine dividing cells that are located in the crypts. Host cell mitotic cycle might not be the primary limitation of C. parvum grown, and further studies needs to be done to find methods to achieve continuous asexual multiplication (6). </div></td></tr>
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</table>Yhwanghttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Cryptosporidium_parvum&diff=25335&oldid=prevYhwang: /* Ecology */2007-08-29T18:39:02Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Ecology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When the parasite is ingested, C. parvum resides in the columnar brush border epithelial cells. It is an intracellular parasite since in lives inside the host cell membrane, but it is extracytoplasmic because it lives on the surface of the intestinal epithelium. This particular niche is thought to allow the parasite to be able to evade the immune surveillance while being able to take advantage of the solutes transported across the host microvillus membrane. It has been found that C. Parvum has up to 9 genes that <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">encodes </del>for families of putative sugar transporters and 11 genes that <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">codes </del>for amino acid transporter (2).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When the parasite is ingested, C. parvum resides in the columnar brush border epithelial cells. It is an intracellular parasite since in lives inside the host cell membrane, but it is extracytoplasmic because it lives on the surface of the intestinal epithelium. This particular niche is thought to allow the parasite to be able to evade the immune surveillance while being able to take advantage of the solutes transported across the host microvillus membrane. It has been found that C. Parvum has up to 9 genes that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">encode </ins>for families of putative sugar transporters and 11 genes that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">code </ins>for amino acid transporter (2).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathology==</div></td></tr>
</table>Yhwanghttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Cryptosporidium_parvum&diff=25323&oldid=prevYhwang: /* Pathology */2007-08-29T18:36:40Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Pathology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Some researches have been done using antibodies as a possible treatment. Passive antibody therapy has been looked into as a possible treatment for cryptosporidiosis since antimicrobial drugs in immuno-compromised hosts are ineffective. And AIDS patients are extremely vulnerable to this disease. One of the benefits of the antibody therapy is that for cryptosporidiosis, the antigens can be taken orally unlike other disease where <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">only </del>a systemic administration is required (4).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Some researches have been done using antibodies as a possible treatment. Passive antibody therapy has been looked into as a possible treatment for cryptosporidiosis since antimicrobial drugs in immuno-compromised hosts are ineffective. And AIDS patients are extremely vulnerable to this disease. One of the benefits of the antibody therapy is that for cryptosporidiosis, the antigens can be taken orally unlike other disease where a systemic administration is required (4).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td></tr>
</table>Yhwanghttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Cryptosporidium_parvum&diff=25304&oldid=prevYhwang: /* Pathology */2007-08-29T18:29:40Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Pathology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another important aspect of the pathology of C. parvum has to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">due </del>with its cell divisions. Apicomplexans undergo many different types of cell division. The life cycle consists of an intracellular, asexual phase of multiplication followed by the differentiation of gametes, fertilization, meiosis and the release of infectious oocysts in the gut lumen (6). One of the unique aspects of their life cycle is merogony. During this stage of the lifecycle, the parasite replicates its DNA several hundred times before splitting into hundreds of daughters cells simultaneously. This process is important to apicomplexan pathogenesis, and it means that large number of parasites can be generated in just one cell cycle (3). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another important aspect of the pathology of C. parvum has to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">do </ins>with its cell divisions. Apicomplexans undergo many different types of cell division. The life cycle consists of an intracellular, asexual phase of multiplication followed by the differentiation of gametes, fertilization, meiosis and the release of infectious oocysts in the gut lumen (6). One of the unique aspects of their life cycle is merogony. During this stage of the lifecycle, the parasite replicates its DNA several hundred times before splitting into hundreds of daughters cells simultaneously. This process is important to apicomplexan pathogenesis, and it means that large number of parasites can be generated in just one cell cycle (3). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>Yhwang