https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Dental_Water_Line&feed=atom&action=historyDental Water Line - Revision history2024-03-29T00:45:30ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Dental_Water_Line&diff=68688&oldid=prevSlonczewski: /* Introduction */2012-01-29T18:05:03Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Introduction</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:05, 29 January 2012</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l4">Line 4:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 4:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Biofilm1.png|150 px|left|thumb|Biofilm Growing in Dental Waterline - magnified 60X [http://www.aquatechnology.net/Electrolyzis&dentistry.html<1>]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Biofilm1.png|150 px|left|thumb|Biofilm Growing in Dental Waterline - magnified 60X [http://www.aquatechnology.net/Electrolyzis&dentistry.html<1>]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Modern dentists utilize various apparatuses in treating patients in their offices. These apparatuses include but are not limited to: dental chair units, triple syringe system, high speed handpieces, ultra sonic scalers and etc [6]. These dental units provide suitable living conditions for several forms of organisms including microbes and fungi [5]. One common condition that these dental units possess is that they are always in contact with water to provide a suitable condition for the organisms. In order for these dental instruments to work properly, water-linings are installed throughout the clinic from the city-water output to the primary filtering system to each dental chair unit, which has the secondary filtering system [2]. These units, however are left unused and their powers are off during the night, which aggravates the condition of the dental water line units or facilitates the growth of bacteria in these parts [9]. Such conditions lead to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bioflim </del>formation, which is a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>community of microcolonies developed on the surfaces. Contamination in dental water line is mostly due to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bioflim </del>formation [18].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Modern dentists utilize various apparatuses in treating patients in their offices. These apparatuses include but are not limited to: dental chair units, triple syringe system, high speed handpieces, ultra sonic scalers and etc [6]. These dental units provide suitable living conditions for several forms of organisms including microbes and fungi [5]. One common condition that these dental units possess is that they are always in contact with water to provide a suitable condition for the organisms. In order for these dental instruments to work properly, water-linings are installed throughout the clinic from the city-water output to the primary filtering system to each dental chair unit, which has the secondary filtering system [2]. These units, however are left unused and their powers are off during the night, which aggravates the condition of the dental water line units or facilitates the growth of bacteria in these parts [9]. Such conditions lead to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">biofilm </ins>formation, which is a community of microcolonies developed on the surfaces. Contamination in dental water line is mostly due to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">biofilm </ins>formation [18].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description==</div></td></tr>
</table>Slonczewskihttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Dental_Water_Line&diff=64976&oldid=prevBarichD at 15:28, 7 July 20112011-07-07T15:28:53Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:28, 7 July 2011</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Uncurated</del>}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Curated</ins>}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td></tr>
</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Dental_Water_Line&diff=54933&oldid=prevBarichD at 02:57, 20 August 20102010-08-20T02:57:49Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:57, 20 August 2010</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Biorealm Niche</del>}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Uncurated</ins>}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td></tr>
</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Dental_Water_Line&diff=38873&oldid=prevJ6choi: /* Bacteria */2008-09-05T08:36:39Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Bacteria</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:36, 5 September 2008</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l84">Line 84:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 84:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| [[Staphylococcus|'''''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Staphylocococcus</del>'' spp.''']]||</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| [[Staphylococcus|'''''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Staphylococcus</ins>'' spp.''']]||</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Staphylococcus_aureus.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Staphylococcus aureus''. [http://education.denniskunkel.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=1404 Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc.<7>]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Staphylococcus_aureus.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Staphylococcus aureus''. [http://education.denniskunkel.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=1404 Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc.<7>]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>||They are small cocci that exist in irregular clumps or grape-like clusters. There are three main species of Staphylococcus that share morphological and biochemical features. The pathogenic organisms produce many extracellular products known to play as a factor that leaves effects on humans [23].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>||They are small cocci that exist in irregular clumps or grape-like clusters. There are three main species of Staphylococcus that share morphological and biochemical features. The pathogenic organisms produce many extracellular products known to play as a factor that leaves effects on humans [23].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Fungi and Protozoa===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Fungi and Protozoa===</div></td></tr>
</table>J6choihttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Dental_Water_Line&diff=38800&oldid=prevJil014: /* Summary about the Dental Water Line niche */2008-08-31T04:34:33Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Summary about the Dental Water Line niche</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 04:34, 31 August 2008</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l199">Line 199:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 199:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Summary about the Dental Water Line niche==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Summary about the Dental Water Line niche==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dental chair units provide suitable environment for microbes to grow and to form biofilms. Biofilm formation in dental unit water has been understood by several theories, such as DLVO, and it has been researched through numerous experiments. According to the researches, there are interactions among the micro-organisms within biofilms and they may experience commensalism or antagonism. Those biofilms help microbes to survive well in the dental unit systems. The physical and chemical conditions of the dental unit waterlines differ from one to another, however, they maintain their stability most of the time. There are many bacteria, several fungi, and protozoa are found in the DUWs. Most common bacteria in dental waterlines are ''[[Mycobacterium]]'' spp., ''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Legionelle<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>'' spp., ''[[Pseudomonas]]'' spp., and ''[[Staphylococcus]]'' spp. Many studies have introduced effective methods to decontaminate the dental unit waterlines, and they can be divided into chemical and non-chemical treatment. Even though there have been many studies done in this field, there are still researches going on to improve the environment of DUWs.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dental chair units provide suitable environment for microbes to grow and to form biofilms. Biofilm formation in dental unit water has been understood by several theories, such as DLVO, and it has been researched through numerous experiments. According to the researches, there are interactions among the micro-organisms within biofilms and they may experience commensalism or antagonism. Those biofilms help microbes to survive well in the dental unit systems. The physical and chemical conditions of the dental unit waterlines differ from one to another, however, they maintain their stability most of the time. There are many bacteria, several fungi, and protozoa are found in the DUWs. Most common bacteria in dental waterlines are ''[[Mycobacterium]]'' spp., ''Legionelle'' spp., ''[[Pseudomonas]]'' spp., and ''[[Staphylococcus]]'' spp. Many studies have introduced effective methods to decontaminate the dental unit waterlines, and they can be divided into chemical and non-chemical treatment. Even though there have been many studies done in this field, there are still researches going on to improve the environment of DUWs.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Jil014https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Dental_Water_Line&diff=38799&oldid=prevJil014: /* Summary about the Dental Water Line niche */2008-08-31T04:34:23Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Summary about the Dental Water Line niche</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 04:34, 31 August 2008</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l199">Line 199:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 199:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Summary about the Dental Water Line niche==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Summary about the Dental Water Line niche==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dental chair units provide suitable environment for microbes to grow and to form biofilms. Biofilm formation in dental unit water has been understood by several theories, such as DLVO, and it has been researched through numerous experiments. According to the researches, there are interactions among the micro-organisms within biofilms and they may experience commensalism or antagonism. Those biofilms help microbes to survive well in the dental unit systems. The physical and chemical conditions of the dental unit waterlines differ from one to another, however, they maintain their stability most of the time. There are many bacteria, several fungi, and protozoa are found in the DUWs. Most common bacteria in dental waterlines are ''Mycobacterium'' spp., ''Legionelle'' spp., ''Pseudomonas'' spp., and ''Staphylococcus'' spp. Many studies have introduced effective methods to decontaminate the dental unit waterlines, and they can be divided into chemical and non-chemical treatment. Even though there have been many studies done in this field, there are still researches going on to improve the environment of DUWs.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dental chair units provide suitable environment for microbes to grow and to form biofilms. Biofilm formation in dental unit water has been understood by several theories, such as DLVO, and it has been researched through numerous experiments. According to the researches, there are interactions among the micro-organisms within biofilms and they may experience commensalism or antagonism. Those biofilms help microbes to survive well in the dental unit systems. The physical and chemical conditions of the dental unit waterlines differ from one to another, however, they maintain their stability most of the time. There are many bacteria, several fungi, and protozoa are found in the DUWs. Most common bacteria in dental waterlines are ''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Mycobacterium<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>'' spp., ''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Legionelle<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>'' spp., ''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Pseudomonas<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>'' spp., and ''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Staphylococcus<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>'' spp. Many studies have introduced effective methods to decontaminate the dental unit waterlines, and they can be divided into chemical and non-chemical treatment. Even though there have been many studies done in this field, there are still researches going on to improve the environment of DUWs.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Jil014https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Dental_Water_Line&diff=38798&oldid=prevJil014: /* Summary about the Dental Water Line niche */2008-08-31T04:33:56Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Summary about the Dental Water Line niche</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 04:33, 31 August 2008</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l199">Line 199:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 199:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Summary about the Dental Water Line niche==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Summary about the Dental Water Line niche==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dental chair units provide suitable environment for microbes to grow and to form biofilms. Biofilm formation in dental unit water has been understood by several theories, such as DLVO, and it has been researched through numerous experiments. According to the researches, there are interactions among the micro-organisms within biofilms and they may experience commensalism or antagonism. Those biofilms help microbes to survive well in the dental unit systems. The physical and chemical conditions of the dental unit waterlines differ from one to another, however, they maintain their stability most of the time. There are many bacteria, several fungi, and protozoa are found in the DUWs. Most common bacteria in dental waterlines are Mycobacterium spp., Legionelle spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Staphylococcus spp. Many studies have introduced effective methods to decontaminate the dental unit waterlines, and they can be divided into chemical and non-chemical treatment. Even though there have been many studies done in this field, there are still researches going on to improve the environment of DUWs.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dental chair units provide suitable environment for microbes to grow and to form biofilms. Biofilm formation in dental unit water has been understood by several theories, such as DLVO, and it has been researched through numerous experiments. According to the researches, there are interactions among the micro-organisms within biofilms and they may experience commensalism or antagonism. Those biofilms help microbes to survive well in the dental unit systems. The physical and chemical conditions of the dental unit waterlines differ from one to another, however, they maintain their stability most of the time. There are many bacteria, several fungi, and protozoa are found in the DUWs. Most common bacteria in dental waterlines are <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Mycobacterium<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>spp., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Legionelle<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>spp., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Pseudomonas<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>spp., and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Staphylococcus<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>spp. Many studies have introduced effective methods to decontaminate the dental unit waterlines, and they can be divided into chemical and non-chemical treatment. Even though there have been many studies done in this field, there are still researches going on to improve the environment of DUWs.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Jil014https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Dental_Water_Line&diff=38797&oldid=prevJil014: /* Interaction Between Each Other */2008-08-31T04:32:40Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Interaction Between Each Other</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 04:32, 31 August 2008</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l103">Line 103:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 103:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Biofilm provides a suitable niche for conjugation to occur. Bacteria cells formed in biofilms will transfer genetic elements at a greater rate than those in the planktonic phase. This is primarily due to the close cell to cell contact and the minimal shear [9].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Biofilm provides a suitable niche for conjugation to occur. Bacteria cells formed in biofilms will transfer genetic elements at a greater rate than those in the planktonic phase. This is primarily due to the close cell to cell contact and the minimal shear [9].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With this closely packed community, there are several possible ways that bacteria inhibits the forming of biofilms. ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'' exhibit the cell-cell signaling, which plays a major role in attachment and detachment. At higher densities of biofilm colonies, the signal molecules, such as homoserine lacones in Gram negative bacteria and peptides in Gram positive bacteria, reach sufficient concentrations to activate genes involved in biofilm break-down. Similarly, [[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del>Streptococcus''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>cristatus is able to inhibit attachment of ''Porphyromonas gingivalis'' to a plaque biofilm. ''Aeromonas hydrophila'' is known to form biofilms in water systems. However, mutant forms of ''A. hydrophila'' were weakened in cell-cell communication, which resulted in their incapability to form biofilms [9].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With this closely packed community, there are several possible ways that bacteria inhibits the forming of biofilms. ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'' exhibit the cell-cell signaling, which plays a major role in attachment and detachment. At higher densities of biofilm colonies, the signal molecules, such as homoserine lacones in Gram negative bacteria and peptides in Gram positive bacteria, reach sufficient concentrations to activate genes involved in biofilm break-down. Similarly, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>[[Streptococcus<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>'' cristatus is able to inhibit attachment of ''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Porphyromonas<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>gingivalis'' to a plaque biofilm. ''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Aeromonas<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>hydrophila'' is known to form biofilms in water systems. However, mutant forms of ''A. hydrophila'' were weakened in cell-cell communication, which resulted in their incapability to form biofilms [9].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As diverse microorganisms engage in forming the biofilm, the interactions may include incidents of antagonism and commensalism. In case of antagonism, there may be competition and predation due to bacteriovores, like free-living protozoa, which have been known to be 300 times more in number in Dental Unit Water than in city water, and bacteriophage that attacks certain bacteria in the biofilm [11].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As diverse microorganisms engage in forming the biofilm, the interactions may include incidents of antagonism and commensalism. In case of antagonism, there may be competition and predation due to bacteriovores, like free-living protozoa, which have been known to be 300 times more in number in Dental Unit Water than in city water, and bacteriophage that attacks certain bacteria in the biofilm [11].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l110">Line 110:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 110:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There have not been many studies done onto how a certain bacterium is interacting with other microbial cells specifically with the dental unit water line. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There have not been many studies done onto how a certain bacterium is interacting with other microbial cells specifically with the dental unit water line. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Pseudomonas fluorescens'' and ''Bacillus cereus'' show significant differences in behavior and composition of planktonic and sessil dual species communities of them. Iron availability was used to measure differences in planktonic mixed growth of ''P. fluorescens'' and ''B. cereus''. Under iron deficient condition, ''P. fluorescens'' prevented the vegetative growth of ''B. cereus''.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Pseudomonas fluorescens<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>'' and ''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Bacillus cereus<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>'' show significant differences in behavior and composition of planktonic and sessil dual species communities of them. Iron availability was used to measure differences in planktonic mixed growth of ''P. fluorescens'' and ''B. cereus''. Under iron deficient condition, ''P. fluorescens'' prevented the vegetative growth of ''B. cereus''.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dual biofilms were formed in a greater extent by ''B. cereus''. B.cereus, being the primary surface colonizer, attached more effectively than ''P. fluorescens''. Thus, the biofilms had a structure with a mid-layer composed of ''P. fluorescens'', which was surrounded by two layers of ''B. cereus''. The dominance of ''B. cereus'' in the outer layer of the dual biofilm is due to the constant supply of medium, and such flow may minimize the inhibitory factors formed by ''P. fluorescens''. Also, the two specie dual biofilms had shown its weakened physical stability compared to that of the single species biofilms[13]. In other words, there is some antagonism relationship, or some similar effect between ''P. fluorescens'' and ''B. cereus'' in biofilms.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dual biofilms were formed in a greater extent by ''B. cereus''. B.cereus, being the primary surface colonizer, attached more effectively than ''P. fluorescens''. Thus, the biofilms had a structure with a mid-layer composed of ''P. fluorescens'', which was surrounded by two layers of ''B. cereus''. The dominance of ''B. cereus'' in the outer layer of the dual biofilm is due to the constant supply of medium, and such flow may minimize the inhibitory factors formed by ''P. fluorescens''. Also, the two specie dual biofilms had shown its weakened physical stability compared to that of the single species biofilms[13]. In other words, there is some antagonism relationship, or some similar effect between ''P. fluorescens'' and ''B. cereus'' in biofilms.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>Jil014https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Dental_Water_Line&diff=38796&oldid=prevJil014: /* Interaction Between Each Other */2008-08-31T04:30:23Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Interaction Between Each Other</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 04:30, 31 August 2008</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l103">Line 103:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 103:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Biofilm provides a suitable niche for conjugation to occur. Bacteria cells formed in biofilms will transfer genetic elements at a greater rate than those in the planktonic phase. This is primarily due to the close cell to cell contact and the minimal shear [9].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Biofilm provides a suitable niche for conjugation to occur. Bacteria cells formed in biofilms will transfer genetic elements at a greater rate than those in the planktonic phase. This is primarily due to the close cell to cell contact and the minimal shear [9].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With this closely packed community, there are several possible ways that bacteria inhibits the forming of biofilms. [[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del>Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>exhibit the cell-cell signaling, which plays a major role in attachment and detachment. At higher densities of biofilm colonies, the signal molecules, such as homoserine lacones in Gram negative bacteria and peptides in Gram positive bacteria, reach sufficient concentrations to activate genes involved in biofilm break-down. Similarly, [[''Streptococcus'']] cristatus is able to inhibit attachment of ''Porphyromonas gingivalis'' to a plaque biofilm. ''Aeromonas hydrophila'' is known to form biofilms in water systems. However, mutant forms of ''A. hydrophila'' were weakened in cell-cell communication, which resulted in their incapability to form biofilms [9].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With this closely packed community, there are several possible ways that bacteria inhibits the forming of biofilms. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>'' exhibit the cell-cell signaling, which plays a major role in attachment and detachment. At higher densities of biofilm colonies, the signal molecules, such as homoserine lacones in Gram negative bacteria and peptides in Gram positive bacteria, reach sufficient concentrations to activate genes involved in biofilm break-down. Similarly, [[''Streptococcus'']] cristatus is able to inhibit attachment of ''Porphyromonas gingivalis'' to a plaque biofilm. ''Aeromonas hydrophila'' is known to form biofilms in water systems. However, mutant forms of ''A. hydrophila'' were weakened in cell-cell communication, which resulted in their incapability to form biofilms [9].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As diverse microorganisms engage in forming the biofilm, the interactions may include incidents of antagonism and commensalism. In case of antagonism, there may be competition and predation due to bacteriovores, like free-living protozoa, which have been known to be 300 times more in number in Dental Unit Water than in city water, and bacteriophage that attacks certain bacteria in the biofilm [11].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As diverse microorganisms engage in forming the biofilm, the interactions may include incidents of antagonism and commensalism. In case of antagonism, there may be competition and predation due to bacteriovores, like free-living protozoa, which have been known to be 300 times more in number in Dental Unit Water than in city water, and bacteriophage that attacks certain bacteria in the biofilm [11].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l112">Line 112:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 112:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Pseudomonas fluorescens'' and ''Bacillus cereus'' show significant differences in behavior and composition of planktonic and sessil dual species communities of them. Iron availability was used to measure differences in planktonic mixed growth of ''P. fluorescens'' and ''B. cereus''. Under iron deficient condition, ''P. fluorescens'' prevented the vegetative growth of ''B. cereus''.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Pseudomonas fluorescens'' and ''Bacillus cereus'' show significant differences in behavior and composition of planktonic and sessil dual species communities of them. Iron availability was used to measure differences in planktonic mixed growth of ''P. fluorescens'' and ''B. cereus''. Under iron deficient condition, ''P. fluorescens'' prevented the vegetative growth of ''B. cereus''.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dual biofilms were formed in a greater extent by ''B. cereus''. B.cereus, being the primary surface colonizer, attached more effectively than ''P. fluorescens''. Thus, the biofilms had a structure with a mid-layer composed of ''P. fluorescens'', which was surrounded by two layers of ''B. cereus''. The dominance of ''B. cereus'' in the outer layer of the dual biofilm is due to the constant supply of medium, and such flow may minimize the inhibitory factors formed by ''P. fluorescens''. Also, the two specie dual biofilms had shown its weakened physical stability compared to that of the single species biofilms[13]. In other words, there is some antagonism relationship, or some similar effect between ''P. fluorescens'' and ''B. cereus'' in biofilms.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dual biofilms were formed in a greater extent by ''B. cereus''. B.cereus, being the primary surface colonizer, attached more effectively than ''P. fluorescens''. Thus, the biofilms had a structure with a mid-layer composed of ''P. fluorescens'', which was surrounded by two layers of ''B. cereus''. The dominance of ''B. cereus'' in the outer layer of the dual biofilm is due to the constant supply of medium, and such flow may minimize the inhibitory factors formed by ''P. fluorescens''. Also, the two specie dual biofilms had shown its weakened physical stability compared to that of the single species biofilms[13]. In other words, there is some antagonism relationship, or some similar effect between ''P. fluorescens'' and ''B. cereus'' in biofilms.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Do the microbes change their environment?===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Do the microbes change their environment?===</div></td></tr>
</table>Jil014https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Dental_Water_Line&diff=38757&oldid=prevJ6choi: /* Current Research */2008-08-30T06:21:23Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Current Research</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 06:21, 30 August 2008</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l187">Line 187:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 187:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''<u>Fourth Topic: Engineering of Dental Chair Unit.</u>'''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''<u>Fourth Topic: Engineering of Dental Chair Unit.</u>'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''' Article: D.C. Coleman, ''et al''."The Role of Manufacturers in Reducing biofilms in Dental Chair Waterlines." <u>Journal of Dentistry</u>, 35 (2007) p.701-711.''' </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''' Article: D.C. Coleman, ''et al''."The Role of Manufacturers in Reducing biofilms in Dental Chair Waterlines." <u>Journal of Dentistry</u>, 35 (2007)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">: </ins>p.701-711.''' </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There is continuing research on how dental chair unit manufacturer would help to resolve the problem of biofilm formation in dental unit water. One of the improvements in manufacturing the dental chair unit to decrease the formation of bioflim in the dental unit water is, fully automated dental unit water disinfection systems that are developed for long-term effects. In prevention of back-siphonage of oral fluids into the water, improved anti-retraction devices are installed in the dental chair unit. Also, an air gap is installed to separate the dental unit waters in dental chair units from municipal mains water supplies. Researchers also found that the quality of water supply can be controlled in pre-treatment by using water softener and filtration, which removes the organic and inorganic materials in the dental unit water. They discovered that many of the large dental clinics are equipped with these systems in the dental chair unit. However, it is most important to perform periodic testing and maintenance to prevent bioflim formation [8].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There is continuing research on how dental chair unit manufacturer would help to resolve the problem of biofilm formation in dental unit water. One of the improvements in manufacturing the dental chair unit to decrease the formation of bioflim in the dental unit water is, fully automated dental unit water disinfection systems that are developed for long-term effects. In prevention of back-siphonage of oral fluids into the water, improved anti-retraction devices are installed in the dental chair unit. Also, an air gap is installed to separate the dental unit waters in dental chair units from municipal mains water supplies. Researchers also found that the quality of water supply can be controlled in pre-treatment by using water softener and filtration, which removes the organic and inorganic materials in the dental unit water. They discovered that many of the large dental clinics are equipped with these systems in the dental chair unit. However, it is most important to perform periodic testing and maintenance to prevent bioflim formation [8].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l198">Line 198:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 198:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Many microbes reside in dental water line. Although most of such microbes are known to be non-pathogenic, heterotrophic bacteria, some of them like ''Legionella'' and ''Pseudonomas'' are opportunistic pathogens that are able to cause respiratory diseases such as pneumonia. The American Dental Association(ADA) recommends keeping colony-forming unit(CFU) level of non-surgical dental water lower than 200 CFU/ml.To examine the antibacterial effect of a continuous-use, stabilized chlorine dioxide compound, Porteous ''et al''. organized a study where they used six dental units, all furnished with self-contained water system. Three of them were filled with a 1:10 dilution of continuous-use, stabilized chlorine dioxide compound, and the other three were used as control group. The authors sampled water from each of dental units weekly. The samples were properly cultured on R2A Agar for a week.Until the eighth week, bacterial colonies were isolated and observed from both treatment and control groups. In the ninth week, however, small, dark colonies which seemed to be fungal started to appear in a sample from one of the treated units. Porteous ''et al''. also isolated colonies resembling such appearance from elsewhere in the same dental unit. Such fungus-like colonies were found in all the other treated units. After DNA sequencing process, the organism is diagnosed to be ''Exophiala mesophila''. No fungus was isolated from any of dental units in control group which proposes that continuous use of stabilized chlorine dioxide compound may result in multiplication of a fungus in dental water line. [16]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Many microbes reside in dental water line. Although most of such microbes are known to be non-pathogenic, heterotrophic bacteria, some of them like ''Legionella'' and ''Pseudonomas'' are opportunistic pathogens that are able to cause respiratory diseases such as pneumonia. The American Dental Association(ADA) recommends keeping colony-forming unit(CFU) level of non-surgical dental water lower than 200 CFU/ml.To examine the antibacterial effect of a continuous-use, stabilized chlorine dioxide compound, Porteous ''et al''. organized a study where they used six dental units, all furnished with self-contained water system. Three of them were filled with a 1:10 dilution of continuous-use, stabilized chlorine dioxide compound, and the other three were used as control group. The authors sampled water from each of dental units weekly. The samples were properly cultured on R2A Agar for a week.Until the eighth week, bacterial colonies were isolated and observed from both treatment and control groups. In the ninth week, however, small, dark colonies which seemed to be fungal started to appear in a sample from one of the treated units. Porteous ''et al''. also isolated colonies resembling such appearance from elsewhere in the same dental unit. Such fungus-like colonies were found in all the other treated units. After DNA sequencing process, the organism is diagnosed to be ''Exophiala mesophila''. No fungus was isolated from any of dental units in control group which proposes that continuous use of stabilized chlorine dioxide compound may result in multiplication of a fungus in dental water line. [16]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Summary about the Dental Water Line niche==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Summary about the Dental Water Line niche==</div></td></tr>
</table>J6choi