Ebola virus (EBOV)
Introduction
At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki. The insertion code consists of:
Double brackets: [[
Filename: PHIL_1181_lores.jpg
Thumbnail status: |thumb|
Pixel size: |300px|
Placement on page: |right|
Legend/credit: Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.
Closed double brackets: ]]
Other examples:
Bold
Italic
Subscript: H2O
Superscript: Fe3+
Ebola virus (EBOV) is a member of the Filoviridae virus family along with Marburg virus (MARV). Together they are commonly known as filoviruses. EBOV is a virulent pathogen that causes fatal hemorraghic fever in humans and nonhuman primates (Hartlieb et al 2005). A large majority of patients infected with EBOV, and who are not properly treated, die within five to seven days after exposure (Leroy et al. 2000). There has been greater than 2,300 reported cases of hemmorraghic fever caused by filoviruses, EBOV and MARV (Yermolina et al. 2010). This number is expected to be even higher as it is expected that many cases go unreported in rural African villages. Not only has this viral pathogen affected human populations, but has also aided in the decline of western gorilla populations near central Africa (Yermolina et al. 2010).
The genome of this fatal pathogen possesses a linear non segmented single negative-stranded RNA, and codes for seven structural proteins, which include: nucleoprotein (NP), VP35, VP40, glycoprotein (GP), VP30, VP24, and L protein, which provides RNA-dependent RNA activity (Leroy et al. 2000). These structural proteins are the primary targeted sites of vaccines in many current studies as they are vital sites for silencing EBOV outbreaks. There are currently five species of the infectious virus that differ from each other by 37-41% based on their amino acid and nucleotide sequencing (Jones et al. 2005). This fluctuation is amino acid and nucleotide sequencing leads to a large problem in finding a cure as vaccinations for one species does not guarantee vaccination for any other species. The five species include: Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV), Sudan ebolavirus (SEBOV), Reston ebolavirus (REBOV), Ivory Coast ebolavirus (CIEBOV), and the newly found Bundibugyo ebolavirus species, which was discovered in the most recent outbreak in 2007 (Jones et al. 2005). Of the five species ZEBOV is cited to be the most lethal strain with up to 90% mortality rate (Geisbert et al. 2010). EBOV outbreaks are commonly found throughout central Africa, although they are not constrained to this area as they easily and rapidly spread.
There are many symptoms involved with the onset of EBOV. The first mild symptoms include: fever, fatigue, anorexia, malaise, myalgia, severe frontal headache, and pharyngitis. These preliminary symptoms are able to last two to sevens days. As the virus continues to spread throughout the patient the symptoms continue to get worse as melena, epistaxis, confusion, hearing loss, and maculopopular rash begins to form, which is then followed by vomiting and bloody diarrhea. The final characteristic of EBOV is uncontrollable haemorrhage, which leads to death as victims fall into shock related to the amount of blood lost (Cohen 2004 and Ledgerwood et al. 2011). The first recorded outbreaks of EBOV were in 1976, as two outbreaks of different strains occurred. The outbreaks arose in northern Zaire and caused a 90% mortality rate, and the other outbreak occurred in southern Sudan and resulted in a 50% mortality rate (MICROBEWIKI WEBSITE). Since these initial outbreaks there have been 25 more EBOV outbreaks, of which four were epidemic (CDC website). The first EBOV vaccine used on nonhuman primates consisted of a DNA prime-adenovirus boost approach (Jones et al. 2005).Vaccination techniques have greatly altered form this first attempt and have displayed much more efficient apothegenic results.
Section 1
Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.
Section 2
Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.
Section 3
Include some current research in each topic, with at least one figure showing data.
Conclusion
Overall paper length should be 3,000 words, with at least 3 figures.
References
Edited by student of Joan Slonczewski for BIOL 238 Microbiology, 2009, Kenyon College.
