Ecosystem and Microbial Populations in Pangong Lake, Himalaya: Difference between revisions

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=Introduction=
=Introduction=


Pangong Lake, also known as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangong_Lake Pangong Tso], is a high altitude brackish water lake expanding from India to Tibet [1]. It is 4350 m above sea level, with a length of 134 km and a catchment area of about 2000 km2 [1]. Lying in the valley of the upper drainage basin of Indus River, Pangong Lake is the largest and most brackish wetland in the Trans-Himalayan cold desert ecosystem [1]. Due to its physical isolation and short summer months, Pangong Lake is less well understood than lowland lakes, and it is characterized by extreme environmental conditions and a relatively simple ecosystem in its lake body [1].
Pangong Lake, also known as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangong_Lake Pangong Tso], is a high altitude [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_water brackish water] lake expanding from India to Tibet [1]. It is 4350 m above sea level, with a length of 134 km and a catchment area of about 2000 km2 [1]. Lying in the valley of the upper drainage basin of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River Indus River], Pangong Lake is the largest and most brackish wetland in the Trans-Himalayan cold desert ecosystem [1]. Due to its physical isolation and short summer months, Pangong Lake is less well understood than lowland lakes, and it is characterized by extreme environmental conditions and a relatively simple ecosystem in its lake body [1].
   
   
Figure 1. Geographic location of Pangong Lake and study sites as described by Bhat et al, 2011. [1]
Figure 1. Geographic location of Pangong Lake and study sites as described by Bhat et al, 2011. [1]
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=Physical Environment=
=Physical Environment=


Although melt water from catchment and rainwater keep feeding into Pangong Lake, the lack of an outlet and continuous evaporation of surface water raise the salinity to an average of 2-4% [1]. In addition, the lake water has a basic pH ranging from 8.74 to 9.11. Water temperature of Pangong Lake also varies greatly throughout the year due to its geographic location in the Ladakh cold desert. The surface water temperature reaches up to 19°C while the bottom water temperature only reaches 8°C in summer months. During winter, Pangong Lake remains frozen from late December to early April [1]. Therefore, Pangong Lake is categorized as a cold monomictic lake [1].
Although melt water from catchment and rainwater keep feeding into Pangong Lake, the lack of an outlet and continuous evaporation of surface water raise the salinity to an average of 2-4% [1]. In addition, the lake water has a basic pH ranging from 8.74 to 9.11. Water temperature of Pangong Lake also varies greatly throughout the year due to its geographic location in the Ladakh cold desert. The surface water temperature reaches up to 19°C while the bottom water temperature only reaches 8°C in summer months. During winter, Pangong Lake remains frozen from late December to early April [1]. Therefore, Pangong Lake is categorized as a cold [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomictic monomictic lake] [1].


=Ecosystem Members in Pangong Lake Body=
=Ecosystem Members in Pangong Lake Body=
==Phytoplankton==
==Phytoplankton==


Due to its high salinity and harsh environmental conditions, Pangong Lake body has relatively low biodiversity. No macrophyte has been found, However 23 taxa of phytoplankton have been recorded and together they are grouped into five classes: Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Xanthophyceae, and Rodophyceae [1]. Phytoplankton growth in Pangong Lake is controlled by several physio-chemical parameters including light intensity, temperature, nutrient concentration, lake currents, as well as predation by zooplankton [2,3]. Populations of phytoplankton only dominate during warm summer months [1]. In addition, the diversity and density of phytoplankton are inversely proportional to lake water salinity [4].
Due to its high salinity and harsh environmental conditions, Pangong Lake body has relatively low biodiversity. No [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophyte macrophyte] has been found, However 23 taxa of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton phytoplankton] have been recorded and together they are grouped into five classes: Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Xanthophyceae, and Rodophyceae [1]. Phytoplankton growth in Pangong Lake is controlled by several physio-chemical parameters including light intensity, temperature, nutrient concentration, lake currents, as well as predation by zooplankton [2,3]. Populations of phytoplankton only dominate during warm summer months [1]. In addition, the diversity and density of phytoplankton are inversely proportional to lake water salinity [4].


==Zooplankton==
==Zooplankton==


The zooplankton population consists of adult Diaptomus species and their Nauplius larva. Besides high salinity and low temperature, zooplankton organisms in Pangong Lake have to protect themselves against high UV radiation. Both adult Diaptomus and their Nauplius larva synthesize special photo-protective compounds to capture harmful UV-induced radicals [5]. Carotenoids and melanin also form pigmentations on the body surfaces of zooplankton organisms. Together, these mechanisms act to protect the organisms from UV radiation.  
The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooplankton zooplankton] population consists of adult Diaptomus species and their Nauplius larva. Besides high salinity and low temperature, zooplankton organisms in Pangong Lake have to protect themselves against high UV radiation. Both adult Diaptomus and their Nauplius larva synthesize special photo-protective compounds to capture harmful UV-induced radicals [5]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotinoid Carotenoids] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin melanin] also form pigmentations on the body surfaces of zooplankton organisms. Together, these mechanisms act to protect the organisms from UV radiation.  




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=Recently Discovered Microbial Populations=
=Recently Discovered Microbial Populations=
Microbial species in Pangong Lake are generally psychrophilic and halotolerant. These characteristics give the organisms competitive advantages to survive in this harsh isolated habitat. Many recently discovered microorganisms from Pangong Lake are of particular interest as they produce distinctive cold-adapted secondary metabolites, and their key enzymes remains active in low temperature environments. The metabolite compounds and enzymes are suggested to be economically significant and can be potentially applied to industrial, agricultural and medical processes in the future.
Microbial species in Pangong Lake are generally [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychrophile psychrophilic] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halotolerance halotolerant]. These characteristics give the organisms competitive advantages to survive in this harsh isolated habitat. Many recently discovered microorganisms from Pangong Lake are of particular interest as they produce distinctive cold-adapted secondary metabolites, and their key enzymes remains active in low temperature environments. The metabolite compounds and enzymes are suggested to be economically significant and can be potentially applied to industrial, agricultural and medical processes in the future.


==Paenibacillus agaridevorans strain 26==
==Paenibacillus agaridevorans strain 26==


The Paenibacillus genus are rod-shaped bacteria which are capable of aerobic or facultative anaerobic respirations [9]. The Paenibacillus agaridevorans strain 26 was isolated from water and sediment samples from Pangong Lake [10]. It is a non-motile gram-positive psychrotolerant bacterium that grows optimally at 10°C and 20°C. P. agaridevorans strain 26 produces an extracellular cold-adapted lipase to hydrolyze substrate to obtain carbon source for cell metabolism and growth [10]. This enzyme is of particular interest as it is used widely in fat and oil processing, pharmaceutical production, paper manufacture and cosmetics [11].
The Paenibacillus genus are rod-shaped bacteria which are capable of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respiration#Aerobic_respiration aerobic] or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facultative_anaerobic facultative anaerobic] respirations [9]. The Paenibacillus agaridevorans strain 26 was isolated from water and sediment samples from Pangong Lake [10]. It is a non-motile gram-positive psychrotolerant bacterium that grows optimally at 10°C and 20°C. P. agaridevorans strain 26 produces an extracellular cold-adapted lipase to hydrolyze substrate to obtain carbon source for cell metabolism and growth [10]. This enzyme is of particular interest as it is used widely in fat and oil processing, pharmaceutical production, paper manufacture and cosmetics [11].


==Thelebolus microspores strain L-22==
==Thelebolus microspores strain L-22==
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==Desulfovibrio psychrotolerans sp. nov. strain JS1==
==Desulfovibrio psychrotolerans sp. nov. strain JS1==


Desulfovibrio psychrotolerans sp. nov. strain JS1 was isolated from mud and water samples from Pangong Lake. It is a gram-negative bacterium with a single polar flagellum that mediates motion [17]. D. psychrotolerans JS1 is psychrotolerant (10°C - 50°C), and can tolerate up to 2% salinity [17]. The bacterium is also alkaliphilic and grows optimally at pH 8.9 – 9.0. The growth occurs in an anaerobic environment but the bacterium itself is aerotolerant. D. psychrotolerans JS1 is a chemo-organoheterotroph that utilizes various carbon sources. However it uses sulfate as its only electron acceptor [17]. Several key enzymes have been identified from D. psychrotolerans JS1, including amylase, catalase, bisulfite reductase, and acid phosphatase [17]. The psychrotolerant feature of these enzymes makes them valuable and useful for various biotechnological processes in the future.
Desulfovibrio psychrotolerans sp. nov. strain JS1 was isolated from mud and water samples from Pangong Lake. It is a gram-negative bacterium with a single polar flagellum that mediates motion [17]. D. psychrotolerans JS1 is psychrotolerant (10°C - 50°C), and can tolerate up to 2% salinity [17]. The bacterium is also [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaliphile alkaliphilic] and grows optimally at pH 8.9 – 9.0. The growth occurs in an anaerobic environment but the bacterium itself is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerotolerant aerotolerant]. D. psychrotolerans JS1 is a chemo-organoheterotroph that utilizes various carbon sources. However it uses sulfate as its only electron acceptor [17]. Several key enzymes have been identified from D. psychrotolerans JS1, including amylase, catalase, bisulfite reductase, and acid phosphatase [17]. The psychrotolerant feature of these enzymes makes them valuable and useful for various biotechnological processes in the future.




   
   
=References=
=References=
(1) Burggraf S., Huber H., Mayer T., Rachel R., Stetter K.O. and Wyschkony I. ” Ignicoccus gen. nov., a novel genus of hyperthermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic Archaea, represented by two new species, Ignicoccus islandicus sp. nov. and Ignicoccus pacificus sp. nov.” International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2000, Volume 50.
(2) Naether D.J. and Rachel R. “The outer membrane of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Ignicoccus: dynamics, ultrastructure and composition.” Biochemical Society Transactions, 2004, Volume 32, part 2.
(3) Giannone R.J., Heimerl T., Hettich R.L., Huber H., Karpinets T., Keller M., Kueper U., Podar M. and Rachel R. “Proteomic Characterization of Cellular and Molecular Processes that Enable the Nanoarchaeum equitans- Ignicoccus hospitalis Relationship.” PLoS ONE, 2011, Volume 6, Issue 8.
(4) Eisenreich W., Gallenberger M., Huber H., Jahn U., Junglas B., Paper W., Rachel R. and Stetter K.O. “Nanoarchaeum equitans and Ignicoccus hospitalis: New Insights into a Unique, Intimate Association of Two Archaea.” Journal of Bacteriology, 2008, DOI: 10.1128/JB.01731-07.
(5) Grosjean E., Huber H., Jahn U., Sturt H, and Summons R. “Composition of the lipids of Nanoarchaeum equitans and their origin from its host Ignicoccus sp. strain KIN4/I.” Arch Microbiol, 2004, DOI: 10.1007/s00203-004-0725-x.
(6) Briegel A., Burghardt T., Huber H., Junglas B., Rachel R., Walther P. and Wirth R. “Ignicoccus hospitalis and Nanoarchaeum equitans: ultrastructure, cell–cell interaction, and 3D reconstruction from serial sections of freeze-substituted cells and by electron cryotomography.”  Arch Microbiol, 2008, DOI 10.1007/s00203-008-0402-6.
(7) Burghardt T., Huber H., Junglas B., Naether D.J. and Rachel R. “The dominating outer membrane protein of the hyperthermophilic Archaeum Ignicoccus hospitalis: a novel pore-forming complex.” Molecular Microbiology, 2007, Volume 63.
(8) Berg I.A., Eisenreich W., Eylert E., Fuchs G., Gallenberger M., Huber H.,Jahn U. and Kockelkorn D. “A dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate autotrophic carbon assimilation cycle in the hyperthermophilic Archaeum Ignicoccus hospitalis.” PNAS, 2008, Volume 105, issue 22.
(9) Brochier C., Gribaldo S.,  Zivanovic Y.,  Confalonieri F. and Forterre P. “Nanoarchaea: representatives of a novel archaeal phylum or a fast-evolving euryarchaeal lineage related to Thermococcales?” Genome Biology 2005, DOI:10.1186/gb-2005-6-5-r42.
(10) Huber H., Rachel R., Riehl S. and Wyschkony I. “The ultrastructure of Ignicoccus: Evidence for a novel outer membrane and for intracellular vesicle budding in an archaeon.” Archaea, 2002, Volume 1.

Revision as of 04:48, 14 December 2012

This student page has not been curated.

Introduction

Pangong Lake, also known as Pangong Tso, is a high altitude brackish water lake expanding from India to Tibet [1]. It is 4350 m above sea level, with a length of 134 km and a catchment area of about 2000 km2 [1]. Lying in the valley of the upper drainage basin of Indus River, Pangong Lake is the largest and most brackish wetland in the Trans-Himalayan cold desert ecosystem [1]. Due to its physical isolation and short summer months, Pangong Lake is less well understood than lowland lakes, and it is characterized by extreme environmental conditions and a relatively simple ecosystem in its lake body [1].

Figure 1. Geographic location of Pangong Lake and study sites as described by Bhat et al, 2011. [1]

Physical Environment

Although melt water from catchment and rainwater keep feeding into Pangong Lake, the lack of an outlet and continuous evaporation of surface water raise the salinity to an average of 2-4% [1]. In addition, the lake water has a basic pH ranging from 8.74 to 9.11. Water temperature of Pangong Lake also varies greatly throughout the year due to its geographic location in the Ladakh cold desert. The surface water temperature reaches up to 19°C while the bottom water temperature only reaches 8°C in summer months. During winter, Pangong Lake remains frozen from late December to early April [1]. Therefore, Pangong Lake is categorized as a cold monomictic lake [1].

Ecosystem Members in Pangong Lake Body

Phytoplankton

Due to its high salinity and harsh environmental conditions, Pangong Lake body has relatively low biodiversity. No macrophyte has been found, However 23 taxa of phytoplankton have been recorded and together they are grouped into five classes: Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Xanthophyceae, and Rodophyceae [1]. Phytoplankton growth in Pangong Lake is controlled by several physio-chemical parameters including light intensity, temperature, nutrient concentration, lake currents, as well as predation by zooplankton [2,3]. Populations of phytoplankton only dominate during warm summer months [1]. In addition, the diversity and density of phytoplankton are inversely proportional to lake water salinity [4].

Zooplankton

The zooplankton population consists of adult Diaptomus species and their Nauplius larva. Besides high salinity and low temperature, zooplankton organisms in Pangong Lake have to protect themselves against high UV radiation. Both adult Diaptomus and their Nauplius larva synthesize special photo-protective compounds to capture harmful UV-induced radicals [5]. Carotenoids and melanin also form pigmentations on the body surfaces of zooplankton organisms. Together, these mechanisms act to protect the organisms from UV radiation.


Fish

No fish has been recorded in Pangong Lake body [1]. However, in its inlet Cheshul stream, three fish species have been identified: Schizopygopsis stoliczkae, Triplophysa stoliczkae and Triplophysa gracilis [1]. These species are also identified from Kashmir Valley [6], equatorial high mountain lake Lago San Pablo [7] and Antarctica saline lakes [8]. These findings suggest that these fish species are eurytopic and can tolerate wide ranges of environmental fluctuations to survive in extreme conditions.

Recently Discovered Microbial Populations

Microbial species in Pangong Lake are generally psychrophilic and halotolerant. These characteristics give the organisms competitive advantages to survive in this harsh isolated habitat. Many recently discovered microorganisms from Pangong Lake are of particular interest as they produce distinctive cold-adapted secondary metabolites, and their key enzymes remains active in low temperature environments. The metabolite compounds and enzymes are suggested to be economically significant and can be potentially applied to industrial, agricultural and medical processes in the future.

Paenibacillus agaridevorans strain 26

The Paenibacillus genus are rod-shaped bacteria which are capable of aerobic or facultative anaerobic respirations [9]. The Paenibacillus agaridevorans strain 26 was isolated from water and sediment samples from Pangong Lake [10]. It is a non-motile gram-positive psychrotolerant bacterium that grows optimally at 10°C and 20°C. P. agaridevorans strain 26 produces an extracellular cold-adapted lipase to hydrolyze substrate to obtain carbon source for cell metabolism and growth [10]. This enzyme is of particular interest as it is used widely in fat and oil processing, pharmaceutical production, paper manufacture and cosmetics [11].

Thelebolus microspores strain L-22

Thelebolus microspores L-22 is a strain of psychrophilic fungi isolated from water samples of Pangong Lake. This strain grows optimally at 4°C and can tolerate up to 6% salinity [12]. Genetically close strains were also isolated from the Ross Sea and Dry Valleys regions in Antarctica [13, 14]. Similar to Pangong Lake, these areas are subjected to long periods of subzero temperature. T. microspores L-22 synthesizes cold-adapted melanine, mycosporine, antifreeze proteins, antioxidants, glycogens, exopolyaccharides, trehalose, sterols and fatty acids to protect itself from the extreme environment [15]. These proteins and metabolites are also important for biotechnological and pharmaceutical industries as they can withstand low or moderate temperatures [16].

Figure 2. Light microscopic observation of T. microspores L-22. A. Mature ascomata B. Each ascomata contains 10-80 asci (arrows) C. Reduced receptacles and naked shooting asci with Ascomata D. Oval ascospores. [12]

Desulfovibrio psychrotolerans sp. nov. strain JS1

Desulfovibrio psychrotolerans sp. nov. strain JS1 was isolated from mud and water samples from Pangong Lake. It is a gram-negative bacterium with a single polar flagellum that mediates motion [17]. D. psychrotolerans JS1 is psychrotolerant (10°C - 50°C), and can tolerate up to 2% salinity [17]. The bacterium is also alkaliphilic and grows optimally at pH 8.9 – 9.0. The growth occurs in an anaerobic environment but the bacterium itself is aerotolerant. D. psychrotolerans JS1 is a chemo-organoheterotroph that utilizes various carbon sources. However it uses sulfate as its only electron acceptor [17]. Several key enzymes have been identified from D. psychrotolerans JS1, including amylase, catalase, bisulfite reductase, and acid phosphatase [17]. The psychrotolerant feature of these enzymes makes them valuable and useful for various biotechnological processes in the future.


References