https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Efficacy_of_antiseptic_treatments&feed=atom&action=history
Efficacy of antiseptic treatments - Revision history
2024-03-29T15:42:52Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
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https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Efficacy_of_antiseptic_treatments&diff=79077&oldid=prev
WilhelmR at 04:41, 27 December 2012
2012-12-27T04:41:26Z
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 04:41, 27 December 2012</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Non-sporulating Gram-positive bacteria===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Non-sporulating Gram-positive bacteria===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:3D image of a measles virus.jpeg|230px|thumb|right|A three-dimensional image of the surface of an enveloped measles virus.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:3D image of a measles virus.jpeg|230px|thumb|right|A three-dimensional image of the surface of an enveloped measles virus.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Cell_wall.jpeg|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">300px</del>|thumb|left|General comparison of Gram-positive (a) and Gram-negative (b) bacterial cell wall structure.]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus ''Staphylococcus aureus''] is a Gram-positive bacterium that can survive on antiseptic-free hands for at least 150 minutes, allowing it to spread and persist as a leading cause of nosocomial infections [14]. However, ''S. aureus'' is readily killed with BACs because their cell walls are chiefly composed of slightly-negatively-charged [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglycan peptidoglycan] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teichoic_acid techoic acid]s [10,18]. These surface structures also lack effective permeability properties and allow uptake of more BACs and other antimicrobial substances [10,18].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Cell_wall.jpeg|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">450px</ins>|thumb|left|General comparison of Gram-positive (a) and Gram-negative (b) bacterial cell wall structure.]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus ''Staphylococcus aureus''] is a Gram-positive bacterium that can survive on antiseptic-free hands for at least 150 minutes, allowing it to spread and persist as a leading cause of nosocomial infections [14]. However, ''S. aureus'' is readily killed with BACs because their cell walls are chiefly composed of slightly-negatively-charged [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglycan peptidoglycan] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teichoic_acid techoic acid]s [10,18]. These surface structures also lack effective permeability properties and allow uptake of more BACs and other antimicrobial substances [10,18].</div></td></tr>
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WilhelmR
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Efficacy_of_antiseptic_treatments&diff=79076&oldid=prev
WilhelmR at 04:41, 27 December 2012
2012-12-27T04:41:04Z
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 04:41, 27 December 2012</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Uncurated}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Uncurated}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:X3.gif|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">200px</del>|thumb|left| A leading benzalkonium chloride-based hand sanitizer with an advertised 99.99% microbe kill rate.]] [[File:BabyGanics.jpeg|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">130px</del>|thumb|right| BabyGanics hand sanitizer has a 0.1% benzalkonium chloride content.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:X3.gif|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">300px</ins>|thumb|left| A leading benzalkonium chloride-based hand sanitizer with an advertised 99.99% microbe kill rate.]] [[File:BabyGanics.jpeg|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">300px</ins>|thumb|right| BabyGanics hand sanitizer has a 0.1% benzalkonium chloride content.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a major non-alcohol-based active ingredient used for clinical, food line, and domestic household biocides [14,17]. A [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocide biocide] is a general term for a chemical agent, that may be applied topically in/on living tissue ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic antiseptic]) or on inanimate objects ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant disinfectant]), in order to inhibit growth of ([http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bacteriostatic “-static”]) or kill ([http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Bacteriocidal “-cidal”]) microorganisms [28]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a major non-alcohol-based active ingredient used for clinical, food line, and domestic household biocides [14,17]. A [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocide biocide] is a general term for a chemical agent, that may be applied topically in/on living tissue ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic antiseptic]) or on inanimate objects ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant disinfectant]), in order to inhibit growth of ([http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bacteriostatic “-static”]) or kill ([http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Bacteriocidal “-cidal”]) microorganisms [28]. </div></td></tr>
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WilhelmR
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Efficacy_of_antiseptic_treatments&diff=76444&oldid=prev
Youngeun92 at 01:48, 6 December 2012
2012-12-06T01:48:21Z
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:48, 6 December 2012</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Antiseptic hand sanitizers have been shown to subdue the prevalence of the common cold, acute respiratory syndromes, gastroenteritis, viral influenza, and more [1,13,15,20,21,22,24,25]. Similarly, they are important in limiting hospital-acquired ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosocomial_infection nosocomial]) infections by ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus''] (MRSAs), and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycin-resistant_Enterococcus vancomycin-resistant ''Enterococcus''] (VREs) [4,8,12,14,16,23]. For such preventative measures, there are a variety of hand sanitizers available with alcohol-based and alcohol-free [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic#Some_common_antiseptics antiseptic agents] including [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol#Antiseptic ethanol], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosan triclosan] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzalkonium_chloride benzalkonium chloride] [17,21]. Despite speculations of evolving resistance, BACs are extensively used biocides especially potent against enveloped microorganisms like Gram-positive bacteria and some viruses [14,17,18].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Antiseptic hand sanitizers have been shown to subdue the prevalence of the common cold, acute respiratory syndromes, gastroenteritis, viral influenza, and more [1,13,15,20,21,22,24,25]. Similarly, they are important in limiting hospital-acquired ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosocomial_infection nosocomial]) infections by ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus''] (MRSAs), and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycin-resistant_Enterococcus vancomycin-resistant ''Enterococcus''] (VREs) [4,8,12,14,16,23]. For such preventative measures, there are a variety of hand sanitizers available with alcohol-based and alcohol-free [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic#Some_common_antiseptics antiseptic agents] including [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol#Antiseptic ethanol], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosan triclosan] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzalkonium_chloride benzalkonium chloride] [17,21]. Despite speculations of evolving resistance, BACs are extensively used biocides especially potent against enveloped microorganisms like Gram-positive bacteria and some viruses [14,17,18].</div></td></tr>
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Youngeun92
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Efficacy_of_antiseptic_treatments&diff=76443&oldid=prev
Youngeun92 at 01:48, 6 December 2012
2012-12-06T01:48:03Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Antiseptic hand sanitizers have been shown to subdue the prevalence of the common cold, acute respiratory syndromes, gastroenteritis, viral influenza, and more [1,13,15,20,21,22,24,25]. Similarly, they are important in limiting hospital-acquired ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosocomial_infection nosocomial]) infections by ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus''] (MRSAs), and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycin-resistant_Enterococcus vancomycin-resistant ''Enterococcus''] (VREs) [4,8,12,14,16,23]. For such preventative measures, there are a variety of hand sanitizers available with alcohol-based and alcohol-free [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic#Some_common_antiseptics antiseptic agents] including [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol#Antiseptic ethanol], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosan triclosan] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzalkonium_chloride benzalkonium chloride] [17,21]. Despite speculations of evolving resistance, BACs are extensively used biocides especially potent against enveloped microorganisms like Gram-positive bacteria and some viruses [14,17,18].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Antiseptic hand sanitizers have been shown to subdue the prevalence of the common cold, acute respiratory syndromes, gastroenteritis, viral influenza, and more [1,13,15,20,21,22,24,25]. Similarly, they are important in limiting hospital-acquired ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosocomial_infection nosocomial]) infections by ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus''] (MRSAs), and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycin-resistant_Enterococcus vancomycin-resistant ''Enterococcus''] (VREs) [4,8,12,14,16,23]. For such preventative measures, there are a variety of hand sanitizers available with alcohol-based and alcohol-free [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic#Some_common_antiseptics antiseptic agents] including [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol#Antiseptic ethanol], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosan triclosan] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzalkonium_chloride benzalkonium chloride] [17,21]. Despite speculations of evolving resistance, BACs are extensively used biocides especially potent against enveloped microorganisms like Gram-positive bacteria and some viruses [14,17,18].</div></td></tr>
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Youngeun92
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Efficacy_of_antiseptic_treatments&diff=76442&oldid=prev
Youngeun92 at 01:47, 6 December 2012
2012-12-06T01:47:49Z
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Antiseptic hand sanitizers have been shown to subdue the prevalence of the common cold, acute respiratory syndromes, gastroenteritis, viral influenza, and more [1,13,15,20,21,22,24,25]. Similarly, they are important in limiting hospital-acquired ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosocomial_infection nosocomial]) infections by ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus''] (MRSAs), and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycin-resistant_Enterococcus vancomycin-resistant ''Enterococcus''] (VREs) [4,8,12,14,16,23]. For such preventative measures, there are a variety of hand sanitizers available with alcohol-based and alcohol-free [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic#Some_common_antiseptics antiseptic agents] including [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol#Antiseptic ethanol], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosan triclosan] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzalkonium_chloride benzalkonium chloride] [17,21]. Despite speculations of evolving resistance, BACs are extensively used biocides especially potent against enveloped microorganisms like Gram-positive bacteria and some viruses [14,17,18].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Antiseptic hand sanitizers have been shown to subdue the prevalence of the common cold, acute respiratory syndromes, gastroenteritis, viral influenza, and more [1,13,15,20,21,22,24,25]. Similarly, they are important in limiting hospital-acquired ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosocomial_infection nosocomial]) infections by ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus''] (MRSAs), and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycin-resistant_Enterococcus vancomycin-resistant ''Enterococcus''] (VREs) [4,8,12,14,16,23]. For such preventative measures, there are a variety of hand sanitizers available with alcohol-based and alcohol-free [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic#Some_common_antiseptics antiseptic agents] including [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol#Antiseptic ethanol], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosan triclosan] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzalkonium_chloride benzalkonium chloride] [17,21]. Despite speculations of evolving resistance, BACs are extensively used biocides especially potent against enveloped microorganisms like Gram-positive bacteria and some viruses [14,17,18].</div></td></tr>
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</table>
Youngeun92
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Efficacy_of_antiseptic_treatments&diff=76441&oldid=prev
Youngeun92 at 01:47, 6 December 2012
2012-12-06T01:47:27Z
<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:47, 6 December 2012</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Antiseptic hand sanitizers have been shown to subdue the prevalence of the common cold, acute respiratory syndromes, gastroenteritis, viral influenza, and more [1,13,15,20,21,22,24,25]. Similarly, they are important in limiting hospital-acquired ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosocomial_infection nosocomial]) infections by ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus''] (MRSAs), and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycin-resistant_Enterococcus vancomycin-resistant ''Enterococcus''] (VREs) [4,8,12,14,16,23]. For such preventative measures, there are a variety of hand sanitizers available with alcohol-based and alcohol-free [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic#Some_common_antiseptics antiseptic agents] including [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol#Antiseptic ethanol], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosan triclosan] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzalkonium_chloride benzalkonium chloride] [17,21]. Despite speculations of evolving resistance, BACs are extensively used biocides especially potent against enveloped microorganisms like Gram-positive bacteria and some viruses [14,17,18].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Antiseptic hand sanitizers have been shown to subdue the prevalence of the common cold, acute respiratory syndromes, gastroenteritis, viral influenza, and more [1,13,15,20,21,22,24,25]. Similarly, they are important in limiting hospital-acquired ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosocomial_infection nosocomial]) infections by ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus''] (MRSAs), and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycin-resistant_Enterococcus vancomycin-resistant ''Enterococcus''] (VREs) [4,8,12,14,16,23]. For such preventative measures, there are a variety of hand sanitizers available with alcohol-based and alcohol-free [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic#Some_common_antiseptics antiseptic agents] including [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol#Antiseptic ethanol], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosan triclosan] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzalkonium_chloride benzalkonium chloride] [17,21]. Despite speculations of evolving resistance, BACs are extensively used biocides especially potent against enveloped microorganisms like Gram-positive bacteria and some viruses [14,17,18].</div></td></tr>
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</table>
Youngeun92
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Efficacy_of_antiseptic_treatments&diff=76440&oldid=prev
Youngeun92 at 01:47, 6 December 2012
2012-12-06T01:47:19Z
<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:47, 6 December 2012</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Antiseptic hand sanitizers have been shown to subdue the prevalence of the common cold, acute respiratory syndromes, gastroenteritis, viral influenza, and more [1,13,15,20,21,22,24,25]. Similarly, they are important in limiting hospital-acquired ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosocomial_infection nosocomial]) infections by ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus''] (MRSAs), and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycin-resistant_Enterococcus vancomycin-resistant ''Enterococcus''] (VREs) [4,8,12,14,16,23]. For such preventative measures, there are a variety of hand sanitizers available with alcohol-based and alcohol-free [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic#Some_common_antiseptics antiseptic agents] including [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol#Antiseptic ethanol], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosan triclosan] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzalkonium_chloride benzalkonium chloride] [17,21]. Despite speculations of evolving resistance, BACs are extensively used biocides especially potent against enveloped microorganisms like Gram-positive bacteria and some viruses [14,17,18].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Antiseptic hand sanitizers have been shown to subdue the prevalence of the common cold, acute respiratory syndromes, gastroenteritis, viral influenza, and more [1,13,15,20,21,22,24,25]. Similarly, they are important in limiting hospital-acquired ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosocomial_infection nosocomial]) infections by ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus''] (MRSAs), and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycin-resistant_Enterococcus vancomycin-resistant ''Enterococcus''] (VREs) [4,8,12,14,16,23]. For such preventative measures, there are a variety of hand sanitizers available with alcohol-based and alcohol-free [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic#Some_common_antiseptics antiseptic agents] including [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol#Antiseptic ethanol], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosan triclosan] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzalkonium_chloride benzalkonium chloride] [17,21]. Despite speculations of evolving resistance, BACs are extensively used biocides especially potent against enveloped microorganisms like Gram-positive bacteria and some viruses [14,17,18].</div></td></tr>
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</table>
Youngeun92
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Efficacy_of_antiseptic_treatments&diff=76439&oldid=prev
Youngeun92 at 01:47, 6 December 2012
2012-12-06T01:47:11Z
<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:47, 6 December 2012</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l5">Line 5:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Antiseptic hand sanitizers have been shown to subdue the prevalence of the common cold, acute respiratory syndromes, gastroenteritis, viral influenza, and more [1,13,15,20,21,22,24,25]. Similarly, they are important in limiting hospital-acquired ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosocomial_infection nosocomial]) infections by ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus''] (MRSAs), and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycin-resistant_Enterococcus vancomycin-resistant ''Enterococcus''] (VREs) [4,8,12,14,16,23]. For such preventative measures, there are a variety of hand sanitizers available with alcohol-based and alcohol-free [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic#Some_common_antiseptics antiseptic agents] including [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol#Antiseptic ethanol], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosan triclosan] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzalkonium_chloride benzalkonium chloride] [17,21]. Despite speculations of evolving resistance, BACs are extensively used biocides especially potent against enveloped microorganisms like Gram-positive bacteria and some viruses [14,17,18].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Antiseptic hand sanitizers have been shown to subdue the prevalence of the common cold, acute respiratory syndromes, gastroenteritis, viral influenza, and more [1,13,15,20,21,22,24,25]. Similarly, they are important in limiting hospital-acquired ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosocomial_infection nosocomial]) infections by ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus''] (MRSAs), and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancomycin-resistant_Enterococcus vancomycin-resistant ''Enterococcus''] (VREs) [4,8,12,14,16,23]. For such preventative measures, there are a variety of hand sanitizers available with alcohol-based and alcohol-free [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic#Some_common_antiseptics antiseptic agents] including [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol#Antiseptic ethanol], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triclosan triclosan] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzalkonium_chloride benzalkonium chloride] [17,21]. Despite speculations of evolving resistance, BACs are extensively used biocides especially potent against enveloped microorganisms like Gram-positive bacteria and some viruses [14,17,18].</div></td></tr>
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Youngeun92
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Efficacy_of_antiseptic_treatments&diff=76438&oldid=prev
Youngeun92 at 01:41, 6 December 2012
2012-12-06T01:41:42Z
<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:41, 6 December 2012</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Mycobacterial_cell_wall.png|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">450px</ins>|thumb|right|Schematic diagram of Mycobacterial cell wall structure.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Mycobacterial_cell_wall.png|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">400px</del>|thumb|right|Schematic diagram of Mycobacterial cell wall structure.]]</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Mycobacteriostatic===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Mycobacteriostatic===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium ''Mycobacteria''] are some of the most antiseptic-resistant opportunistic pathogens, characterized by highly hydrophobic cell walls of a complex [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabinogalactan mycoyl arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan] structure [11,16]. Experiments involving cell wall synthesis inhibitors suggests that a cell wall component like lipid content is responsible for antiseptic resistance [23]. Further studies have shown [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''] (high lipid content) to be more resistant to BAC than [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_phlei ''M. phlei''] (lower lipid content), which supports the idea of an increased lipid content correlating to increased BAC impermeability [18,23].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium ''Mycobacteria''] are some of the most antiseptic-resistant opportunistic pathogens, characterized by highly hydrophobic cell walls of a complex [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabinogalactan mycoyl arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan] structure [11,16]. Experiments involving cell wall synthesis inhibitors suggests that a cell wall component like lipid content is responsible for antiseptic resistance [23]. Further studies have shown [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''] (high lipid content) to be more resistant to BAC than [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_phlei ''M. phlei''] (lower lipid content), which supports the idea of an increased lipid content correlating to increased BAC impermeability [18,23].</div></td></tr>
</table>
Youngeun92
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Efficacy_of_antiseptic_treatments&diff=76437&oldid=prev
Youngeun92 at 01:40, 6 December 2012
2012-12-06T01:40:43Z
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:40, 6 December 2012</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Impermeability of Benzalkonium Chloride==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Impermeability of Benzalkonium Chloride==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:SEM pseudomonas aeruginosa.jpeg|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">260px</del>|thumb|right|(Scanning Electron Microscopy image of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:SEM pseudomonas aeruginosa.jpeg|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">300px</ins>|thumb|right|(Scanning Electron Microscopy image of ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In particular, impermeability by additional or architecturally-complex surface layers in addition to the cellular membrane are commonly exhibited by a variety of microorganisms that render BAC less efficacious [16,18]. Not only is BAC prevented from causing cell lysis, but the uptake of BAC and other active agents in hand sanitizers is severely inhibited [18]. Therefore, even at high concentrations, BACs tend to be “non-cidal” and are rather [http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bacteriostatic bacteriostatic] and mycobacteriostatic [21].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In particular, impermeability by additional or architecturally-complex surface layers in addition to the cellular membrane are commonly exhibited by a variety of microorganisms that render BAC less efficacious [16,18]. Not only is BAC prevented from causing cell lysis, but the uptake of BAC and other active agents in hand sanitizers is severely inhibited [18]. Therefore, even at high concentrations, BACs tend to be “non-cidal” and are rather [http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bacteriostatic bacteriostatic] and mycobacteriostatic [21].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Bacteriostatic===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Bacteriostatic===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''], a Gram-negative bacterium, is a common [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_infection#Types_of_infections opportunist pathogen] causing respiratory tract infections like [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia pneumonia] [5,6,18]. Generally, Gram-negative bacteria like ''P. aeruginosa'' are less permeable to QACs than non-sporulating, non-mycobacterial Gram-positive organisms [6,18]. The difference in uptake regulation by Gram-negative bacteria is mediated by structural differences in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_outer_membrane outer membrane], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porin_(protein) porins], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efflux_(microbiology)#Bacterial_efflux_pumps efflux pumps] [19,23]. While inner membranes have a phospholipid bilayer, the outer leaflet of an outer membrane is composed of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide lipopolysaccharides] (LPS) [24]. The outer membrane’s reduced permeability is a result of strong LPS-LPS lateral interactions, where a highly anionic “R-core” region on the LPS links interacts with soluble cations to link LPS molecules together [9,14,23]. The outer membrane’s hydrophobic core has greater [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_dispersion_force London dispersion forces] since LPS has more hydrocarbon tails per molecule than a phospholipid molecule [19]. Small porins studding this outer membrane facilitates diffusion of hydrophilic solutes, but can strictly restrict larger molecules of BAC [14,23]. Although ''P. aeruginosa'' is a model organism of BAC impermeability, other species have been reported as susceptible to BAC [17].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''], a Gram-negative bacterium, is a common [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_infection#Types_of_infections opportunist pathogen] causing respiratory tract infections like [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia pneumonia] [5,6,18]. Generally, Gram-negative bacteria like ''P. aeruginosa'' are less permeable to QACs than non-sporulating, non-mycobacterial Gram-positive organisms [6,18]. The difference in uptake regulation by Gram-negative bacteria is mediated by structural differences in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_outer_membrane outer membrane], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porin_(protein) porins], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efflux_(microbiology)#Bacterial_efflux_pumps efflux pumps] [19,23]. While inner membranes have a phospholipid bilayer, the outer leaflet of an outer membrane is composed of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide lipopolysaccharides] (LPS) [24]. The outer membrane’s reduced permeability is a result of strong LPS-LPS lateral interactions, where a highly anionic “R-core” region on the LPS links interacts with soluble cations to link LPS molecules together [9,14,23]. The outer membrane’s hydrophobic core has greater [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_dispersion_force London dispersion forces] since LPS has more hydrocarbon tails per molecule than a phospholipid molecule [19]. Small porins studding this outer membrane facilitates diffusion of hydrophilic solutes, but can strictly restrict larger molecules of BAC [14,23]. Although ''P. aeruginosa'' is a model organism of BAC impermeability, other species have been reported as susceptible to BAC [17].</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Mycobacterial_cell_wall.png|400px|thumb|right|Schematic diagram of Mycobacterial cell wall structure.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Mycobacterial_cell_wall.png|400px|thumb|right|Schematic diagram of Mycobacterial cell wall structure.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Mycobacteriostatic===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Mycobacteriostatic===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium ''Mycobacteria''] are some of the most antiseptic-resistant opportunistic pathogens, characterized by highly hydrophobic cell walls of a complex [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabinogalactan mycoyl arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan] structure [11,16]. Experiments involving cell wall synthesis inhibitors suggests that a cell wall component like lipid content is responsible for antiseptic resistance [23]. Further studies have shown [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''] (high lipid content) to be more resistant to BAC than [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_phlei ''M. phlei''] (lower lipid content), which supports the idea of an increased lipid content correlating to increased BAC impermeability [18,23].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium ''Mycobacteria''] are some of the most antiseptic-resistant opportunistic pathogens, characterized by highly hydrophobic cell walls of a complex [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabinogalactan mycoyl arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan] structure [11,16]. Experiments involving cell wall synthesis inhibitors suggests that a cell wall component like lipid content is responsible for antiseptic resistance [23]. Further studies have shown [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''] (high lipid content) to be more resistant to BAC than [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_phlei ''M. phlei''] (lower lipid content), which supports the idea of an increased lipid content correlating to increased BAC impermeability [18,23].</div></td></tr>
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