https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Encephalitozoon_hellem&feed=atom&action=historyEncephalitozoon hellem - Revision history2024-03-29T13:55:53ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Encephalitozoon_hellem&diff=54987&oldid=prevBarichD at 03:18, 20 August 20102010-08-20T03:18:21Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: Micrsp_devStageSEM.jpg|frame|center|''Encephalitozoon hellem''; Scanning electron micrograph showing an eukaryotic cell bursting and releasing spores of Encephalitozoon hellem to the extracellular medium.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: Micrsp_devStageSEM.jpg|frame|center|''Encephalitozoon hellem''; Scanning electron micrograph showing an eukaryotic cell bursting and releasing spores of Encephalitozoon hellem to the extracellular medium.</div></td></tr>
</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Encephalitozoon_hellem&diff=25638&oldid=prevTcmyer: /* Current Research */2007-08-29T19:25:36Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Current Research</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another study implemented retrospective analysis of 110 formalin-stored diarrheic stool samples from AIDS patients who suffered from intestinal microsporidiosis. These samples were taken between 1992 and 2003, and of these 2.1% had <i>E. hellem</i> spores present. Samples that were older than 10 years did not have as distinguished results and were deemed unsuitable for retrospective analysis ([http://portal.isiknowledge.com/portal.cgi?DestApp=WOS&Func=Frame=abstract 16]). The identification of microsporidian spores using multiplex FISH assay proved to be more sensitive and give more clear results that chromotropo-2R and Calcofluor White M2R stains. Besides <i>E. hellem</i>, other microsporidia such as E. intestinalis were also present in the patients' samples. These results were able to show that micropsoridian co-infection was not uncommon in HIV/AIDS patients and may have contributed to a large amount of illnesses and infections that may have not been present had <i>E. hellem</i> existed in the body alone. Furthermore, this study found that the identification of <i>E. hellem</i> among other Encephalitozoon species was a useful tool for assessing spore shedding intensity in intestinal microsporidiosis and can also be used for epidemiological investigations in addition to clincal studies ([http://portal.isiknowledge.com/portal.cgi?DestApp=WOS&Func=Frame=abstract 16]).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another study implemented retrospective analysis of 110 formalin-stored diarrheic stool samples from AIDS patients who suffered from intestinal microsporidiosis. These samples were taken between 1992 and 2003, and of these 2.1% had <i>E. hellem</i> spores present. Samples that were older than 10 years did not have as distinguished results and were deemed unsuitable for retrospective analysis ([http://portal.isiknowledge.com/portal.cgi?DestApp=WOS&Func=Frame=abstract 16]). The identification of microsporidian spores using multiplex FISH assay proved to be more sensitive and give more clear results that chromotropo-2R and Calcofluor White M2R stains. Besides <i>E. hellem</i>, other microsporidia such as E. intestinalis were also present in the patients' samples. These results were able to show that micropsoridian co-infection was not uncommon in HIV/AIDS patients and may have contributed to a large amount of illnesses and infections that may have not been present had <i>E. hellem</i> existed in the body alone. Furthermore, this study found that the identification of <i>E. hellem</i> among other Encephalitozoon species was a useful tool for assessing spore shedding intensity in intestinal microsporidiosis and can also be used for epidemiological investigations in addition to clincal studies ([http://portal.isiknowledge.com/portal.cgi?DestApp=WOS&Func=Frame=abstract 16]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The immune response to <i>E. hellem</i> of both the innate and and adaptive immune systems has also been recently studied. In this experiment two-day old chickens were inoculated perorally, through the mouth, and intraperitoneally, directly into the abdominal cavity, with <i>E. hellem</i> spores. ELISA tests were used to determine the anti-E. hellem IgY, IgA, and IgM responses in both sera and fecal samples. In the sera, the IgY was the only one measured in significant levels whereas in the fecal samples all three antibodies were present, but still with IgY being the most prevalent ([http://portal.isiknowledge.com/portal.cgi?DestApp=WOS&Func=Frame=abstract 17]). More antibodies formed in the chickens that were inoculated intraperitoneally. It is possible that this occured because of the unnatural route of infection and the spores being able to directly contact the immune system and not go through intestinal barriers. This study was able to show that an <i>E. hellem</i> infection is asymptomatic and that spore-shedding is dependent on concurrent infection. Fecal samples of asymptomatic birds supported the assumption that the bird droppings are a potential source of infection for other hosts, such as humans. Also, based on the results on the antibody testing, the results show that immunodeficient humans infected with microsporidiosis, such as <i>E. hellem</i> infection, may develop parasite specific antibodies <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and this may </del>help with pharmacological advances against microsporidiosis ([http://portal.isiknowledge.com/portal.cgi?DestApp=WOS&Func=Frame=abstract 17]).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The immune response to <i>E. hellem</i> of both the innate and and adaptive immune systems has also been recently studied. In this experiment two-day old chickens were inoculated perorally, through the mouth, and intraperitoneally, directly into the abdominal cavity, with <i>E. hellem</i> spores. ELISA tests were used to determine the anti-E. hellem IgY, IgA, and IgM responses in both sera and fecal samples. In the sera, the IgY was the only one measured in significant levels whereas in the fecal samples all three antibodies were present, but still with IgY being the most prevalent ([http://portal.isiknowledge.com/portal.cgi?DestApp=WOS&Func=Frame=abstract 17]). More antibodies formed in the chickens that were inoculated intraperitoneally. It is possible that this occured because of the unnatural route of infection and the spores being able to directly contact the immune system and not go through intestinal barriers. This study was able to show that an <i>E. hellem</i> infection is asymptomatic and that spore-shedding is dependent on concurrent infection. Fecal samples of asymptomatic birds supported the assumption that the bird droppings are a potential source of infection for other hosts, such as humans. Also, based on the results on the antibody testing, the results show that immunodeficient humans infected with microsporidiosis, such as <i>E. hellem</i> infection, may develop parasite specific antibodies<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. This research could potentially </ins>help with <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">future </ins>pharmacological advances against microsporidiosis ([http://portal.isiknowledge.com/portal.cgi?DestApp=WOS&Func=Frame=abstract 17]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Tcmyerhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Encephalitozoon_hellem&diff=25581&oldid=prevTcmyer: /* Pathology */2007-08-29T19:15:42Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Pathology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Once a host has been found, <i>E. hellem</i>, like other microsporidia, act as spore forming parasites that use their unique polar tubule as a means of infecting their hosts. A mature, resistant spore will extrude the polar tubule and through this, the sporoplasm will be injected into the host cell. The sporoplasm is then able to multiply inside of the host cell via binary fission or multiple fission. Like the photo above illustrates, the spores will continue to multiply until the host cell cytoplasm is filled, causing it to burst and release more spores into the surroundings that will mature and carry on the infection to other cells ([http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/HTML/Microsporidiosis.htm=abstract 6]).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Once a host has been found, <i>E. hellem</i>, like other microsporidia, act as spore forming parasites that use their unique polar tubule as a means of infecting their hosts. A mature, resistant spore will extrude the polar tubule and through this, the sporoplasm will be injected into the host cell. The sporoplasm is then able to multiply inside of the host cell via binary fission or multiple fission. Like the photo above illustrates, the spores will continue to multiply until the host cell cytoplasm is filled, causing it to burst and release more spores into the surroundings that will mature and carry on the infection to other cells ([http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/HTML/Microsporidiosis.htm=abstract 6]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Studies have found that the glycosylation of the ultrastructure gene PTP1, can be modified by O-linked mannosylation indicating that mannose pretreatment of host cells may decrease infection by <i>E. hellem</i>. This suggests that the O-mannosylation of PTP1 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mau </del>have a functional significance for the ability of <i>E. hellem</i> to invade their hosts ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=15501763&ordinalpos=22&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum=abstract 12]).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Studies have found that the glycosylation of the ultrastructure gene PTP1, can be modified by O-linked mannosylation indicating that mannose pretreatment of host cells may decrease infection by <i>E. hellem</i>. This suggests that the O-mannosylation of PTP1 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">may </ins>have a functional significance for the ability of <i>E. hellem</i> to invade their hosts ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=15501763&ordinalpos=22&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum=abstract 12]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The clinical manifestations of <i>E. hellem</i> include keratoconjunctivitis, infection of respiratory and genitourinary tract, and disseminated infection. With <i>E. hellem</i> being one of the four most common human microsporidian parasites, hosts are usually HIV patients but infections have also been reported to infect immunodificient patients that do not have HIV ([http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/HTML/Microsporidiosis.htm=abstract 6]).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The clinical manifestations of <i>E. hellem</i> include keratoconjunctivitis, infection of respiratory and genitourinary tract, and disseminated infection. With <i>E. hellem</i> being one of the four most common human microsporidian parasites, hosts are usually HIV patients but infections have also been reported to infect immunodificient patients that do not have HIV ([http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/HTML/Microsporidiosis.htm=abstract 6]).</div></td></tr>
</table>Tcmyerhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Encephalitozoon_hellem&diff=25527&oldid=prevTcmyer: /* Pathology */2007-08-29T19:08:04Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Pathology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>E. hellem</i> was first isloated in HIV patients, but has also been found to infect mice, birds, and even bats. When isolating <i>E. hellem</i> in the HIV patient, there were 24 monoclonal antibodies that were used against not only <i>E. hellem</i>, but also two other species of Encephalitozoon, E. intestinalis and E. cuniculi. The antibodies did not react with either of these two, indicating antibody specificity across the three species. Antigenic diversity of the different karyotypes of <i>E. hellem</i> was demonstrated as well when two monoclonal antibodies reacted with <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">one </del>karyotype B <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </del>not karyotype A ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=12120990&ordinalpos=40&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum=abstract 1]).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>E. hellem</i> was first isloated in HIV patients, but has also been found to infect mice, birds, and even bats. When isolating <i>E. hellem</i> in the HIV patient, there were 24 monoclonal antibodies that were used against not only <i>E. hellem</i>, but also two other species of Encephalitozoon, E. intestinalis and E. cuniculi. The antibodies did not react with either of these two, indicating antibody specificity across the three species. Antigenic diversity of the different karyotypes of <i>E. hellem</i> was demonstrated as well when two monoclonal antibodies reacted with karyotype B <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but </ins>not <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">with </ins>karyotype A ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=12120990&ordinalpos=40&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum=abstract 1]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Experiments exposing chickens to <i>E. hellem</i> found that the microbe was detectable in the feces of the animals for up to 19 days, showing that <i>E. hellem</i> is potentially fecal borne and that chickens are a very likely host. While a definite route of infection is not well documented, it has been assumed that transmission of <i>E. hellem</i> most likely occurs by direct contact or by the ingestion of contaminated food or water ([http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=148413=abstract 2]).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Experiments exposing chickens to <i>E. hellem</i> found that the microbe was detectable in the feces of the animals for up to 19 days, showing that <i>E. hellem</i> is potentially fecal borne and that chickens are a very likely host. While a definite route of infection is not well documented, it has been assumed that transmission of <i>E. hellem</i> most likely occurs by direct contact or by the ingestion of contaminated food or water ([http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=148413=abstract 2]).</div></td></tr>
</table>Tcmyerhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Encephalitozoon_hellem&diff=25515&oldid=prevTcmyer: /* Ecology */2007-08-29T19:06:54Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Ecology</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:06, 29 August 2007</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Microsporidia, such as <i>E. hellem</i>, naturally infect birds. From a study of 570 birds from environments ranging from captive to free-range, 20 of those birds were found to shed <i>Encephalitozoon hellem</i> spores. Often species of parrots are the most infected. Of the eleven species that carried these spores, eight of them were aquatic birds. It is plausible then that <i>E. hellem</i> may originate not only from livestock birds as previously studied, but also from aquatic birds ([http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1489349=abstract 14]). Of these aquatic birds, <i>E. hellem</i> is most prevalent in birds who come into frequent contact with surface water indicating the microbes ability to survive in water, and even longer in waters at lower temperatures. Studies have shown that a single waterfowl can introduce into the water approximately 910,000,000 microsporidia spores that infect humans, majority of which are <i>E. hellem</i>. This introduction is all via fecal matter where the <i>E. hellem</i> spores flourish until they come into contact with host cells. <i>Encephalitozoon hellem</i> is not known to live in any other type of environment and has thus only been found as fecal borne ([http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1489349=abstract 14]).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Microsporidia, such as <i>E. hellem</i>, naturally infect birds. From a study of 570 birds from environments ranging from captive to free-range, 20 of those birds were found to shed <i>Encephalitozoon hellem</i> spores. Often species of parrots are the most infected. Of the eleven species that carried these spores, eight of them were aquatic birds. It is plausible then that <i>E. hellem</i> may originate not only from livestock birds as previously studied, but also from aquatic birds ([http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1489349=abstract 14]). Of these aquatic birds, <i>E. hellem</i> is most prevalent in birds who come into frequent contact with surface water indicating the microbes<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">' </ins>ability to survive in water, and even longer in waters at lower temperatures. Studies have shown that a single waterfowl can introduce into the water approximately 910,000,000 microsporidia spores that infect humans, majority of which are <i>E. hellem</i>. This introduction is all via fecal matter where the <i>E. hellem</i> spores flourish until they come into contact with host cells. <i>Encephalitozoon hellem</i> is not known to live in any other type of environment and has thus only been found as fecal borne ([http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1489349=abstract 14]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathology==</div></td></tr>
</table>Tcmyerhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Encephalitozoon_hellem&diff=25509&oldid=prevTcmyer: /* Cell structure and metabolism */2007-08-29T19:05:50Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Cell structure and metabolism</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:05, 29 August 2007</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l36">Line 36:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are also amorphous plaques associated with the nuclear envelope close to the poles of the spindle called electron-dense spindle plaques (ESP). These ESPs are the focus of microtubule arrangement. Based on the organization of the cell, it can be assumed that both the spindle and the cytoplasmic microtubules are involved in the nuclear division process ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9627995&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVBrief=abstract 10]). </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are also amorphous plaques associated with the nuclear envelope close to the poles of the spindle called electron-dense spindle plaques (ESP). These ESPs are the focus of microtubule arrangement. Based on the organization of the cell, it can be assumed that both the spindle and the cytoplasmic microtubules are involved in the nuclear division process ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9627995&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVBrief=abstract 10]). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Researhers </del>have found that <i>E. hellem</i> cells synthesize single cytosolic neutral aminopeptidase activites that preferentially cleave leucine and arginine. This activity is associated with the microbes sporoplasm being passed down the polar tubule for host cell invasion and also for the regulation of parasite development. The maximal activity occurs at a pH of 7.2. The aminopeptidase has been estimated by direct fluorogenic analysis to have a molecular mass of 72 kDa and based on other studies they have been found to be potential targets for chemotherapeutic agents in parasitic diseases ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=12435118=abstract 13]).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Researchers </ins>have found that <i>E. hellem</i> cells synthesize single cytosolic neutral aminopeptidase activites that preferentially cleave leucine and arginine. This activity is associated with the microbes sporoplasm being passed down the polar tubule for host cell invasion and also for the regulation of parasite development. The maximal activity occurs at a pH of 7.2. The aminopeptidase has been estimated by direct fluorogenic analysis to have a molecular mass of 72 kDa and based on other studies they have been found to be potential targets for chemotherapeutic agents in parasitic diseases ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=12435118=abstract 13]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td></tr>
</table>Tcmyerhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Encephalitozoon_hellem&diff=25496&oldid=prevTcmyer: /* Cell structure and metabolism */2007-08-29T19:04:24Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Cell structure and metabolism</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:04, 29 August 2007</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Encephalitozoon hellem</i> is a unicellular, intracellular microsporidian species ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=12120990&ordinalpos=40&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum=abstract 1]). It is a parasite whose gram positive spores measure approximately 1x1.5-2.0 microns. Each spore has a unique polar tubule organelle that makes six to eight coils inside the cell. These polar tubules are the ultrastructures of <i>E. hellem</i> ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1995733&ordinalpos=151&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum=abstract 4]). On the opposite end of the polar tubule is a polar vacuole that responds to environmental stimuli such as pH and pressure changes. Other organelles include ribosomes and nuclei, but no mitochondria are present. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Microsporidia </del>such as <i>E. hellem</i> are <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">however </del>true eukaryotes because they do possess a nuclear envelope and other intracellular membranes ([http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/2/2/158?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&titleabstract=microsporidia&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT=abstract 11]). Inside each cell there is a monokaryotic nuclei and thick endospores w/ irregulary shaped exospores ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1995733&ordinalpos=151&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum=abstract 4]). The thick spore wall is composed of an electron dense undercoat and a thick electron dense lucent layer of chitin ([http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/2/2/158?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&titleabstract=microsporidia&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT=abstract 11]). The cells' nuclear envelope is punctuated by rare nuclear pores about 50-60 nm and does not break down upon nuclear division. Instead, the nuclear envelope elongates into a dumbell shape with the two daughter nuclei at each end linked by a long straight bundle of microtubules ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9627995&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVBrief=abstract 10]). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Encephalitozoon hellem</i> is a unicellular, intracellular microsporidian species ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=12120990&ordinalpos=40&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum=abstract 1]). It is a parasite whose gram positive spores measure approximately 1x1.5-2.0 microns. Each spore has a unique polar tubule organelle that makes six to eight coils inside the cell. These polar tubules are the ultrastructures of <i>E. hellem</i> ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1995733&ordinalpos=151&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum=abstract 4]). On the opposite end of the polar tubule is a polar vacuole that responds to environmental stimuli such as pH and pressure changes. Other organelles include ribosomes and nuclei, but no mitochondria are present. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">However, microsporidia </ins>such as <i>E. hellem</i> are true eukaryotes because they do possess a nuclear envelope and other intracellular membranes ([http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/2/2/158?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&titleabstract=microsporidia&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT=abstract 11]). Inside each cell there is a monokaryotic nuclei and thick endospores w/ irregulary shaped exospores ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1995733&ordinalpos=151&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum=abstract 4]). The thick spore wall is composed of an electron dense undercoat and a thick electron dense lucent layer of chitin ([http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/2/2/158?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&titleabstract=microsporidia&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT=abstract 11]). The cells' nuclear envelope is punctuated by rare nuclear pores about 50-60 nm and does not break down upon nuclear division. Instead, the nuclear envelope elongates into a dumbell shape with the two daughter nuclei at each end linked by a long straight bundle of microtubules ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9627995&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVBrief=abstract 10]). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are also amorphous plaques associated with the nuclear envelope close to the poles of the spindle called electron-dense spindle plaques (ESP). These ESPs are the focus of microtubule arrangement. Based on the organization of the cell, it can be assumed that both the spindle and the cytoplasmic microtubules are involved in the nuclear division process ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9627995&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVBrief=abstract 10]). </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are also amorphous plaques associated with the nuclear envelope close to the poles of the spindle called electron-dense spindle plaques (ESP). These ESPs are the focus of microtubule arrangement. Based on the organization of the cell, it can be assumed that both the spindle and the cytoplasmic microtubules are involved in the nuclear division process ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9627995&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVBrief=abstract 10]). </div></td></tr>
</table>Tcmyerhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Encephalitozoon_hellem&diff=25494&oldid=prevTcmyer: /* Cell structure and metabolism */2007-08-29T19:03:56Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Cell structure and metabolism</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
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<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:03, 29 August 2007</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l32">Line 32:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Encephalitozoon hellem</i> is a unicellular, intracellular microsporidian species ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=12120990&ordinalpos=40&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum=abstract 1]). It is a parasite whose gram positive spores measure approximately 1x1.5-2.0 microns. Each spore has a unique polar tubule organelle that makes six to eight coils inside the cell. These polar tubules are the ultrastructures of <i>E. hellem</i> ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1995733&ordinalpos=151&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum=abstract 4]). On the opposite end of the polar tubule is a polar vacuole that responds to environmental stimuli such as pH and pressure changes. Other organelles include ribosomes and nuclei, but no mitochondria. Microsporidia such as <i>E. hellem</i> are however true eukaryotes because they do possess a nuclear envelope and other intracellular membranes ([http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/2/2/158?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&titleabstract=microsporidia&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT=abstract 11]). Inside each cell there is a monokaryotic nuclei and thick endospores w/ irregulary shaped exospores ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1995733&ordinalpos=151&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum=abstract 4]). The thick spore wall is composed of an electron dense undercoat and a thick electron dense lucent layer of chitin ([http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/2/2/158?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&titleabstract=microsporidia&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT=abstract 11]). The cells' nuclear envelope is punctuated by rare nuclear pores about 50-60 nm and does not break down upon nuclear division. Instead, the nuclear envelope elongates into a dumbell shape with the two daughter nuclei at each end linked by a long straight bundle of microtubules ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9627995&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVBrief=abstract 10]). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Encephalitozoon hellem</i> is a unicellular, intracellular microsporidian species ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=12120990&ordinalpos=40&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum=abstract 1]). It is a parasite whose gram positive spores measure approximately 1x1.5-2.0 microns. Each spore has a unique polar tubule organelle that makes six to eight coils inside the cell. These polar tubules are the ultrastructures of <i>E. hellem</i> ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1995733&ordinalpos=151&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum=abstract 4]). On the opposite end of the polar tubule is a polar vacuole that responds to environmental stimuli such as pH and pressure changes. Other organelles include ribosomes and nuclei, but no mitochondria <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are present</ins>. Microsporidia such as <i>E. hellem</i> are however true eukaryotes because they do possess a nuclear envelope and other intracellular membranes ([http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/2/2/158?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&titleabstract=microsporidia&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT=abstract 11]). Inside each cell there is a monokaryotic nuclei and thick endospores w/ irregulary shaped exospores ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1995733&ordinalpos=151&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum=abstract 4]). The thick spore wall is composed of an electron dense undercoat and a thick electron dense lucent layer of chitin ([http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/2/2/158?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&titleabstract=microsporidia&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT=abstract 11]). The cells' nuclear envelope is punctuated by rare nuclear pores about 50-60 nm and does not break down upon nuclear division. Instead, the nuclear envelope elongates into a dumbell shape with the two daughter nuclei at each end linked by a long straight bundle of microtubules ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9627995&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVBrief=abstract 10]). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are also amorphous plaques associated with the nuclear envelope close to the poles of the spindle called electron-dense spindle plaques (ESP). These ESPs are the focus of microtubule arrangement. Based on the organization of the cell, it can be assumed that both the spindle and the cytoplasmic microtubules are involved in the nuclear division process ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9627995&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVBrief=abstract 10]). </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are also amorphous plaques associated with the nuclear envelope close to the poles of the spindle called electron-dense spindle plaques (ESP). These ESPs are the focus of microtubule arrangement. Based on the organization of the cell, it can be assumed that both the spindle and the cytoplasmic microtubules are involved in the nuclear division process ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9627995&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVBrief=abstract 10]). </div></td></tr>
</table>Tcmyerhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Encephalitozoon_hellem&diff=25490&oldid=prevTcmyer: /* Cell structure and metabolism */2007-08-29T19:03:30Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Cell structure and metabolism</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:03, 29 August 2007</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l32">Line 32:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 32:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Encephalitozoon hellem</i> is a unicellular, intracellular microsporidian species ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=12120990&ordinalpos=40&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum=abstract 1]). It is a parasite whose gram positive spores measure approximately 1x1.5-2.0 microns. Each spore has a unique polar tubule organelle that makes six to eight coils inside the cell. These polar tubules are the ultrastructures of <i>E. hellem</i>([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1995733&ordinalpos=151&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum=abstract 4]). On the opposite end of the polar tubule is a polar vacuole that responds to environmental stimuli such as pH and pressure changes. Other organelles include ribosomes and nuclei, but no mitochondria. Microsporidia such as <i>E. hellem</i> are however true eukaryotes because they do possess a nuclear envelope and other intracellular membranes ([http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/2/2/158?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&titleabstract=microsporidia&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT=abstract 11]). Inside each cell there is a monokaryotic nuclei and thick endospores w/ irregulary shaped exospores ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1995733&ordinalpos=151&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum=abstract 4]). The thick spore wall is composed of an electron dense undercoat and a thick electron dense lucent layer of chitin ([http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/2/2/158?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&titleabstract=microsporidia&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT=abstract 11]). The cells' nuclear envelope is punctuated by rare nuclear pores about 50-60 nm and does not break down upon nuclear division. Instead, the nuclear envelope elongates into a dumbell shape with the two daughter nuclei at each end linked by a long straight bundle of microtubules ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9627995&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVBrief=abstract 10]). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Encephalitozoon hellem</i> is a unicellular, intracellular microsporidian species ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=12120990&ordinalpos=40&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum=abstract 1]). It is a parasite whose gram positive spores measure approximately 1x1.5-2.0 microns. Each spore has a unique polar tubule organelle that makes six to eight coils inside the cell. These polar tubules are the ultrastructures of <i>E. hellem</i> ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1995733&ordinalpos=151&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum=abstract 4]). On the opposite end of the polar tubule is a polar vacuole that responds to environmental stimuli such as pH and pressure changes. Other organelles include ribosomes and nuclei, but no mitochondria. Microsporidia such as <i>E. hellem</i> are however true eukaryotes because they do possess a nuclear envelope and other intracellular membranes ([http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/2/2/158?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&titleabstract=microsporidia&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT=abstract 11]). Inside each cell there is a monokaryotic nuclei and thick endospores w/ irregulary shaped exospores ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1995733&ordinalpos=151&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum=abstract 4]). The thick spore wall is composed of an electron dense undercoat and a thick electron dense lucent layer of chitin ([http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/2/2/158?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&titleabstract=microsporidia&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT=abstract 11]). The cells' nuclear envelope is punctuated by rare nuclear pores about 50-60 nm and does not break down upon nuclear division. Instead, the nuclear envelope elongates into a dumbell shape with the two daughter nuclei at each end linked by a long straight bundle of microtubules ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9627995&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVBrief=abstract 10]). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are also amorphous plaques associated with the nuclear envelope close to the poles of the spindle called electron-dense spindle plaques (ESP). These ESPs are the focus of microtubule arrangement. Based on the organization of the cell, it can be assumed that both the spindle and the cytoplasmic microtubules are involved in the nuclear division process ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9627995&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVBrief=abstract 10]). </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are also amorphous plaques associated with the nuclear envelope close to the poles of the spindle called electron-dense spindle plaques (ESP). These ESPs are the focus of microtubule arrangement. Based on the organization of the cell, it can be assumed that both the spindle and the cytoplasmic microtubules are involved in the nuclear division process ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9627995&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVBrief=abstract 10]). </div></td></tr>
</table>Tcmyerhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Encephalitozoon_hellem&diff=25476&oldid=prevTcmyer: /* Genome structure */2007-08-29T19:00:55Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Genome structure</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:00, 29 August 2007</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l23">Line 23:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 23:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Encephalitozoon</i> species have the smallest genomes reported to date among all single-celled eukaryotes. It is suggested that this is because of an early divergence from microsporidia that are no longer supported by current phylogenic data. The genome size of <i>E. hellem</i> is approximately 2.39 Mb ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=11456324&ordinalpos=47&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum=abstract 7]). Analysis of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequence of the rRNA genes and SSU rRNA sequences of various isolates indentified 3 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">types of </del>genotypes of <i>E. hellem</i>, 1A, 1B, and 1C. Each of these genotypes have 1253 bp, 1313 bp, and 1373 bp respectively and all have identical ITS sequences. These three genotypes differ in small insertions or deletions and some point mutations ([http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=193859#r24=abstract 8]). While ITS sequences served as a valuable marker in researching <i>E. hellem</i>, the polar tubule protein (PTP) gene proved to be more valuable as it found an additional genotype, 2B, having 1421 base pairs. Genotype 2B has very different ITS and SSU rRNA sequences and extensive differences in PTP sequences([http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=88110=abstract 5]). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Encephalitozoon</i> species have the smallest genomes reported to date among all single-celled eukaryotes. It is suggested that this is because of an early divergence from microsporidia that are no longer supported by current phylogenic data. The genome size of <i>E. hellem</i> is approximately 2.39 Mb ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=11456324&ordinalpos=47&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum=abstract 7]). Analysis of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequence of the rRNA genes and SSU rRNA sequences of various isolates indentified 3 genotypes of <i>E. hellem</i>, 1A, 1B, and 1C. Each of these genotypes have 1253 bp, 1313 bp, and 1373 bp respectively and all have identical ITS sequences. These three genotypes differ in small insertions or deletions and some point mutations ([http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=193859#r24=abstract 8]). While ITS sequences served as a valuable marker in researching <i>E. hellem</i>, the polar tubule protein (PTP) gene proved to be more valuable as it found an additional genotype, 2B, having 1421 base pairs. Genotype 2B has very different ITS and SSU rRNA sequences and extensive differences in PTP sequences([http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=88110=abstract 5]). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Later studies have revealed two more genotypes, 2A and 2B. While six different genotypes have been discovered, the significance of <i>E. hellem's</i> genetic diversity is unclear. The number of <i>E. hellem</i> isolates is very limited leaving researchers without enough information to compare genotype distribution among humans and other hosts such as birds ([http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=88110=abstract 5]). </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Later studies have revealed two more genotypes, 2A and 2B. While six different genotypes have been discovered, the significance of <i>E. hellem's</i> genetic diversity is unclear. The number of <i>E. hellem</i> isolates is very limited leaving researchers without enough information to compare genotype distribution among humans and other hosts such as birds ([http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=88110=abstract 5]). </div></td></tr>
</table>Tcmyer